Land cover classification is one of the main components of the modern weather research and forecasting models, which can influence the meteorological variable, and in turn the concentration of air pollutants. In this ...Land cover classification is one of the main components of the modern weather research and forecasting models, which can influence the meteorological variable, and in turn the concentration of air pollutants. In this study the impact of using two traditional land use classifications, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were evaluated. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF, version 3.2.1) was run for the period 18 - 22 August, 2014 (dry season) at a grid spacing of 3 km centered on the city of Manaus. The comparison between simulated and ground-based observed data revealed significant differences in the meteorological fields, for instance, the temperature. Compared to USGS, MODIS classification showed better skill in representing observed temperature for urban areas of Manaus, while the two files showed similar results for nearby areas. The analysis of the files suggests that the better quality of the simulations favorable to the MODIS file is straightly related to its better representation of urban class of land use, which is observed to be not adequately represented by USGS.展开更多
A new series of benzothiazole Schiff bases 3–29 was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity against cervical cancer（Hela） and kidney fibroblast cancer（COS-7） cell lines. Results indicated that compounds 3...A new series of benzothiazole Schiff bases 3–29 was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity against cervical cancer（Hela） and kidney fibroblast cancer（COS-7） cell lines. Results indicated that compounds 3, 14, 19, 27 and 28 have promising activity against Hela cell line with IC50 values of 2.41,3.06, 6.46, 2.22 and 6.25 mmol/L, respectively, in comparison to doxorubicin as a reference antitumor agent（IC50 2.05 mmol/L）. In addition, compound 3 displayed excellent activity against COS-7 cell line with IC50 value of 4.31 mmol/L in comparison to doxorubicin（IC50 3.04 mmol/L）. In the present work,structure based pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, protein-ligand interaction, fingerprints and binding energy calculations were employed in a virtual screening strategy to identify the interaction between the compounds and the active site of the putative target, EGFR tyrosine kinase. Molecular properties, toxicity, drug-likeness, and drug score profiles of compounds 3, 14, 19, 27, 28 and 29 were also assessed.展开更多
Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,...Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,and a breakthrough in CCA treatment is still awaited.The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)plays an oncogenic role by promoting an aggressive cancer phenotype through multiple pathways.While HER2 has shown increasing potential as an effective target for breast and gastric cancers over the last decade,this has not been the case for CCA.This review explores the possibility of targeting HER2 in CCA immunotherapy.Key findings suggest that HER2 alterations have been reported as one of the signatures associated with a poorer prognosis in liver fluke-associated CCA,the most prevalent subtype in Southeast Asia.Furthermore,we assess recent advances in HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches,presenting the current stage,rationale,and evidence supporting the use of HER2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in CCA.We also emphasize the crucial role of animal models in developing anticancer therapies.In summary,focusing on HER2 expression could provide alternative strategies for the HER2-altered CCA cluster.展开更多
The detailed surface rainfall processes associated with landfalling typhoon Kaemi（2006） are investigated based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 da...The detailed surface rainfall processes associated with landfalling typhoon Kaemi（2006） are investigated based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 days with imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） / Global Data Assimilation System （GDAS） data. The simulation data are validated with observations in terms of surface rain rate. The Root-Mean-Squared （RMS） difference in surface rain rate between the simulation and the gauge observations is 0.660 mm h^-1, which is smaller than the standard deviations of both the simulated rain rate （0.753 mm h^-1） and the observed rain rate （0.833 mm h^-1）. The simulation data are then used to study the physical causes associated with the detailed surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The results show that time averaged and model domain-mean Ps mainly comes from large-scale convergence （QWVF） and local vapor loss （positive QWVT）. Large underestimation （about 15%） of Ps will occur if QWVT and QCM （cloud source/sink） are not considered as contributors to Ps ,QWVF accounts for the variation of P during most of the integration time, while it is not always a contributor to Ps,Sometimes surface rainfall could occur when divergence is dominant with local vapor loss to be a contributor to Ps - Surface rainfall is a result ofmulti-timescale interactions. QWVE possesses the longest time scale and the lowest frequeney the second and QCM of variation with time and may exert impact on P on longer time scales. QWVF possesses longest time scale and lowest frequency and can explain most of the variation of Ps. QWVT possess shorter time scales and higher frequencies, which can explain more detailed variations in Ps. Partitioning analysis shows that stratiform rainfall is dominant from the morning of 26 July till the late night of 27 July. After that, convective rainfall dominates till about 1000 LST 28 July. Before 28 July, the variations of QWVT in rainfall-free regions contribute less to that of the domain-mean QWVT while after that they contribute much, which is consistent to the corresponding variations in their fractional coverage. The variations of QWVF in rainfall regions are the main contributors to that of the domain-mean QWVF, then the main contributors to the surface rain rate before the afternoon of 28 July.展开更多
Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in...Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in animal studies, but clinical studies on use of scaffolds for urethral repair are scarce. The aim of this study was to review recent animal and clinical studies on the use of different scaffolds for urethral repair, and to evaluate these scaffolds based on the evidence from these studies. Pub Med and OVID databases were searched to identify relevant studies, in conjunction with further manual search. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated. Of 555 identified studies, 38 were included for analysis. It was found that in both animal and clinical studies, scaffolds seeded with cells were used for repair of large segmental defects of the urethra, such as in tubular urethroplasty. When the defect area was small, cell-free scaffolds were more likely to be applied. A lot of pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence showed that natural or artificial materials could be used as scaffolds for urethral repair. Urinary tissue engineering is still in the immature stage, and the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness of the scaffolds are needed for further study.展开更多
A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained d...A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.展开更多
Forest canopy reduces shortwave radiation and increases the incoming longwave radiation to snowpacks beneath forest canopies. Furthermore, the effect of forest canopy may be changed by complex topography. In this pape...Forest canopy reduces shortwave radiation and increases the incoming longwave radiation to snowpacks beneath forest canopies. Furthermore, the effect of forest canopy may be changed by complex topography. In this paper, we measured and simulated the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest at different canopy openness in the west Tianshan Mountains, China(43°16'N, 84°24'E) during spring 2013. A sensitivity study was conducted to explore the way that terrain influenced the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies. In the simulation model, measurement datasets, including air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation above canopy, and longwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain, were applied to calculate the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopy. The simulation results were consistent with the measurements on hourly scale and daily scale. The effect of longwave radiation enhanced by terrain was important than that of shortwave radiation above forest canopy with different openness except the 20% canopy openness. The longwave radiation enhanced due to adjacent terrain increases with the slope increase and temperature rise. When air temperature(or slope) is relatively low, thelongwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain is not sensitive to slope(or air temperature), but the sensitivity increases with the decrease of snow cover area on sunny slope. The effect of longwave radiation is especially sensitive when the snow cover on sunny slope melts completely. The effect of incoming shortwave radiation reflected by adjacent terrain on incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies is more slight than that of the enhanced longwave radiation.展开更多
Objective:Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making.This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center(NCC)modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed ...Objective:Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making.This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center(NCC)modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed empirical data for six major cancers.Methods:We developed the NCC modeling framework for six major cancers in China(lung,liver,stomach,colorectal,esophageal,and breast),which simulates the life-histories represented by states among normal,pre-cancerous lesion,stage-specific invasive cancer,and death for six cancers separately.Each NCC simulation model could be illustrated as an integrated framework of 3 modules:a demography module,natural history module,and screening module.Combined with costs and health utilities data,the models could have many detailed outputs for informing decisions,including the harm of screening(e.g.,false positives,complications,and overdiagnosis),healthcare costs,and benefits(quality-adjusted life years gained,cancer incidence and mortality,and investment returns).We calibrated the models to Chinese population-based observations on cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distribution.All models are validated by comparing model simulated results to data observed from nationwide cancer registration and a large prospective cohort study.Results:The simulated results from the calibrated models consistently match the epidemiological patterns in six major cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distributions in China.Model projected age-specific cancer incidence and mortality were close to the observed data in the national cancer registration.The NCC modeling framework reproduced the cumulative cancer cases and deaths observed in the prospective cohort study at 7.0 and 10.8 years of follow-up.Model estimated net survival rates also consistent with population-based statistics.Conclusion:The NCC modeling framework’s ability to reproduce the observed population-level cancer statistics and the cancer cases in a prospective cohort study suggests its results are reliable to inform decision-making related to six major cancers in China.展开更多
The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the...The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) for today’s study on global change. So far, it has already been listed in the first set of IGBP-sponsored transects, becoming a key theatre and "hot spot" for probing terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of biota, the nearly 1,600-kilometre-long tract is located in a mid-latitude zone, featuring a vegetational transition from a temperate timberland of evergreen coniferous forests and broadleaved deciduous forests to a mild-temperate steppe. According to the norms of biome types, it consists of three subzones: meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe in a continuous east-to-west spatial sequence. There are four ecological stations supported by a great number of permanent samples, long-term plots and an enormous build-up of experimental data along展开更多
Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process perf...Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process performance is to employ fluidized bed reaction in replacement of entrained bed reaction on normally used in cool side desulfurizaiton. This paper describes cold modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Several aspects of the problem are discussed: fluidization behavior of CaO, attrition of the sorbent and solids entrainment from the fluidized bed. Mechanisms and key controlling parameters are identified, and an integral model based on rate of attrition and mass balance is developed for predicting steady state mass flows and particle size distributions of the system. A process flow scheme is finally presented for conducting desulfurization tests in the second stage of the study.展开更多
