The EPR parameters of trivalent Er（3＋） ions doped in hexagonal Ga N crystal have been studied by diagonalizing the 364×364 complete energy matrices. The results indicate that the resonance ground states may be...The EPR parameters of trivalent Er（3＋） ions doped in hexagonal Ga N crystal have been studied by diagonalizing the 364×364 complete energy matrices. The results indicate that the resonance ground states may be derived from the Kramers doublet Γ6. The EPR g-factors may be ascribed to the stronger covalent bonding and nephelauxetic effects compared with other rare-earth doped complexes, as a result of the mismatch of ionic radii of the impurity Er（3＋）ion and the replaced Ga（3＋） ion apart from the intrinsic covalency of host Ga N. Furthermore, the J–J mixing effects on the EPR parameters from the high-lying manifolds have been evaluated. It is found that the dominant J–J mixing contribution is from the manifold 2K（15/2）, which accounts for about 2.5%. The next important J–J contribution arises from the crystal–field mixture between the ground state 4I（15/2） and the first excited state4I（13/2）, and is usually less than 0.2%. The contributions from the rest states may be ignored.展开更多
Rapid mixing and chlorine saving are two important problems that most drinking water industries are focus on, and this paper adopts chemical induction unit to compare with water jet injector to study what merits chemi...Rapid mixing and chlorine saving are two important problems that most drinking water industries are focus on, and this paper adopts chemical induction unit to compare with water jet injector to study what merits chemical induction unit has. The experiment chose coefficient of variability of chlorine concentration to evaluate the mix effect and used chlorine consumption to compare the two equipments. Distribution reservoir experiments show that chemical induction unit can completely mix chlorine less than 6.2 seconds and water jet injector can not completely mix in 3 minutes. Mixing pool experiments show that chemical induction unit can save chlorine compared with water jet injector, and can save more if more chlorine is consumed.展开更多
DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expres...DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expression data generated. To address this, this paper employs a mixed-effects model to analyze gene expression data. In terms of data selection, 1176 genes from the white mouse gene expression dataset under two experimental conditions were chosen, setting up two conditions: pneumococcal infection and no infection, and constructing a mixed-effects model. After preprocessing the gene chip information, the data were imported into the model, preliminary results were calculated, and permutation tests were performed to biologically validate the preliminary results using GSEA. The final dataset consists of 20 groups of gene expression data from pneumococcal infection, which categorizes functionally related genes based on the similarity of their expression profiles, facilitating the study of genes with unknown functions.展开更多
For a circular lobed nozzle with the exit plane displaced from the center body,adding a central plug at exit or replacing the nozzle with an alternating-lobe nozzle can improve the mixing effectiveness.In this study,n...For a circular lobed nozzle with the exit plane displaced from the center body,adding a central plug at exit or replacing the nozzle with an alternating-lobe nozzle can improve the mixing effectiveness.In this study,numerical investigations of jet mixing in the lobed nozzles with a central plug and alternating-lobe nozzles in pumping operation were conducted.The effects of the central plugs with the wake ranging from attached to separated flow on the mixing were analyzed,along with the mechanism of improving the mixing performance in a"sword"alternating-lobe nozzle.The simulation results reveal that the large-scale mixing rate,which is dominated by streamwise vortices,is related to the intensity of the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.The effects of the streamwise vortices on the normal vortex ring are virtually a manifestation of the heat and mass transfer/mixing process of the streamwise vortices.The simulation results also show that the central plug with the attached rear-flow performs better in improving the mixing effectiveness and pumping performance;on the contrary,if the rear-flow is separated,more pressure loss will be induced.In particular,a completely separated flow over the rear of the central plug will severely degrade the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.For the sword alternating-lobe nozzle,wider sword deep troughs help to increase the flux of the secondary stream around the core region and delay the confluence of the primary stream in the region between the deep and shallow troughs.Thus,the mixing is improved in the middle and posterior segments.Compared to the lobed nozzle with a central plug,the improved sword alternating-lobe nozzle can achieve a higher mixing effectiveness with much less pressure loss,which is preferred in situations when the power loss of the engine is restricted.展开更多
