In this paper,we introduce the notion of G_(C)-X-injective modules,where X denotes a class of left S-modules and C represents a faithfully semidualizing bimodule.Under the condition that X satisfies certain hypotheses...In this paper,we introduce the notion of G_(C)-X-injective modules,where X denotes a class of left S-modules and C represents a faithfully semidualizing bimodule.Under the condition that X satisfies certain hypotheses,some properties and some equivalent characterizations of G_(C)-X-injective modules are investigated,and we also show that the triple(■,cores■,■)is a weak co-AB-context.As an application,two complete cotorsion pairs and a new model structure in Mod S are given.展开更多
[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau...[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau damping,which is particularly important for storage rings operating with ultra-low emittance or atlow beam energy.[Purpose]To further increase the bunch length without additional hardware costs,the phasemodulation in a dual-RF system is considered.[Methods]In this paper,turn-by-turn simulations incorporating randomsynchrotron radiation excitation are conducted,and a brief analysis is presented to explain the bunch lengtheningmechanism.[Results]Simulation results reveal that the peak current can be further reduced,thereby mitigating IBSeffects and enhancing the Touschek lifetime.Although the energy spread increases,which tends to reduce thebrightness of higher-harmonic radiation from the undulator,the brightness of the fundamental harmonic can,in fact,beimproved.展开更多
While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance re...While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance remains underexplored in field investigations.To evaluate the practical applicability of this emerging technique in adverse shallow sea channels,a field experiment was conducted using three communication modes:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM),M-ary frequency-shift keying(MFSK),and direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS)for reinforcement learning-driven adaptive modulation.Specifically,a Q-learning method is used to select the optimal modulation mode according to the channel quality quantified by signal-to-noise ratio,multipath spread length,and Doppler frequency offset.Experimental results demonstrate that the reinforcement learning-based adaptive modulation scheme outperformed fixed threshold detection in terms of total throughput and average bit error rate,surpassing conventional adaptive modulation strategies.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups ...AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.展开更多
The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase ...The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase of ICF implosion,the growth of ARTI can be suppressed by using a short-wavelength spatially modulated laser.The ARTI growth rate decreases as the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser decreases,and ARTI is completely suppressed after a certain wavelength has been reached.A spatially uniform laser is introduced to keep the state of motion of the implosion fluid consistent,and it is found that the proportion of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI decreases as the wavelength continues to decrease.We also optimize the spatial intensity distribution of the spatially modulated laser.In addition,as the duration of the spatially modulated laser decreases,the proportion required for completely suppressing ARTI increases,but the required energy decreases.When the perturbation wavenumber decreases,the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI becomes longer.In the case of multimode perturbation,ARTI can also be significantly suppressed by a spatially modulated laser,and the perturbation amplitude can be reduced to less than 10% of that without a spatially modulated laser.We believe that the conclusions drawn from our simulations can provide the basis for new approaches to control ARTI in ICF.展开更多
Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimid...Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimidazole(IIZ)into the perovskite precursor,enabling the formation of an air-stable pureδ-phase intermediate,which,upon annealing,fully transforms into a highly orientedα-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability.Leveraging this approach,we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9%for 927.5 cm^(2)perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility.The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards(IEC61215:2021),demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation,thermal cycling(-40 to 85℃)and damp heat(85℃ and 85%relative humidity).展开更多
Peroxymonosulfate(PMS)-based advanced oxidation technology has been proven to be a viable option for the decontamination of organic pollutants from water bodies.Advanced catalyst design is essential to this technology...Peroxymonosulfate(PMS)-based advanced oxidation technology has been proven to be a viable option for the decontamination of organic pollutants from water bodies.Advanced catalyst design is essential to this technology.Herein,a vanadium-doped LaFeO_(3) perovskite(LFO-V)featuring asymmetric Fe-O-V sites was rationally designed.Thanks to orbital electron interaction between Fe and V atoms,the modified electronic structure elevated electron density near the Fermi energy level while reducing the energy barrier toward effective PMS activation.This facilitated concurrent PMS reduction at the Fe sites to generate SO_(4)^(·-)and·OH(57.7%),and PMS oxidation at V sites to produce ^(1)O_(2)(42.3%).The LFO-V/PMS system demonstrated excellent tetracycline(TC)degradation performance with a 2-fold enhancement in rate constant compared to that of pristine LFO.Further,the LFO-V maintained long-term stability,and the toxicity of degradation intermediates was evaluated through microbial metabolomics.This work establishes an effective route to regulate the PMS activation pathways through precise electronic structure modulation,advancing the rational design of advanced Fenton-like catalysts.展开更多