Mo has been widely reported as a conducive element for the corrosion resistance of massive alloy sys-tems.However,the mechanism of Mo optimizing the corrosion resistance is complicated,and in-depth studies are still r...Mo has been widely reported as a conducive element for the corrosion resistance of massive alloy sys-tems.However,the mechanism of Mo optimizing the corrosion resistance is complicated,and in-depth studies are still required.The present work comprehensively and quantitatively studied the critical influ-ences of Mo on the passivation and repassivation behavior of CoCrFeNi HEA based on the dissolution-diffusion-deposition model proposed in our previous work.The experimental results indicated that Mo remarkably eliminated the metastable pitting corrosion,significantly improved the breakdown potential and perfectly protected the CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA from pitting corrosion.The modelling and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy(XPS)results both show that in the passivation process,MoO_(2)was the last product to deposit,thereby existing in the outer layer of the passive film.Mo addition increased the Cr content by weakening the deposition of Fe_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(3)O_(4)and also improved the Cr_(2)O_(3)/Cr(OH)3 ratio by promot-ing deprotonation of Cr(OH)_(3),thus enhancing the quality of passive film.Besides,when pitting corrosion occurred,MoO_(2),MoO_(3),and FeMoO_(4)were the first products to deposit and accelerated the repassivation process of HEA by timely covering the matrix in the pit cavity,thereby preventing further corrosion of the matrix.展开更多
Corrosion mechanism of automotive mufflers was investigated by SEM （scanning electron microscope） and XRD （X-ray diffractomer） analysis. 409L and newly developed 439M steels were evaluated in terms of condensate c...Corrosion mechanism of automotive mufflers was investigated by SEM （scanning electron microscope） and XRD （X-ray diffractomer） analysis. 409L and newly developed 439M steels were evaluated in terms of condensate corrosion tests for 5 periods, 10 periods and 20 periods separately. The relative lifetimes of 409L and 439M steels were predicted according to the extreme value analysis method and pitting corrosion models. Modelling studies dem- onstrated that the predicted relative lifetime of 439M ferrite stainless steel is 6.8 times that of 409L steels. The extreme value analysis method was also successfully used in the road test. The estimated maximum corrosion depth of the 439M muffler is 0. 55 ram.展开更多
Evolution of the Arctic sea ice and its snow cover during the SHEBA year were simulated by applying a high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model （HIGHTSI）. Attention was paid to the impact of albedo on snow and se...Evolution of the Arctic sea ice and its snow cover during the SHEBA year were simulated by applying a high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model （HIGHTSI）. Attention was paid to the impact of albedo on snow and sea ice mass balance, effect of snow on total ice mass balance, and the model vertical resolution. The SHEBA annual simulation was made applying the best possible external forcing data set created by the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project. The HIGHTSI control run reasonably reproduced the observed snow and ice thickness. A number of albedo schemes were incorporated into HIGHTSI to study the feedback processes between the albedo and snow and ice thickness. The snow thickness turned out to be an essential variable in the albedo parameterization. Albedo schemes dependent on the surface temperature were liable to excessive positive feedback effects generated by errors in the modelled surface temperature. The superimposed ice formation should be taken into account for the annual Arctic sea ice mass balance.展开更多
With respect to constitutive models for continuum modeling applications, the post-yield domain remainsthe area of greatest uncertainty. Recent studies based on laboratory testing have led to thedevelopment of a number...With respect to constitutive models for continuum modeling applications, the post-yield domain remainsthe area of greatest uncertainty. Recent studies based on laboratory testing have led to thedevelopment of a number of models for brittle rock dilation, which account for both the plastic shearstrain and confining stress dependencies of this phenomenon. Although these models are useful inproviding an improved understanding of how dilatancy evolves during a compression test, there hasbeen relatively little work performed examining their validity for modeling brittle rock yield in situ. Inthis study, different constitutive models for rock dilation are reviewed and then tested, in the context of anumber of case studies, using a continuum finite-difference approach （FLAC）. The uncertainty associatedwith the modeling of brittle fracture localization is addressed, and the overall ability of mobilizeddilation models to replicate in situ deformation measurements and yield patterns is evaluated. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulph...Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation（FGD）-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the p H and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the p H value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO2SO4, H2 Se, and HAs O2 are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions.The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of p H changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO4 ^2 in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the p H of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of Cu Se2 and Mo Se2, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.展开更多
The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and ...The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loadings were derived which take account of thermal residual stresses. The asymmetries in the elastic modulus and the yield strength were interpreted using the derived expressions and the obtained results of the stress calculations. The model predictions have exhibited good agreements with the experimental results and also with the other theoretical predictions展开更多