We demonstrate a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） using erbium gain and four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in a piece of erbium-doped fiber （EDF） with high erbium ion concentration. The EDF has a pump...We demonstrate a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） using erbium gain and four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in a piece of erbium-doped fiber （EDF） with high erbium ion concentration. The EDF has a pump absorption rate of 24.6 dB/m at 979 nm and is bi-directionally pumped by 980-nm laser diodes. FWM effect redistributes the energy of different oscillating lines and causes multi-wavelength operation. The laser generates more than 22 lines of optical comb with a line spacing of approximately 0.10 nm at the 1569-nm region using only 1.5-m-long EDF.展开更多
Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerni...Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.展开更多
The mixed alkali effect was investigated in the glass system 0.75B2O3-0.25[xNa2O-（1 -x）K20] through thermodynamic properties. The calorimetric measurements were performed in HF solution calorimetry at 298 K. The mix...The mixed alkali effect was investigated in the glass system 0.75B2O3-0.25[xNa2O-（1 -x）K20] through thermodynamic properties. The calorimetric measurements were performed in HF solution calorimetry at 298 K. The mixing enthalpy values show non-linear behaviour upon substitution of one alkali ion by another. This thermodynamic non-ideality is caused by the slight variations of distance between metallic cations, the macromolecular structure being unchanged. It can be explained, at least qualitatively, using electrolyte theory based on the Coulombic interactions of charged species originally developed by Debye and Hückel.展开更多
Toxic effects in terms of mitochondria and hereditary substances have been characterized in vitro for individual rare earth elements,while,the joint effects of mixed elements exposure in the population remain ambiguou...Toxic effects in terms of mitochondria and hereditary substances have been characterized in vitro for individual rare earth elements,while,the joint effects of mixed elements exposure in the population remain ambiguous.Based on the Occupational Chromate Exposure Dynamic Cohort of China,this study investigated the relationship between 15 blood rare earth elements(cerium,dysprosium,erbium,europium,gadolinium,holmium,lanthanum,lutetium,neodymium,praseodymium,samarium,terbium,thulium,yttrium,and ytterbium)and mitochondrial DNA copy number(MtDNACN)as well as peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus frequency(MNF).The elastic net was used to select elements highly correlated with effect indicators,whose dose-response relationships were further illustrated by restricted cubic splines.Bayesian kernel regressionwas employed to explore the combined effects of elements and the contributions of single element.The results showed that most rare earth elementswere positively correlatedwith effect indicators,with yttrium showing the strongest association(β(95%CI):0.139(0.1089–0.189)for MtDNACN,0.937(0.345–1.684)for MNF).In the mixed exposure model,with the exposure level fixed at the 50th percentile as the reference,the effect estimates on MtDNACN and MNF increased by 0.228 and 0.598 units,respectively,at the 75th percentile.The single effect analysis implied that yttrium,lanthanum and terbium contributed the most to the elevation of MtDNACN,while yttrium posed the highest risk for genetic damage,accordingly,we provided recommendations to prioritize these elements of concern.In addition,we observed a chief mediating effect of MtDNACN on the elevation of MNF caused by lanthanum,whereas further mechanistic exploration is required to confirm this finding.展开更多
The effect of tree age and climatic variables on stem radial growth of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus was determined using longitudinal data from eastern South Africa.The stem radius of was measured weekly as the res...The effect of tree age and climatic variables on stem radial growth of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus was determined using longitudinal data from eastern South Africa.The stem radius of was measured weekly as the response variable.In addition to tree age,average weekly temperature,solar radiation,relative humidity and wind speed were simultaneously recorded with total rainfall at the site.An additive mixed effects model that incorporates a non-parametric smooth function was used.The results of the analysis indicate that the relationship between stem radius and each of the covariates can be explained by nonlinear functions.Models that account for the effect of clone and season together with their interaction in the parametric part of the additive mixed model were also fitted.The interaction between clone and season was not significant in all cases.For analyzing the joint effect all the covariates,additive mixed models that included two or more covariates were fitted.A significant effect of tree age was found in all cases.Although tree age was the key determinant of stem radial growth,weather variables also had a significant effect that was dependent on season.展开更多