Materials exhibiting broadband nonlinear optical responses are critically important for ultrafast photonics applications,particularly as saturable absorbers(SAs)that facilitate broadband optical pulse generation.In th...Materials exhibiting broadband nonlinear optical responses are critically important for ultrafast photonics applications,particularly as saturable absorbers(SAs)that facilitate broadband optical pulse generation.In this study,tea polyphenolpolyvinyl alcohol(TP-PVA)composite films are synthesized via a polymer embedding method and employed as SAs to initiate ultrafast pulse operation in fiber lasers.The TP-PVA SA film exhibits excellent broadband saturable absorption performance at wavelengths of 1.0μm,1.5μm,and 2.0μm,with modulation depths of 54.21%,41.41%,and 51.16%,respectively.Stable passively mode-locked pulses with pulse widths of 588 fs,419 fs,and 743 fs are generated in Yb-,Er-,and Tm-doped fiber lasers,respectively.This work confirms the effective performance of TP-PVA as a broadband SA,and establishes a foundation for the integration of novel and sustainable materials within ultrafast photonic systems.The approach paves the way for developing compact broadband ultrafast laser systems operating in the near-infrared spectral region.展开更多
In order to address the challenges posed by complex background interference,high miss-detection rates of micro-scale defects,and limited model deployment efficiency in photovoltaic(PV)module defect detection,this pape...In order to address the challenges posed by complex background interference,high miss-detection rates of micro-scale defects,and limited model deployment efficiency in photovoltaic(PV)module defect detection,this paper proposes an efficient detection framework based on an improved YOLOv11 architecture.First,a Re-parameterized Convolution(RepConv)module is integrated into the backbone to enhance the model’s sensitivity to fine-grained defects—such as micro-cracks and hot spots—while maintaining high inference efficiency.Second,a Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Convolutional Block Attention Mechanism(MSFF-CBAM)is designed to guide the network toward critical defect regions by jointly modeling channel-wise and spatial attention.This mechanism effectively strengthens the specificity and robustness of feature representations.Third,a lightweight Dynamic Sampling Module(DySample)is employed to replace conventional upsampling operations,thereby improving the localization accuracy of small-scale defect targets.Experimental evaluations conducted on the PVEL-AD dataset demonstrate that the proposed RMDYOLOv11 model surpasses the baseline YOLOv11 in terms of mean Average Precision(mAP)@0.5,Precision,and Recall,achieving respective improvements of 4.70%,1.51%,and 5.50%.The model also exhibits notable advantages in inference speed and model compactness.Further validation on the ELPV dataset confirms the model’s generalization capability,showing respective performance gains of 1.99%,2.28%,and 1.45%across the same metrics.Overall,the enhanced model significantly improves the accuracy of micro-defect identification on PV module surfaces,effectively reducing both false negatives and false positives.This advancement provides a robust and reliable technical foundation for automated PV module defect detection.展开更多
Modulations of mitochondrial dysfunction,which involve a series of dynamic processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis,mitochondrial fusion and fission,mitochondrial transport,mitochondrial autophagy,mitochondrial apop...Modulations of mitochondrial dysfunction,which involve a series of dynamic processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis,mitochondrial fusion and fission,mitochondrial transport,mitochondrial autophagy,mitochondrial apoptosis,and oxidative stress,play an important role in the onset and progression of stroke.With a better understanding of the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction modulations in post-stroke neurological injury,these modulations have emerged as a potential target for stroke prevention and treatment.Additionally,since effective treatments for stroke are extremely limited and natural products currently offer some outstanding advantages,we focused on the findings and mechanisms of action related to the use of natural products for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of stroke.Natural products achieve neuroprotective through multi-target regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction encompassing the following processes:(1)Mitochondrial biogenesis:Cordyceps and hydroxysafflor yellow A activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha/nuclear respiratory factor pathway,promote mitochondrial DNA replication and respiratory chain protein synthesis,and thereby restore energy supply in the ischemic penumbra.(2)Mitochondrial dynamics balance:Ginsenoside Rb3 promotes Opa1-mediated neural stem cell migration and diffusion for recovery of damaged brain tissue.(3)Mitochondrial autophagy:Gypenoside XVII selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria via the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway and blocks reactive oxygen species and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome cascade,thereby alleviating blood-brain barrier damage.(4)Anti-apoptotic mechanisms:Ginkgolide K inhibits Bax mitochondrial translocation and downregulates caspase-3/9 activity,reducing neuronal programmed death induced by ischemia-reperfusion.(5)Oxidative stress regulation:Scutellarin exerts antioxidant properties and improves neurological function by modulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5-Kruppel-like factor 2-endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway.(6)Intercellular mitochondrial transport:Neuroprotective effects of Chrysophanol are associated with accelerated mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to neurons.Existing studies have confirmed that natural products exhibit neuroprotective effects through multidimensional interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models.However,their clinical translation still faces challenges,such as the difficulty in standardization due to component complexity,insufficient cross-regional clinical data,and the lack of long-term safety evaluations.Future research should aim to integrate new technologies,such as single-cell sequencing and organoid models,to deeply explore the mitochondria-targeting mechanisms of natural products and validate their efficacy through multicenter clinical trials,providing theoretical support and translational pathways for the development of novel anti-stroke drugs.展开更多