<b>Introduction:</b> Digital models showed promising results for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital models can be obtained from alginate impressions as well as direct intra-oral scanners...<b>Introduction:</b> Digital models showed promising results for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital models can be obtained from alginate impressions as well as direct intra-oral scanners. Studies assessing the accuracy of digital models have shown digital models to be valid, clinically acceptable, and more quickly obtainable. With the advent of new scanners with better scanning technology researches are necessary to evaluate their accuracy and reliability. <b>Aim of Study:</b> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3D digital models obtained through intraoral and extraoral scanning modalities to the reference gold standard plaster model. <b>Material & Methods:</b> Twenty-four adult male and female subjects were randomly selected for this study. The intraoral scanners evaluated in this study were Sirona (CEREC Omnicam) and 3 shape (TRIOS 3), while the laboratory scanners used were Sirona (inEos X5), and 3 shape (D850). Intra-oral scanning of the subjects and extra-oral scanning of their alginate impressions, plaster models of the alginate impression, rubber base impression, and plaster model of their rubber base impression were done. Linear dental measurements included intermolar width, interpremolar width, intercanine width, mesiodistal width of the 1<sup>st</sup> permanent molar, 1<sup>st</sup> premolar, canine and central incisor and arch width. All data were collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. <b>Results:</b> Small differences between the plaster and digital models were observed. Intra-observer reliability analysis for 14 out of the 16 measurements showed that all variables exhibited good to excellent reliability. <b>Conclusions: </b>There was no difference between the digitization using the intraoral scanner or the laboratory scanner. The most accurate digitization technique was the 3 Shape laboratory scanner of the cast of the alginate impression. The inEos X5 showed the highest error of digitization of the alginate and rubber base impressions.展开更多
Studies on the erosion processes and protective measures at the downcoast of the Friendship Port in Mauritania have been successfully conducted by means of 3-D movable-bed model using light model-sand. The headland co...Studies on the erosion processes and protective measures at the downcoast of the Friendship Port in Mauritania have been successfully conducted by means of 3-D movable-bed model using light model-sand. The headland control was accepted for the stability of the beach. This paper mainly deals with the shape, orientation, size and erosion depth of the artificial headland. Various forms of headland projects, such as the normal groin, arch groins bending to upcoast ancj to downcoast, offshore breakwater, and T-shaped dike, have been experimentally investigated. Through a comparison of effects of these works on the beach processes, optimized headlands have been obtained, that is, unsymmetrical T-shaped dike or arch groin bending to the downcoast, which has been practically and successfully applied for the stability of beaches.展开更多
The cross sections of fragments produced in the 140 A MeV58,64Ni＋9 Be projectile fragmentation reactions are calculated by using the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics （AMD） model, the modified statistical abrasion...The cross sections of fragments produced in the 140 A MeV58,64Ni＋9 Be projectile fragmentation reactions are calculated by using the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics （AMD） model, the modified statistical abrasion- ablation （SAA） model, and the empirical EPAX2/EPAX3 formulae. The Gogny-gO interaction is taken as the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in the AMD calculation, and the decays of fragments obtained from the AMD results are calculated by using the GEMINI code. The calculated cross sections of fragments are compared.展开更多
Vulvodynia is a prevalent form of chronic pain, most com- monly affecting the vaginal vestibule （vestibulodynia） （Pukall et al., 2016）. Women with vulvodynia describe intense pain in response to light touch of the...Vulvodynia is a prevalent form of chronic pain, most com- monly affecting the vaginal vestibule （vestibulodynia） （Pukall et al., 2016）. Women with vulvodynia describe intense pain in response to light touch of the affected region, such that sexual function and other activities can be severely limited. Medical costs associated with vulvodynia are high, exceeding $21 billion annually in the United States （Xie et al., 2012）. The high level of direct medical costs has been linked to high treatment failure rates. Many women with the disorder consult multiple practitioners and undergo multiple courses of treatment with limited benefit.展开更多
基金This work received funding support from CNPq(National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development,process 404104/2013-4)CAPES(Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel)and Araucária Foundation
文摘Land cover classification is one of the main components of the modern weather research and forecasting models, which can influence the meteorological variable, and in turn the concentration of air pollutants. In this study the impact of using two traditional land use classifications, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), were evaluated. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF, version 3.2.1) was run for the period 18 - 22 August, 2014 (dry season) at a grid spacing of 3 km centered on the city of Manaus. The comparison between simulated and ground-based observed data revealed significant differences in the meteorological fields, for instance, the temperature. Compared to USGS, MODIS classification showed better skill in representing observed temperature for urban areas of Manaus, while the two files showed similar results for nearby areas. The analysis of the files suggests that the better quality of the simulations favorable to the MODIS file is straightly related to its better representation of urban class of land use, which is observed to be not adequately represented by USGS.
文摘A new series of benzothiazole Schiff bases 3–29 was synthesized and screened for antitumor activity against cervical cancer（Hela） and kidney fibroblast cancer（COS-7） cell lines. Results indicated that compounds 3, 14, 19, 27 and 28 have promising activity against Hela cell line with IC50 values of 2.41,3.06, 6.46, 2.22 and 6.25 mmol/L, respectively, in comparison to doxorubicin as a reference antitumor agent（IC50 2.05 mmol/L）. In addition, compound 3 displayed excellent activity against COS-7 cell line with IC50 value of 4.31 mmol/L in comparison to doxorubicin（IC50 3.04 mmol/L）. In the present work,structure based pharmacophore mapping, molecular docking, protein-ligand interaction, fingerprints and binding energy calculations were employed in a virtual screening strategy to identify the interaction between the compounds and the active site of the putative target, EGFR tyrosine kinase. Molecular properties, toxicity, drug-likeness, and drug score profiles of compounds 3, 14, 19, 27, 28 and 29 were also assessed.