Pilbara blending iron ore powder （PB powder） is blending ores with good and poor quality iron ores, so how to use PB power effectively is a problem. The self-characteristics of PB powder and its single-components we...Pilbara blending iron ore powder （PB powder） is blending ores with good and poor quality iron ores, so how to use PB power effectively is a problem. The self-characteristics of PB powder and its single-components were studied respectively such as the macroscopic properties, microscopic properties, and high-temperature properties the behavior and effect in the sintering were mastered. Then based on the new ore-proportioning idea of iron ores sintering characteristics complementary, the principles on the effective use of PB powder were discussed, and was fur ther validated through the sintering pot test and industrial production. The results show that PB powder is composed of three kinds of iron ore, and the sintering characteristics of different iron ores are obviously discrepant. With the ore-proportioning optimization based on the iron ores sintering characteristics complementary, the proportion of PB iron ore powder can be increased to more than 45 %.展开更多
During the past two centuries, global changes (i.e., enhanced nitrogen deposition) have exerted profound effects on ecological processes of steppe ecosystems. We used litterbag method and mixed litters of three differ...During the past two centuries, global changes (i.e., enhanced nitrogen deposition) have exerted profound effects on ecological processes of steppe ecosystems. We used litterbag method and mixed litters of three different plant species tissues (Stipa baicalensis: Sb, Leymus chinensis: Lc and Artemisia frigid: Af), endemic to Stipa baicalensis Steppe, and measured the mass loss of mixtures over 417 days under the N addition treatment. We studied the effect of N addition (N0: no N addition;N15: 1.5 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N30: 3.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N50: 5.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N100: 10.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N150: 15.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a) on the rate of mixed litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics change. The decomposition constant (k) of leaf mixtures was higher than that of root mixtures. The k values of leaf mixed combinations were 0.880 (Sb + Lc), 1.231 (Lc + Af), 1.027 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The k value of stem was 0.806 (Lc + Af) and the root mixed combinations were 0.665 (Sb + Lc), 0.979 (Lc + Af) and 1.164 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The results indicated that N addition had significantly effect on the mixed litter decomposition and nutrient releasing. The rate of plant tissues litter decomposition had different response to N addition. In the context of N addition, litter decomposition rate and nutrient dynamics were changed by synthetic effect of decaying time, specie types and N addition dose. Our findings suggested that prairie plants may adapt to environmental change by adjusting litter quality, thus retaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem.展开更多
The present study is carried out to see the thermal-diffusion(Dufour) and diffusion-thermo(Soret) effects on the mixed convection boundary layer flow of viscoelastic nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching surface i...The present study is carried out to see the thermal-diffusion(Dufour) and diffusion-thermo(Soret) effects on the mixed convection boundary layer flow of viscoelastic nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching surface in a porous medium. Optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM) is best candidate to handle highly nonlinear system of differential equations obtained from boundary layer partial differential equations via appropriate transformations. Graphical illustrations depicting different physical arising parameters against velocity, temperature and concentration distributions with required discussion have also been added. Numerically calculated values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are given in the form of table and well argued. It is found that nanofluid velocity increases with increase in mixed convective and viscoelastic parameters but it decreases with the increasing values of porosity parameter. Also, it is observed that Dufour number has opposite behavior on temperature and concentration profiles.展开更多