Grifola frondosa(Maitake)is traditionally valued for its health benefits,with polysaccharides being key bioactive components.This paper investigates a specific subfraction,Fraction D(GFP-D),evaluating its clinical eff...Grifola frondosa(Maitake)is traditionally valued for its health benefits,with polysaccharides being key bioactive components.This paper investigates a specific subfraction,Fraction D(GFP-D),evaluating its clinical effects and mechanisms in immune enhancement,adjunctive anti-tumor activity,and regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism.Three clinical trials were conducted.In an immune study,120 healthy volunteers(CD4+T cell count 500–1000 cells/μL)received 150 mg/day GFP-D for 8 weeks,resulting in significant increases in CD4+T cells(from 632±95 to 812±108 cells/μL,28.5%increase,within the physiological activation range),CD4+/CD8+ratio,NK cell activity,IL-2,and IFN-γ(all P<0.001 vs.placebo).An anti-tumor study with 80 advanced cancer patients(stratified by age,tumor stage,and histotype)showed that adding 1000 mg/day GFP-D to chemotherapy improved objective response rate(52.5%vs.30.0%,P=0.036,95%CI:1.02–3.87),one-year progression-free survival(55.8%vs.33.3%,P=0.022),and preserved immune parameters versus chemotherapy alone.A metabolic study in 90 type 2 diabetes patients found that 400 mg/day GFP-D for 12 weeks significantly lowered fasting glucose,HbA1c,total cholesterol,triglycerides,and LDL-C,while raising HDL-C(from 1.0±0.2 to 1.2±0.2 mmol/L,20%increase,supported by increased AMPK phosphorylation).Mechanistically,immune enhancement involves macrophage/dendritic cell activation via Dectin-1/TLR4 receptors(confirmed by increased receptor expression and downstream signaling molecules),promoting cytokine-driven T/NK cell responses.Anti-tumor effects stem from immunomodulation,direct induction of cancer cell apoptosis(via mitochondrial/caspase pathways,verified by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation),and angiogenesis inhibition by downregulating VEGF.Metabolic benefits are linked to AMPK pathway activation in liver/muscle(confirmed by increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio),enhancing glucose uptake and inhibiting gluconeogenesis/lipogenesis,alongside modulation of gut microbiota(increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus abundance).All trials reported no severe adverse events related to GFP-D;liver/kidney function parameters(ALT,AST,creatinine,urea nitrogen)remained within normal ranges throughout the intervention.Collectively,GFP-D emerges as a multi-functional bioactive agent with substantial therapeutic potential.展开更多
Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,includi...Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,including cerebrospinal fluid,varies significantly(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014).LPA actually corresponds to a variety of lipid species that include different stereoisomers with either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids bearing likely differentiated biological activities(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014;Hernández-Araiza et al.,2018).展开更多
The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ...The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.展开更多
The single event transient effects of the operational amplifier LM124J and the optocoupler HCPL 5231 are investigated by a pulsed laser test facility. The relation of transient pulse shape to pulsed laser equivalent L...The single event transient effects of the operational amplifier LM124J and the optocoupler HCPL 5231 are investigated by a pulsed laser test facility. The relation of transient pulse shape to pulsed laser equivalent LET is tested,the sensitive areas of the SET effects are identified in voltage follower application mode of LM124J, and the mechanism is initially analyzed. The transient amplitude and duration of HCPL5231 at various equivalent LET are examined,and the SET cross-section is measured. The results of our test and heavy ion experimental data coincide closely,indicating that a pulsed laser test facility is a valid tool for single event effect evaluation.展开更多
Neutron radiation experiments of optocouplers at back-streaming white neutrons(back-n)in China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are presented.The displacement damages induced by neutron radiation are analyzed.The perfor...Neutron radiation experiments of optocouplers at back-streaming white neutrons(back-n)in China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are presented.The displacement damages induced by neutron radiation are analyzed.The performance degradations of two types of optocouplers are compared.The degradations of current transfer ratio(CTR)are analyzed,and the mechanisms induced by radiation are also demonstrated.With the increase of the accumulated fluence,the CTR is degrading linearly with neutron fluence.The radiation hardening of optocouplers can be improved when the forward current is increased.Other parameters related to CTR degradation of optocouplers are also analyzed.展开更多
Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the p...Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the performanceof PV modules gradually declines due to internal degradation and external environmental factors.This cumulativedegradation impacts the overall reliability of photovoltaic power generation. This study addresses the complexdegradation process of PV modules by developing a two-stage Wiener process model. This approach accountsfor the distinct phases of degradation resulting from module aging and environmental influences. A powerdegradation model based on the two-stage Wiener process is constructed to describe individual differences inmodule degradation processes. To estimate the model parameters, a combination of the Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm and the Bayesian method is employed. Furthermore, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) isutilized to identify critical change points in PV module degradation trajectories. To validate the universality andeffectiveness of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is conducted against other established life predictiontechniques for PV modules.展开更多
Diatomic metasurfaces designed for interferometric mechanisms possess significant potential for the multidimensional manipulation of electromagnetic waves,including control over amplitude,phase,frequency,and polarizat...Diatomic metasurfaces designed for interferometric mechanisms possess significant potential for the multidimensional manipulation of electromagnetic waves,including control over amplitude,phase,frequency,and polarization.Geometric phase profiles with spin-selective properties are commonly associated with wavefront modulation,allowing the implementation of conjugate strategies within orthogonal circularly polarized channels.Simultaneous control of these characteristics in a single-layered diatomic metasurface will be an apparent technological extension.Here,spin-selective modulation of terahertz(THz)beams is realized by assembling a pair of meta-atoms with birefringent effects.The distinct modulation functions arise from geometric phase profiles characterized by multiple rotational properties,which introduce independent parametric factors that elucidate their physical significance.By arranging the key parameters,the proposed design strategy can be employed to realize independent amplitude and phase manipulation.A series of THz metasurface samples with specific modulation functions are characterized,experimentally demonstrating the accuracy of on-demand manipulation.This research paves the way for all-silicon meta-optics that may have great potential in imaging,sensing and detection.展开更多
Bone morphogenetic proteins are essential for bone regeneration/fracture healing but can also induce heterotopic ossification(HO).Understanding accessory factors modulating BMP signaling would provide both a means of ...Bone morphogenetic proteins are essential for bone regeneration/fracture healing but can also induce heterotopic ossification(HO).Understanding accessory factors modulating BMP signaling would provide both a means of enhancing BMP-dependent regeneration while preventing HO.This study focuses on the ability of the collagen receptor,discoidin domain receptor 2(DDR2),to regulate BMP activity.As will be shown,induction of bone formation by subcutaneous BMP2 implants is severely compromised in Ddr2-deficient mice.In addition,Ddr2 deficiency attenuates HO in mice expressing the ACVR1 mutation associated with human fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.In cells migrating into BMP2 implants,DDR2 is co-expressed with GLI1,a skeletal stem cell marker,and DDR2/GLI1-positive cells participate in BMP2-induced bone formation where they contribute to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages.Consistent with this distribution,conditional knockout of Ddr2 in Gli1-expressing cells inhibited bone formation to the same extent seen in globally Ddr2-deficient animals.This response was explained by selective inhibition of Gli1+cell proliferation without changes in apoptosis.The basis for this DDR2 requirement was explored further using bone marrow stromal cells.Although Ddr2 deficiency inhibited BMP2-dependent chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and in vivo,bone formation,early BMP responses including SMAD phosphorylation remained largely intact.Instead,Ddr2 deficiency reduced the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of the Hippo pathway intermediates,YAP and TAZ.This suggests that DDR2 regulates Hippo pathway-mediated responses to the collagen matrix,which subsequently affect BMP responsiveness.In summary,DDR2 is an important modulator of BMP signaling and a potential therapeutic target both for enhancing regeneration and treating HO.展开更多
文摘In this paper,we introduce the notion of G_(C)-X-injective modules,where X denotes a class of left S-modules and C represents a faithfully semidualizing bimodule.Under the condition that X satisfies certain hypotheses,some properties and some equivalent characterizations of G_(C)-X-injective modules are investigated,and we also show that the triple(■,cores■,■)is a weak co-AB-context.As an application,two complete cotorsion pairs and a new model structure in Mod S are given.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12405168)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2024CDJXY004)。
文摘[Background]High harmonic cavities are widely used in electron storage rings to lengthen thebunch,lower the bunch peak current,thereby reducing the IBS effect,enhancing the Touschek lifetime,as well asproviding Landau damping,which is particularly important for storage rings operating with ultra-low emittance or atlow beam energy.[Purpose]To further increase the bunch length without additional hardware costs,the phasemodulation in a dual-RF system is considered.[Methods]In this paper,turn-by-turn simulations incorporating randomsynchrotron radiation excitation are conducted,and a brief analysis is presented to explain the bunch lengtheningmechanism.[Results]Simulation results reveal that the peak current can be further reduced,thereby mitigating IBSeffects and enhancing the Touschek lifetime.Although the energy spread increases,which tends to reduce thebrightness of higher-harmonic radiation from the undulator,the brightness of the fundamental harmonic can,in fact,beimproved.
基金funding from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFE0110000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11274259,No.11574258)the Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Shanghai(21DZ1205500)in support of the present research.