基金supported in part by the e-ASIA Joint Research Program from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development(AMED)(grant number:21jm0210062h0004).
文摘Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA)is a fatal bile duct malignancy.CCA is intrinsically resistant to standard chemotherapy,responds poorly to it,and has a poor prognosis.Effective treatments for cholangiocarcinoma remain elusive,and a breakthrough in CCA treatment is still awaited.The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)plays an oncogenic role by promoting an aggressive cancer phenotype through multiple pathways.While HER2 has shown increasing potential as an effective target for breast and gastric cancers over the last decade,this has not been the case for CCA.This review explores the possibility of targeting HER2 in CCA immunotherapy.Key findings suggest that HER2 alterations have been reported as one of the signatures associated with a poorer prognosis in liver fluke-associated CCA,the most prevalent subtype in Southeast Asia.Furthermore,we assess recent advances in HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches,presenting the current stage,rationale,and evidence supporting the use of HER2 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in CCA.We also emphasize the crucial role of animal models in developing anticancer therapies.In summary,focusing on HER2 expression could provide alternative strategies for the HER2-altered CCA cluster.
基金National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2009CB421505)National Natural Science Foundation of China (40775036)Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP07214)
文摘The detailed surface rainfall processes associated with landfalling typhoon Kaemi（2006） are investigated based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. The model is integrated for 6 days with imposed large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapor advection from National Center for Environmental Prediction （NCEP） / Global Data Assimilation System （GDAS） data. The simulation data are validated with observations in terms of surface rain rate. The Root-Mean-Squared （RMS） difference in surface rain rate between the simulation and the gauge observations is 0.660 mm h^-1, which is smaller than the standard deviations of both the simulated rain rate （0.753 mm h^-1） and the observed rain rate （0.833 mm h^-1）. The simulation data are then used to study the physical causes associated with the detailed surface rainfall processes during the landfall. The results show that time averaged and model domain-mean Ps mainly comes from large-scale convergence （QWVF） and local vapor loss （positive QWVT）. Large underestimation （about 15%） of Ps will occur if QWVT and QCM （cloud source/sink） are not considered as contributors to Ps ,QWVF accounts for the variation of P during most of the integration time, while it is not always a contributor to Ps,Sometimes surface rainfall could occur when divergence is dominant with local vapor loss to be a contributor to Ps - Surface rainfall is a result ofmulti-timescale interactions. QWVE possesses the longest time scale and the lowest frequeney the second and QCM of variation with time and may exert impact on P on longer time scales. QWVF possesses longest time scale and lowest frequency and can explain most of the variation of Ps. QWVT possess shorter time scales and higher frequencies, which can explain more detailed variations in Ps. Partitioning analysis shows that stratiform rainfall is dominant from the morning of 26 July till the late night of 27 July. After that, convective rainfall dominates till about 1000 LST 28 July. Before 28 July, the variations of QWVT in rainfall-free regions contribute less to that of the domain-mean QWVT while after that they contribute much, which is consistent to the corresponding variations in their fractional coverage. The variations of QWVF in rainfall regions are the main contributors to that of the domain-mean QWVF, then the main contributors to the surface rain rate before the afternoon of 28 July.
文摘Replacing urethral tissue with functional scaffolds has been one of the challenging problems in the field of urethra reconstruction or repair over the last several decades. Various scaffold materials have been used in animal studies, but clinical studies on use of scaffolds for urethral repair are scarce. The aim of this study was to review recent animal and clinical studies on the use of different scaffolds for urethral repair, and to evaluate these scaffolds based on the evidence from these studies. Pub Med and OVID databases were searched to identify relevant studies, in conjunction with further manual search. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were systematically evaluated. Of 555 identified studies, 38 were included for analysis. It was found that in both animal and clinical studies, scaffolds seeded with cells were used for repair of large segmental defects of the urethra, such as in tubular urethroplasty. When the defect area was small, cell-free scaffolds were more likely to be applied. A lot of pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence showed that natural or artificial materials could be used as scaffolds for urethral repair. Urinary tissue engineering is still in the immature stage, and the safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness of the scaffolds are needed for further study.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51704203)the PhD Early Development Program of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology (Nos. 20152008, 20152013, and 20152018)+2 种基金Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths (No. 201601D202027)Key Project of Research and Development Plan of Shanxi Province (Nos. 201603D111004 and 201603D121010)NSFC-Shanxi Coal Based Low Carbon Joint Fund (No. U1510131)
文摘A water model and a high-speed video camera were utilized in the 300-t RH equipment to study the effect of steel flow patterns in a vacuum chamber on fast decarburization and a superior flow-pattern map was obtained during the practical RH process. There are three flow patterns with different bubbling characteristics and steel surface states in the vacuum chamber： boiling pattern（BP）, transition pattern（TP）, and wave pattern（WP）. The effect of the liquid-steel level and the residence time of the steel in the chamber on flow patterns and decarburization reaction were investigated, respectively. The liquid-steel level significantly affected the flow-pattern transition from BP to WP, and the residence time and reaction area were crucial to evaluate the whole decarburization process rather than the circulation flow rate and mixing time. A superior flow-pattern map during the practical RH process showed that the steel flow pattern changed from BP to TP quickly, and then remained as TP until the end of decarburization.