The mixed-field effect at the hyperfine level of the rovibronic ground state of the^(127)I^(79)Br(X^(1)Σ,v=0,J=0)molecule is computed on the J-I uncoupled basis of|JM_(J)I_(1)M_(1)I_(2)M_(2)>,where J is the molecu...The mixed-field effect at the hyperfine level of the rovibronic ground state of the^(127)I^(79)Br(X^(1)Σ,v=0,J=0)molecule is computed on the J-I uncoupled basis of|JM_(J)I_(1)M_(1)I_(2)M_(2)>,where J is the molecular total angular momentum excluding nuclear spin,M_J is the projection number of J,I_(1) and I_(2) are the nuclear spins of the iodine and bromine atoms,and M_(1) and M_(2) are the projection numbers of I_(1) and I_(2),respectively.When the two applied electric and magnetic fields are parallel,the perturbations are rare and only one perturbation is observed in a relatively large field regime in our computation range.However,when the two fields are off-parallel,the perturbations increase significantly and some sublevels show the Feshbach-like resonance phenomenon.Therefore,such sublevels transit between weak-field seeking and strong-field seeking repeatedly,which can be utilized to enhance or suppress cold molecular collision and chemical reaction rates.Such behavior of the molecular hyperfine structure in the mixed off-parallel fields may also be utilized to construct an electric-field-assisted anti-Helmholtz magnetic trap for cold molecules and to realize evaporative cooling of cold molecules(sub-mK)into the ultracold regime(μK).展开更多
In this paper, an efficient shrinkage estimation procedure for the partially linear varying coefficient model (PLVC) with random effect is considered. By selecting the significant variable and estimating the nonzero c...In this paper, an efficient shrinkage estimation procedure for the partially linear varying coefficient model (PLVC) with random effect is considered. By selecting the significant variable and estimating the nonzero coefficient, the model structure specification is accomplished by introducing a novel penalized estimating equation. Under some mild conditions, the asymptotic properties for the proposed model selection and estimation results, such as the sparsity and oracle property, are established. Some numerical simulation studies and a real data analysis are presented to examine the finite sample performance of the procedure.展开更多
The effect of mixed oxide support on the performance of Ni/ZnO in the reactive adsorption desulfurization(RADS) reaction was investigated in a fixed bed reactor by using thiophene as the sulfur-containing compound in ...The effect of mixed oxide support on the performance of Ni/ZnO in the reactive adsorption desulfurization(RADS) reaction was investigated in a fixed bed reactor by using thiophene as the sulfur-containing compound in the model gasoline. A series of oxide supports for Ni/ZnO were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, N_2-adsorption, TPR and NH_3-TPD techniques. It was found that the desulfurization capacity of Ni/ZnO was enhanced greatly when active components were supported on the proper mixed oxide. Ni/ZnO supported on oxides exhibited much higher desulfurization efficiency and sulfur adsorption capacity than the unsupported Ni/ZnO and the synthesized Ni/ZnO-SA adsorbent exhibited the highest efficiency for thiophene removal. The higher desulfurization activity and sulfur capacity of Ni/ZnO supported on SiO_2-Al_2O_3 with small particle size, high specific surface area and large pore volume could promote the high dispersion of active metal phase and the transfer of sulfur to ZnO with lower mass transfer resistance. γ-Al_2O_3 species could weaken the interaction of active phases and SiO_2 as well as could increase greatly the amount of weak acids. Therefore, these oxides could impose a great influence on the structure and chemical properties of the catalyst.展开更多
Objective: to analyze the clinical effect of rPH-4 plus external hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids. Methods a total of 98 patients with mixed hemorrhoids admitted to our hospital from October 2019...Objective: to analyze the clinical effect of rPH-4 plus external hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids. Methods a total of 98 patients with mixed hemorrhoids admitted to our hospital from October 2019 to March 2021 were selected as the research objects. In order to better analyze the results of this study, the selected 98 patients were divided into groups before this study, and 49 of them were taken as the control group. Patients in the control group were treated with external hemorrhoidectomy. For the remaining 49 patients, who were divided into this study group, the main treatment method was RPH-4 combined with external