文摘While reinforcement learning-based underwater acoustic adaptive modulation shows promise for enabling environment-adaptive communication as supported by extensive simulation-based research,its practical performance remains underexplored in field investigations.To evaluate the practical applicability of this emerging technique in adverse shallow sea channels,a field experiment was conducted using three communication modes:orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM),M-ary frequency-shift keying(MFSK),and direct sequence spread spectrum(DSSS)for reinforcement learning-driven adaptive modulation.Specifically,a Q-learning method is used to select the optimal modulation mode according to the channel quality quantified by signal-to-noise ratio,multipath spread length,and Doppler frequency offset.Experimental results demonstrate that the reinforcement learning-based adaptive modulation scheme outperformed fixed threshold detection in terms of total throughput and average bit error rate,surpassing conventional adaptive modulation strategies.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
文摘AIM:To investigate the effects of different light intensities and various mydriatic and miotic drugs on pupil accommodation in guinea pigs.METHODS:Forty-two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups to assess pupillary responses under varying light intensities(100,250,500 lx)and pharmacological interventions(1%atropine,1%cyclopentolate,1%tropicamide,or 2%pilocarpine).Baseline pupil size and eccentricity were recorded using a non-contact Python-based imaging system integrating edge detection and pixel-to-distance conversion.Direct illumination effects were measured at sequential time points,followed by drug administration and longitudinal tracking of pupillary changes.The protocol was repeated at 12wk of age for developmental comparisons.Postexperiment,enucleated eyes were analyzed to evaluate in vitro vs in vivo differences.RESULTS:Significant age-dependent differences in pupil dynamics were observed.Both 2-and 12-week-old guinea pigs exhibited marked pupil constriction under direct illumination(P<0.001),with decreased eccentricity post-constriction(P<0.001).Indirect illumination caused inconsistent pupil size changes(2-week:P=0.68;12-week:P=0.49).Pharmacologically,atropine,cyclopentolate,and tropicamide induced pupil dilation(P<0.001),whereas pilocarpine caused constriction(P<0.001).All drug groups showed reduced eccentricity(P<0.001).In vivo/in vitro comparisons revealed significant structural differences.CONCLUSION:This study investigates pupillary responses in developing guinea pigs,revealing a direct pupillary light reflex(PLR)with light intensity-dependent responses,while indirect PLR was undetectable.The differential effects of muscarinic modulators on pupillary responses underscore the critical role of cholinergic signaling in ocular accommodation,with age-related variations in sensitivity.Additionally,a novel non-contact measurement methodology achieved a precision of 0.01 mm for pupillary quantification,enhancing accuracy in ocular studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Nos.12074399,12204500,and 12004403)the Key Projects of Intergovernmental International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation(No.2021YFE0116700)+1 种基金the Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.20ZR1464400)the Shanghai Sailing Program(No.22YF1455300).
文摘The suppression of ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability(ARTI)by a spatially modulated laser in inertial confinement fusion(ICF)is studied through numerical simulations.The results show that in the acceleration phase of ICF implosion,the growth of ARTI can be suppressed by using a short-wavelength spatially modulated laser.The ARTI growth rate decreases as the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser decreases,and ARTI is completely suppressed after a certain wavelength has been reached.A spatially uniform laser is introduced to keep the state of motion of the implosion fluid consistent,and it is found that the proportion of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI decreases as the wavelength continues to decrease.We also optimize the spatial intensity distribution of the spatially modulated laser.In addition,as the duration of the spatially modulated laser decreases,the proportion required for completely suppressing ARTI increases,but the required energy decreases.When the perturbation wavenumber decreases,the wavelength of the spatially modulated laser required for complete suppression of ARTI becomes longer.In the case of multimode perturbation,ARTI can also be significantly suppressed by a spatially modulated laser,and the perturbation amplitude can be reduced to less than 10% of that without a spatially modulated laser.We believe that the conclusions drawn from our simulations can provide the basis for new approaches to control ARTI in ICF.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4204504)National Science Fund for Dis-tinguished Young Scholars(T2325016)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2076)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20232022,BE2022021 and BE2022026)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(0213/14380206 and 0205/14380252)Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Fund(DLTD2109 and 2024ZD06)Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneur in JiangsuChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731579)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB348)Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Project from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20230157)。
文摘Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimidazole(IIZ)into the perovskite precursor,enabling the formation of an air-stable pureδ-phase intermediate,which,upon annealing,fully transforms into a highly orientedα-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability.Leveraging this approach,we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9%for 927.5 cm^(2)perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility.The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards(IEC61215:2021),demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation,thermal cycling(-40 to 85℃)and damp heat(85℃ and 85%relative humidity).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.W2412093 and 52170068)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT24RC(3)079).
文摘Peroxymonosulfate(PMS)-based advanced oxidation technology has been proven to be a viable option for the decontamination of organic pollutants from water bodies.Advanced catalyst design is essential to this technology.Herein,a vanadium-doped LaFeO_(3) perovskite(LFO-V)featuring asymmetric Fe-O-V sites was rationally designed.Thanks to orbital electron interaction between Fe and V atoms,the modified electronic structure elevated electron density near the Fermi energy level while reducing the energy barrier toward effective PMS activation.This facilitated concurrent PMS reduction at the Fe sites to generate SO_(4)^(·-)and·OH(57.7%),and PMS oxidation at V sites to produce ^(1)O_(2)(42.3%).The LFO-V/PMS system demonstrated excellent tetracycline(TC)degradation performance with a 2-fold enhancement in rate constant compared to that of pristine LFO.Further,the LFO-V maintained long-term stability,and the toxicity of degradation intermediates was evaluated through microbial metabolomics.This work establishes an effective route to regulate the PMS activation pathways through precise electronic structure modulation,advancing the rational design of advanced Fenton-like catalysts.