基金funded by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2012BAC23B01)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41271098,41171066)China Special Fund for Meteorological Research in the Public Interest(GYHY201206026)
文摘Forest canopy reduces shortwave radiation and increases the incoming longwave radiation to snowpacks beneath forest canopies. Furthermore, the effect of forest canopy may be changed by complex topography. In this paper, we measured and simulated the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest at different canopy openness in the west Tianshan Mountains, China(43°16'N, 84°24'E) during spring 2013. A sensitivity study was conducted to explore the way that terrain influenced the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies. In the simulation model, measurement datasets, including air temperature, incoming shortwave radiation above canopy, and longwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain, were applied to calculate the incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopy. The simulation results were consistent with the measurements on hourly scale and daily scale. The effect of longwave radiation enhanced by terrain was important than that of shortwave radiation above forest canopy with different openness except the 20% canopy openness. The longwave radiation enhanced due to adjacent terrain increases with the slope increase and temperature rise. When air temperature(or slope) is relatively low, thelongwave radiation enhanced by adjacent terrain is not sensitive to slope(or air temperature), but the sensitivity increases with the decrease of snow cover area on sunny slope. The effect of longwave radiation is especially sensitive when the snow cover on sunny slope melts completely. The effect of incoming shortwave radiation reflected by adjacent terrain on incoming longwave radiation to snow beneath forest canopies is more slight than that of the enhanced longwave radiation.
基金funded by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(grant number:2021-I2M-1-033)the Jing-jin-ji Special Project for Basic Research Cooperation(grant number:J200017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:82273721).
文摘Objective:Mathematical modeling and simulation is a useful research method to inform decision-making.This article aims to describe the National Cancer Center(NCC)modeling framework and how well it reproduces observed empirical data for six major cancers.Methods:We developed the NCC modeling framework for six major cancers in China(lung,liver,stomach,colorectal,esophageal,and breast),which simulates the life-histories represented by states among normal,pre-cancerous lesion,stage-specific invasive cancer,and death for six cancers separately.Each NCC simulation model could be illustrated as an integrated framework of 3 modules:a demography module,natural history module,and screening module.Combined with costs and health utilities data,the models could have many detailed outputs for informing decisions,including the harm of screening(e.g.,false positives,complications,and overdiagnosis),healthcare costs,and benefits(quality-adjusted life years gained,cancer incidence and mortality,and investment returns).We calibrated the models to Chinese population-based observations on cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distribution.All models are validated by comparing model simulated results to data observed from nationwide cancer registration and a large prospective cohort study.Results:The simulated results from the calibrated models consistently match the epidemiological patterns in six major cancer incidence,mortality,and stage distributions in China.Model projected age-specific cancer incidence and mortality were close to the observed data in the national cancer registration.The NCC modeling framework reproduced the cumulative cancer cases and deaths observed in the prospective cohort study at 7.0 and 10.8 years of follow-up.Model estimated net survival rates also consistent with population-based statistics.Conclusion:The NCC modeling framework’s ability to reproduce the observed population-level cancer statistics and the cancer cases in a prospective cohort study suggests its results are reliable to inform decision-making related to six major cancers in China.
基金This research work is jointly subsidied by two research projects entitled"A Predictive Study on the Changing Trend of Life-supporting Environment in China Over the Next 20-50 YearsA Modeling Research on the Responses of China's Terrestrial Ecosys
文摘The North East China Transect (NECT) is an exemplary region of landmass running along the line of 43°30′ North Latitude and caught between 112° and 130°30′ East Longtitude, and is being sampled by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) for today’s study on global change. So far, it has already been listed in the first set of IGBP-sponsored transects, becoming a key theatre and "hot spot" for probing terrestrial ecosystems. In terms of biota, the nearly 1,600-kilometre-long tract is located in a mid-latitude zone, featuring a vegetational transition from a temperate timberland of evergreen coniferous forests and broadleaved deciduous forests to a mild-temperate steppe. According to the norms of biome types, it consists of three subzones: meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe in a continuous east-to-west spatial sequence. There are four ecological stations supported by a great number of permanent samples, long-term plots and an enormous build-up of experimental data along
文摘Short residence time of the sorbent in the gas stream and formation of a dense layer of reaction product surrounding its surface influence the sulfur removal efficiency. A practical means of improving the process performance is to employ fluidized bed reaction in replacement of entrained bed reaction on normally used in cool side desulfurizaiton. This paper describes cold modeling study of a circulating fluidized bed reactor. Several aspects of the problem are discussed: fluidization behavior of CaO, attrition of the sorbent and solids entrainment from the fluidized bed. Mechanisms and key controlling parameters are identified, and an integral model based on rate of attrition and mass balance is developed for predicting steady state mass flows and particle size distributions of the system. A process flow scheme is finally presented for conducting desulfurization tests in the second stage of the study.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(Grant Nos.U1960203,52004060,52325406,and 52174308)Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Liaon-ing Province(Grant No.2023JH6/100500008)Fundamental Re-search Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.N2125017 and N2225031).Special thanks are due to the instrumental analysis from the Analytical and Testing Centre,Northeastern University.