hemorrhoidectomy. Before the treatment of the patient, the current physical condition of the patient should be examined and analyzed to select a reasonable treatment method for the patient, so as to avoid the accuracy of the study results due to the patient's own problems in the treatment process. In addition, patients and their families should also be communicated with before the study to ensure that they understand the purpose and content of the study, and carry out corresponding treatment methods for them on the premise that they agree to disclose the content of the study. Results The observation group had higher effective rate, lower complication rate and better clinical efficacy. Conclusion RPH-4 plus hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids can effectively improve the effective rate of treatment, avoid postoperative complications such as anal stenosis, reduce the amount of intraoperative blood loss and shorten the operation time. Therefore, in the treatment of patients with mixed hemorrhoids, rPH-4 combined with external hemorrhoidectomy should be selected and treated as far as possible.展开更多
Due to environmental noise and human factors,magnetic data collected in the field often contain various noises and interferences that significantly affect the subsequent data processing and interpretation.Empirical Mo...Due to environmental noise and human factors,magnetic data collected in the field often contain various noises and interferences that significantly affect the subsequent data processing and interpretation.Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD),an adaptive multiscale analysis method for nonlinear and non-stationary signals,is widely used in geophysical and geodetic data processing.Compared with traditional EMD,Improved Complete Ensemble EMD with Adaptive Noise(ICEEMDAN)is more effective in addressing the problem of mode mixing.Based on the principles of 1D ICEEMDAN,this paper presents an alternative algorithm for 2D ICEEMDAN,extending its application to two-dimensional scenarios.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through synthetic signal experiments,which show that the 2D ICEEMDAN exhibits a weaker mode mixing effect compared to the traditional bidimensional EMD(BEMD)method.Furthermore,to improve the performance of the denoising method based on 2D ICEEMDAN and preserve useful signals in high-frequency components,an improved soft thresholding technique is introduced.Synthetic magnetic anomaly data testing indicates that our denoising method effectively preserves signal continuity and outperforms traditional soft thresholding methods.To validate the practical application of this improved threshold denoising method based on 2D ICEEMDAN,it is applied to ground magnetic survey data in the Yandun area of Xinjiang.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in removing noise while retaining essential information from practical magnetic anomaly data.In particular,practical applications suggest that 2D ICEEMDAN can extract trend signals more accurately than the BEMD.In conclusion,as a potential tool for multi-scale decomposition,the 2D ICEEMDAN is versatile in processing and analyzing 2D geophysical and geodetic data.展开更多
A better understanding and a more quantitative design of mixed-species stands will contribute to more integrative and goal-oriented research in mixed-species forests. Much recent work has indicated that the structure ...A better understanding and a more quantitative design of mixed-species stands will contribute to more integrative and goal-oriented research in mixed-species forests. Much recent work has indicated that the structure and growth of mixed species forests may fundamentally differ from monocultures. Here we suggest how to progress from the present accumulation of phenomenological findings to a design of mixed-species stands and advanced silvicultural prescriptions by means of modelling. First, the knowledge of mixing effects on the structure and growth at the stand, species, and individual tree level is reviewed, with a focus on those findings that are most essential for suitable modelling and silvicultural designs and the regulation of mixed stands as opposed to monocultures. Then, the key role of growth models, stand simulators, and scenario assessments for designing mixed species stands is discussed The next section illustrates that existing forest stand growth models require some fundamental modifications to become suitable for both monocultures and mixed-species stands. We then explore how silvicultural prescriptions derived from scenario runs would need to be both quantified and simplified for transfer to forest management and demonstrated in training plots. Finally, we address the main remaining knowledge gaps that could be remedied through empirical research.展开更多