基金supported by the Opening Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications Research(Grant No.FZXCL202410)the Key Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education,China(Grant No.D20231704)+1 种基金Wuhan Textile University(Grant No.523058)the Foundation of Wuhan Textile University(Grant No.K24058)。
文摘Materials exhibiting broadband nonlinear optical responses are critically important for ultrafast photonics applications,particularly as saturable absorbers(SAs)that facilitate broadband optical pulse generation.In this study,tea polyphenolpolyvinyl alcohol(TP-PVA)composite films are synthesized via a polymer embedding method and employed as SAs to initiate ultrafast pulse operation in fiber lasers.The TP-PVA SA film exhibits excellent broadband saturable absorption performance at wavelengths of 1.0μm,1.5μm,and 2.0μm,with modulation depths of 54.21%,41.41%,and 51.16%,respectively.Stable passively mode-locked pulses with pulse widths of 588 fs,419 fs,and 743 fs are generated in Yb-,Er-,and Tm-doped fiber lasers,respectively.This work confirms the effective performance of TP-PVA as a broadband SA,and establishes a foundation for the integration of novel and sustainable materials within ultrafast photonic systems.The approach paves the way for developing compact broadband ultrafast laser systems operating in the near-infrared spectral region.
基金supported by the Gansu Provincial Department of Education Industry Support Plan Project(2025CYZC-018).
文摘In order to address the challenges posed by complex background interference,high miss-detection rates of micro-scale defects,and limited model deployment efficiency in photovoltaic(PV)module defect detection,this paper proposes an efficient detection framework based on an improved YOLOv11 architecture.First,a Re-parameterized Convolution(RepConv)module is integrated into the backbone to enhance the model’s sensitivity to fine-grained defects—such as micro-cracks and hot spots—while maintaining high inference efficiency.Second,a Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Convolutional Block Attention Mechanism(MSFF-CBAM)is designed to guide the network toward critical defect regions by jointly modeling channel-wise and spatial attention.This mechanism effectively strengthens the specificity and robustness of feature representations.Third,a lightweight Dynamic Sampling Module(DySample)is employed to replace conventional upsampling operations,thereby improving the localization accuracy of small-scale defect targets.Experimental evaluations conducted on the PVEL-AD dataset demonstrate that the proposed RMDYOLOv11 model surpasses the baseline YOLOv11 in terms of mean Average Precision(mAP)@0.5,Precision,and Recall,achieving respective improvements of 4.70%,1.51%,and 5.50%.The model also exhibits notable advantages in inference speed and model compactness.Further validation on the ELPV dataset confirms the model’s generalization capability,showing respective performance gains of 1.99%,2.28%,and 1.45%across the same metrics.Overall,the enhanced model significantly improves the accuracy of micro-defect identification on PV module surfaces,effectively reducing both false negatives and false positives.This advancement provides a robust and reliable technical foundation for automated PV module defect detection.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82204663(to TZ)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,No.ZR2022QH058(to TZ).
文摘Modulations of mitochondrial dysfunction,which involve a series of dynamic processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis,mitochondrial fusion and fission,mitochondrial transport,mitochondrial autophagy,mitochondrial apoptosis,and oxidative stress,play an important role in the onset and progression of stroke.With a better understanding of the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction modulations in post-stroke neurological injury,these modulations have emerged as a potential target for stroke prevention and treatment.Additionally,since effective treatments for stroke are extremely limited and natural products currently offer some outstanding advantages,we focused on the findings and mechanisms of action related to the use of natural products for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in the treatment of stroke.Natural products achieve neuroprotective through multi-target regulation of mitochondrial dysfunction encompassing the following processes:(1)Mitochondrial biogenesis:Cordyceps and hydroxysafflor yellow A activate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha/nuclear respiratory factor pathway,promote mitochondrial DNA replication and respiratory chain protein synthesis,and thereby restore energy supply in the ischemic penumbra.(2)Mitochondrial dynamics balance:Ginsenoside Rb3 promotes Opa1-mediated neural stem cell migration and diffusion for recovery of damaged brain tissue.(3)Mitochondrial autophagy:Gypenoside XVII selectively eliminates damaged mitochondria via the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway and blocks reactive oxygen species and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome cascade,thereby alleviating blood-brain barrier damage.(4)Anti-apoptotic mechanisms:Ginkgolide K inhibits Bax mitochondrial translocation and downregulates caspase-3/9 activity,reducing neuronal programmed death induced by ischemia-reperfusion.(5)Oxidative stress regulation:Scutellarin exerts antioxidant properties and improves neurological function by modulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5-Kruppel-like factor 2-endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway.(6)Intercellular mitochondrial transport:Neuroprotective effects of Chrysophanol are associated with accelerated mitochondrial transfer from astrocytes to neurons.Existing studies have confirmed that natural products exhibit neuroprotective effects through multidimensional interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke models.However,their clinical translation still faces challenges,such as the difficulty in standardization due to component complexity,insufficient cross-regional clinical data,and the lack of long-term safety evaluations.Future research should aim to integrate new technologies,such as single-cell sequencing and organoid models,to deeply explore the mitochondria-targeting mechanisms of natural products and validate their efficacy through multicenter clinical trials,providing theoretical support and translational pathways for the development of novel anti-stroke drugs.