文摘Mo has been widely reported as a conducive element for the corrosion resistance of massive alloy sys-tems.However,the mechanism of Mo optimizing the corrosion resistance is complicated,and in-depth studies are still required.The present work comprehensively and quantitatively studied the critical influ-ences of Mo on the passivation and repassivation behavior of CoCrFeNi HEA based on the dissolution-diffusion-deposition model proposed in our previous work.The experimental results indicated that Mo remarkably eliminated the metastable pitting corrosion,significantly improved the breakdown potential and perfectly protected the CoCrFeNiMo_(0.2)HEA from pitting corrosion.The modelling and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy(XPS)results both show that in the passivation process,MoO_(2)was the last product to deposit,thereby existing in the outer layer of the passive film.Mo addition increased the Cr content by weakening the deposition of Fe_(2)O_(3)and Fe_(3)O_(4)and also improved the Cr_(2)O_(3)/Cr(OH)3 ratio by promot-ing deprotonation of Cr(OH)_(3),thus enhancing the quality of passive film.Besides,when pitting corrosion occurred,MoO_(2),MoO_(3),and FeMoO_(4)were the first products to deposit and accelerated the repassivation process of HEA by timely covering the matrix in the pit cavity,thereby preventing further corrosion of the matrix.
文摘Corrosion mechanism of automotive mufflers was investigated by SEM （scanning electron microscope） and XRD （X-ray diffractomer） analysis. 409L and newly developed 439M steels were evaluated in terms of condensate corrosion tests for 5 periods, 10 periods and 20 periods separately. The relative lifetimes of 409L and 439M steels were predicted according to the extreme value analysis method and pitting corrosion models. Modelling studies dem- onstrated that the predicted relative lifetime of 439M ferrite stainless steel is 6.8 times that of 409L steels. The extreme value analysis method was also successfully used in the road test. The estimated maximum corrosion depth of the 439M muffler is 0. 55 ram.
基金supported by the EC-funded project DAMOCLES (grant 18509)which is part of the Sixth Framework Program of DFG(grant LU 818/1-1)Natural Science Foundation of China(grants No.40233032,40376006).
文摘Evolution of the Arctic sea ice and its snow cover during the SHEBA year were simulated by applying a high-resolution thermodynamic snow/ice model （HIGHTSI）. Attention was paid to the impact of albedo on snow and sea ice mass balance, effect of snow on total ice mass balance, and the model vertical resolution. The SHEBA annual simulation was made applying the best possible external forcing data set created by the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project. The HIGHTSI control run reasonably reproduced the observed snow and ice thickness. A number of albedo schemes were incorporated into HIGHTSI to study the feedback processes between the albedo and snow and ice thickness. The snow thickness turned out to be an essential variable in the albedo parameterization. Albedo schemes dependent on the surface temperature were liable to excessive positive feedback effects generated by errors in the modelled surface temperature. The superimposed ice formation should be taken into account for the annual Arctic sea ice mass balance.
基金funding support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)the Center for Excellence in Mining Innovation (CEMI)the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Canada (NWMO)
文摘With respect to constitutive models for continuum modeling applications, the post-yield domain remainsthe area of greatest uncertainty. Recent studies based on laboratory testing have led to thedevelopment of a number of models for brittle rock dilation, which account for both the plastic shearstrain and confining stress dependencies of this phenomenon. Although these models are useful inproviding an improved understanding of how dilatancy evolves during a compression test, there hasbeen relatively little work performed examining their validity for modeling brittle rock yield in situ. Inthis study, different constitutive models for rock dilation are reviewed and then tested, in the context of anumber of case studies, using a continuum finite-difference approach （FLAC）. The uncertainty associatedwith the modeling of brittle fracture localization is addressed, and the overall ability of mobilizeddilation models to replicate in situ deformation measurements and yield patterns is evaluated. 2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘Experimental and geochemical modelling studies were carried out to identify mineral and solid phases containing major, minor, and trace elements and the mechanism of the retention of these elements in Flue Gas Desulphurisation（FGD）-gypsum samples from a coal-fired power plant under filtered water recirculation to the scrubber and forced oxidation conditions. The role of the p H and related environmental factors on the mobility of Li, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, and U from FGD-gypsums for a comprehensive assessment of element leaching behaviour were also carried out. Results show that the extraction rate of the studied elements generally increases with decreasing the p H value of the FGD-gypsum leachates. The increase of the mobility of elements such as U, Se, and As in the FGD-gypsum entails the modification of their aqueous speciation in the leachates; UO2SO4, H2 Se, and HAs O2 are the aqueous complexes with the highest activities under acidic conditions.The speciation of Zn, Li, and Ni is not affected in spite of p H changes; these elements occur as free cations and associated to SO4 ^2 in the FGD-gypsum leachates. The mobility of Cu and Mo decreases by decreasing the p H of the FGD-gypsum leachates, which might be associated to the precipitation of Cu Se2 and Mo Se2, respectively. Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry of the solid phase combined with geochemical modelling of the aqueous phase has proved useful in understanding the mobility and geochemical behaviour of elements and their partitioning into FGD-gypsum samples.
