Nanomechanical photothermal sensing has significantly advanced single-molecule/particle microscopy and spectroscopy,and infrared detection.In this approach,the nanomechanical resonator detects shifts in resonant frequ...Nanomechanical photothermal sensing has significantly advanced single-molecule/particle microscopy and spectroscopy,and infrared detection.In this approach,the nanomechanical resonator detects shifts in resonant frequency due to photothermal heating.However,the relationship between photothermal sensitivity,response time,and resonator design has not been fully explored.This paper compares three resonator types-strings,drumheads,and trampolines-to explore this relationship.Through theoretical modeling,experimental validation,and finite element method simulations,we find that strings offer the highest sensitivity(with a noise equivalent power of 280 fW/Hz^(1/2)for strings made of silicon nitride),while drumheads exhibit the fastest thermal response.The study reveals that photothermal sensitivity correlates with the average temperature rise and not the peak temperature.Finally,the impact of photothermal back-action is discussed,which can be a major source of frequency instability.This work clarifies the performance differences and limits among resonator designs and guides the development of advanced nanomechanical photothermal sensors,benefiting a wide range of applications.展开更多
基金funding from the Novo Nordisk Foundation under project MASMONADE with project number NNF22OC0077964,and from the European Innovation Council under the European Union’s Horizon Europe Transition Open program(Grant agreement:101058711-NEMILIES).
文摘Nanomechanical photothermal sensing has significantly advanced single-molecule/particle microscopy and spectroscopy,and infrared detection.In this approach,the nanomechanical resonator detects shifts in resonant frequency due to photothermal heating.However,the relationship between photothermal sensitivity,response time,and resonator design has not been fully explored.This paper compares three resonator types-strings,drumheads,and trampolines-to explore this relationship.Through theoretical modeling,experimental validation,and finite element method simulations,we find that strings offer the highest sensitivity(with a noise equivalent power of 280 fW/Hz^(1/2)for strings made of silicon nitride),while drumheads exhibit the fastest thermal response.The study reveals that photothermal sensitivity correlates with the average temperature rise and not the peak temperature.Finally,the impact of photothermal back-action is discussed,which can be a major source of frequency instability.This work clarifies the performance differences and limits among resonator designs and guides the development of advanced nanomechanical photothermal sensors,benefiting a wide range of applications.