文摘Grifola frondosa(Maitake)is traditionally valued for its health benefits,with polysaccharides being key bioactive components.This paper investigates a specific subfraction,Fraction D(GFP-D),evaluating its clinical effects and mechanisms in immune enhancement,adjunctive anti-tumor activity,and regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism.Three clinical trials were conducted.In an immune study,120 healthy volunteers(CD4+T cell count 500–1000 cells/μL)received 150 mg/day GFP-D for 8 weeks,resulting in significant increases in CD4+T cells(from 632±95 to 812±108 cells/μL,28.5%increase,within the physiological activation range),CD4+/CD8+ratio,NK cell activity,IL-2,and IFN-γ(all P<0.001 vs.placebo).An anti-tumor study with 80 advanced cancer patients(stratified by age,tumor stage,and histotype)showed that adding 1000 mg/day GFP-D to chemotherapy improved objective response rate(52.5%vs.30.0%,P=0.036,95%CI:1.02–3.87),one-year progression-free survival(55.8%vs.33.3%,P=0.022),and preserved immune parameters versus chemotherapy alone.A metabolic study in 90 type 2 diabetes patients found that 400 mg/day GFP-D for 12 weeks significantly lowered fasting glucose,HbA1c,total cholesterol,triglycerides,and LDL-C,while raising HDL-C(from 1.0±0.2 to 1.2±0.2 mmol/L,20%increase,supported by increased AMPK phosphorylation).Mechanistically,immune enhancement involves macrophage/dendritic cell activation via Dectin-1/TLR4 receptors(confirmed by increased receptor expression and downstream signaling molecules),promoting cytokine-driven T/NK cell responses.Anti-tumor effects stem from immunomodulation,direct induction of cancer cell apoptosis(via mitochondrial/caspase pathways,verified by increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation),and angiogenesis inhibition by downregulating VEGF.Metabolic benefits are linked to AMPK pathway activation in liver/muscle(confirmed by increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio),enhancing glucose uptake and inhibiting gluconeogenesis/lipogenesis,alongside modulation of gut microbiota(increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus abundance).All trials reported no severe adverse events related to GFP-D;liver/kidney function parameters(ALT,AST,creatinine,urea nitrogen)remained within normal ranges throughout the intervention.Collectively,GFP-D emerges as a multi-functional bioactive agent with substantial therapeutic potential.
基金supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation,HFRI,“2nd Call for HFRI Research Projects to support Faculty Members&Researchers”Project 02667 to GL.
文摘Lysophosphatidic acid(LPA)is a pleiotropic lipid agonist essential for functions of the central nervous system(CNS).It is abundant in the developing and adult brain while its concentration in biological fluids,including cerebrospinal fluid,varies significantly(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014).LPA actually corresponds to a variety of lipid species that include different stereoisomers with either saturated or unsaturated fatty acids bearing likely differentiated biological activities(Figure 1Α;Yung et al.,2014;Hernández-Araiza et al.,2018).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.T2325004 and 52161160330)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No.12504233)+2 种基金Advanced MaterialsNational Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No.2024ZD0606900)the Talent Hub for “AI+New Materials” Basic Researchthe Key Research and Development Program of Ningbo (Grant No.2025Z088)。
文摘The functional properties of glasses are governed by their formation history and the complex relaxation processes they undergo.However,under extreme conditions,glass behaviors are still elusive.In this study,we employ simulations with varied protocols to evaluate the effectiveness of different descriptors in predicting mechanical properties across both low-and high-pressure regimes.Our findings demonstrate that conventional structural and configurational descriptors fail to correlate with the mechanical response following pressure release,whereas the activation energy descriptor exhibits robust linearity with shear modulus after correcting for pressure effects.Notably,the soft mode parameter emerges as an ideal and computationally efficient alternative for capturing this mechanical behavior.These findings provide critical insights into the influence of pressure on glassy properties,integrating the distinct features of compressed glasses into a unified theoretical framework.