文摘The modified shear lag model proposed recently was applied to calculate thermal residual stresses and subsequent stress distributions under tensile and compressive loadings. The expressions for the elastic moduli and the yield strengths under tensile and compressive loadings were derived which take account of thermal residual stresses. The asymmetries in the elastic modulus and the yield strength were interpreted using the derived expressions and the obtained results of the stress calculations. The model predictions have exhibited good agreements with the experimental results and also with the other theoretical predictions
文摘<b>Introduction:</b> Digital models showed promising results for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital models can be obtained from alginate impressions as well as direct intra-oral scanners. Studies assessing the accuracy of digital models have shown digital models to be valid, clinically acceptable, and more quickly obtainable. With the advent of new scanners with better scanning technology researches are necessary to evaluate their accuracy and reliability. <b>Aim of Study:</b> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3D digital models obtained through intraoral and extraoral scanning modalities to the reference gold standard plaster model. <b>Material & Methods:</b> Twenty-four adult male and female subjects were randomly selected for this study. The intraoral scanners evaluated in this study were Sirona (CEREC Omnicam) and 3 shape (TRIOS 3), while the laboratory scanners used were Sirona (inEos X5), and 3 shape (D850). Intra-oral scanning of the subjects and extra-oral scanning of their alginate impressions, plaster models of the alginate impression, rubber base impression, and plaster model of their rubber base impression were done. Linear dental measurements included intermolar width, interpremolar width, intercanine width, mesiodistal width of the 1<sup>st</sup> permanent molar, 1<sup>st</sup> premolar, canine and central incisor and arch width. All data were collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. <b>Results:</b> Small differences between the plaster and digital models were observed. Intra-observer reliability analysis for 14 out of the 16 measurements showed that all variables exhibited good to excellent reliability. <b>Conclusions: </b>There was no difference between the digitization using the intraoral scanner or the laboratory scanner. The most accurate digitization technique was the 3 Shape laboratory scanner of the cast of the alginate impression. The inEos X5 showed the highest error of digitization of the alginate and rubber base impressions.
文摘Studies on the erosion processes and protective measures at the downcoast of the Friendship Port in Mauritania have been successfully conducted by means of 3-D movable-bed model using light model-sand. The headland control was accepted for the stability of the beach. This paper mainly deals with the shape, orientation, size and erosion depth of the artificial headland. Various forms of headland projects, such as the normal groin, arch groins bending to upcoast ancj to downcoast, offshore breakwater, and T-shaped dike, have been experimentally investigated. Through a comparison of effects of these works on the beach processes, optimized headlands have been obtained, that is, unsymmetrical T-shaped dike or arch groin bending to the downcoast, which has been practically and successfully applied for the stability of beaches.
基金Supported by the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province under Grant No13HASTIT046
文摘The cross sections of fragments produced in the 140 A MeV58,64Ni＋9 Be projectile fragmentation reactions are calculated by using the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics （AMD） model, the modified statistical abrasion- ablation （SAA） model, and the empirical EPAX2/EPAX3 formulae. The Gogny-gO interaction is taken as the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in the AMD calculation, and the decays of fragments obtained from the AMD results are calculated by using the GEMINI code. The calculated cross sections of fragments are compared.
基金A project described in this work regarding innervation changes in the murine vagina in response to inflammation was supported by a grant from the Centre for Neuroscience,Flinders University,Australia
文摘Vulvodynia is a prevalent form of chronic pain, most com- monly affecting the vaginal vestibule （vestibulodynia） （Pukall et al., 2016）. Women with vulvodynia describe intense pain in response to light touch of the affected region, such that sexual function and other activities can be severely limited. Medical costs associated with vulvodynia are high, exceeding $21 billion annually in the United States （Xie et al., 2012）. The high level of direct medical costs has been linked to high treatment failure rates. Many women with the disorder consult multiple practitioners and undergo multiple courses of treatment with limited benefit.