文摘The single event transient effects of the operational amplifier LM124J and the optocoupler HCPL 5231 are investigated by a pulsed laser test facility. The relation of transient pulse shape to pulsed laser equivalent LET is tested,the sensitive areas of the SET effects are identified in voltage follower application mode of LM124J, and the mechanism is initially analyzed. The transient amplitude and duration of HCPL5231 at various equivalent LET are examined,and the SET cross-section is measured. The results of our test and heavy ion experimental data coincide closely,indicating that a pulsed laser test facility is a valid tool for single event effect evaluation.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11875223,11805155,and 11690043)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Project(Grant No.XDA15015000)+1 种基金the Innovation Foundation of Radiation Application,China(Grant No.KFZC2018040201)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of China(Grant Nos.SKLIPR1803 and 1903Z)
文摘Neutron radiation experiments of optocouplers at back-streaming white neutrons(back-n)in China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are presented.The displacement damages induced by neutron radiation are analyzed.The performance degradations of two types of optocouplers are compared.The degradations of current transfer ratio(CTR)are analyzed,and the mechanisms induced by radiation are also demonstrated.With the increase of the accumulated fluence,the CTR is degrading linearly with neutron fluence.The radiation hardening of optocouplers can be improved when the forward current is increased.Other parameters related to CTR degradation of optocouplers are also analyzed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51767017)the Basic Research Innovation Group Project of Gansu Province(18JR3RA133)the Industrial Support and Guidance Project of Universities in Gansu Province(2022CYZC-22).
文摘Photovoltaic (PV) modules, as essential components of solar power generation systems, significantly influence unitpower generation costs.The service life of these modules directly affects these costs. Over time, the performanceof PV modules gradually declines due to internal degradation and external environmental factors.This cumulativedegradation impacts the overall reliability of photovoltaic power generation. This study addresses the complexdegradation process of PV modules by developing a two-stage Wiener process model. This approach accountsfor the distinct phases of degradation resulting from module aging and environmental influences. A powerdegradation model based on the two-stage Wiener process is constructed to describe individual differences inmodule degradation processes. To estimate the model parameters, a combination of the Expectation-Maximization(EM) algorithm and the Bayesian method is employed. Furthermore, the Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) isutilized to identify critical change points in PV module degradation trajectories. To validate the universality andeffectiveness of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is conducted against other established life predictiontechniques for PV modules.
基金supports from National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFB2800703)Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program(25QNJJ2419)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A2008,12404484)Laoshan Laboratory Science and Technology Innovation Project(LSKJ202200801).
文摘Diatomic metasurfaces designed for interferometric mechanisms possess significant potential for the multidimensional manipulation of electromagnetic waves,including control over amplitude,phase,frequency,and polarization.Geometric phase profiles with spin-selective properties are commonly associated with wavefront modulation,allowing the implementation of conjugate strategies within orthogonal circularly polarized channels.Simultaneous control of these characteristics in a single-layered diatomic metasurface will be an apparent technological extension.Here,spin-selective modulation of terahertz(THz)beams is realized by assembling a pair of meta-atoms with birefringent effects.The distinct modulation functions arise from geometric phase profiles characterized by multiple rotational properties,which introduce independent parametric factors that elucidate their physical significance.By arranging the key parameters,the proposed design strategy can be employed to realize independent amplitude and phase manipulation.A series of THz metasurface samples with specific modulation functions are characterized,experimentally demonstrating the accuracy of on-demand manipulation.This research paves the way for all-silicon meta-optics that may have great potential in imaging,sensing and detection.
基金Scientific Research Training Program for Young Talents of Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology(F.W.),NIH/NIDCR grants DE029012 and DE029465Department of Defense Grant PR190899(R.T.F.)Michigan Musculoskeletal Health Core Center(NIH/NIAMS P30 AR069620)。
文摘Bone morphogenetic proteins are essential for bone regeneration/fracture healing but can also induce heterotopic ossification(HO).Understanding accessory factors modulating BMP signaling would provide both a means of enhancing BMP-dependent regeneration while preventing HO.This study focuses on the ability of the collagen receptor,discoidin domain receptor 2(DDR2),to regulate BMP activity.As will be shown,induction of bone formation by subcutaneous BMP2 implants is severely compromised in Ddr2-deficient mice.In addition,Ddr2 deficiency attenuates HO in mice expressing the ACVR1 mutation associated with human fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.In cells migrating into BMP2 implants,DDR2 is co-expressed with GLI1,a skeletal stem cell marker,and DDR2/GLI1-positive cells participate in BMP2-induced bone formation where they contribute to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages.Consistent with this distribution,conditional knockout of Ddr2 in Gli1-expressing cells inhibited bone formation to the same extent seen in globally Ddr2-deficient animals.This response was explained by selective inhibition of Gli1+cell proliferation without changes in apoptosis.The basis for this DDR2 requirement was explored further using bone marrow stromal cells.Although Ddr2 deficiency inhibited BMP2-dependent chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and in vivo,bone formation,early BMP responses including SMAD phosphorylation remained largely intact.Instead,Ddr2 deficiency reduced the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of the Hippo pathway intermediates,YAP and TAZ.This suggests that DDR2 regulates Hippo pathway-mediated responses to the collagen matrix,which subsequently affect BMP responsiveness.In summary,DDR2 is an important modulator of BMP signaling and a potential therapeutic target both for enhancing regeneration and treating HO.