The Lunnan （轮南） low uplift is a complex basin that is situated in northwestern China. This area had undergone a range of tectonic events, and there are multi-production zones and reservoir types. Also, heavy oil, ...The Lunnan （轮南） low uplift is a complex basin that is situated in northwestern China. This area had undergone a range of tectonic events, and there are multi-production zones and reservoir types. Also, heavy oil, common black oil, volatilization oil, condensate oil and natural gas are approximately under the same stratum pressure grads and geothermal grads. The east Lunnan low uplift is mainly composed of condensate oil and natural gas, the middle part has many types of petroleum and the west part mostly has heavy oil. The petroleum geochemistry may be the principal reason for the great difference of the oil and gas characteristics. The heavy oil in the west part is established by the biodegradation and mixing effect. The mixing effect in the middle part produced the complex petroleum distribution, and the oil cracking effect and mixing effect, or air cutting effect in the east part is proof of the existence of the industrial condensate gas reservoir and waxy oil. Understanding of the complex petroleum reservoir can further supervise the development of petroleum exploration in the Lunnan low uplift.展开更多
According to the adsorption-desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas （SBG） and its mixing of with the res...According to the adsorption-desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas （SBG） and its mixing of with the residual thermogenic gas at an early stage inevitably lead to secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various geochemical additive effects. Experimental results also show that the fractionation of the carbon isotope of methane of coal core desorption gas changes very little; the δ13C1 value of the mixed gas of biogenic and thermogenic gases is between the δ13C1 values of the two ＂original＂ gases, and the value is determined by the carbon isotopic compositions and mixing proportions of the two ＂original＂ methanes. Therefore this paper proposes that the study on the secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various additive effects is a new effective way to study and identify SBG. Herein, a systematic example of research on the coalbed gas （Huainan coalbed gas） is further conducted, revealing a series of secondary changes and additive effects, the main characteristics and markers of which are： （1） the contents of CO2 and heavy-hydrocarbons decrease significantly; （2） the content of CH4 increases and the gas becomes drier; （3） the δ13C and δD values of methane decrease significantly and tend to have biogenetic characteristics; and （4） the values of 513C2 and δ13Cc02 grow higher. These isotopic values also change with the degradation degrees by microbes and mixing proportions of the two kinds of gases in different locations. There exists a negative correlation between the △13C1 It＇S δ13Cco2 values. The δ13Cc2-c1 values obviously become higher. The distributions of the △δ^13Cco2-C1 values are within certain limits and show regularity. There exist a positive correlation between the N2 versus Ar contents, and a negative correlation between the N2 versus CH4 contents, indicating the down forward infiltration of the surface water containing air. These are important markers of the generation and existence of SBG .展开更多
基金Project supported by the Foundation of Education Department of Shaanxi Province,China(Grant No.16JK1402)
文摘The EPR parameters of trivalent Er（3＋） ions doped in hexagonal Ga N crystal have been studied by diagonalizing the 364×364 complete energy matrices. The results indicate that the resonance ground states may be derived from the Kramers doublet Γ6. The EPR g-factors may be ascribed to the stronger covalent bonding and nephelauxetic effects compared with other rare-earth doped complexes, as a result of the mismatch of ionic radii of the impurity Er（3＋）ion and the replaced Ga（3＋） ion apart from the intrinsic covalency of host Ga N. Furthermore, the J–J mixing effects on the EPR parameters from the high-lying manifolds have been evaluated. It is found that the dominant J–J mixing contribution is from the manifold 2K（15/2）, which accounts for about 2.5%. The next important J–J contribution arises from the crystal–field mixture between the ground state 4I（15/2） and the first excited state4I（13/2）, and is usually less than 0.2%. The contributions from the rest states may be ignored.
文摘Rapid mixing and chlorine saving are two important problems that most drinking water industries are focus on, and this paper adopts chemical induction unit to compare with water jet injector to study what merits chemical induction unit has. The experiment chose coefficient of variability of chlorine concentration to evaluate the mix effect and used chlorine consumption to compare the two equipments. Distribution reservoir experiments show that chemical induction unit can completely mix chlorine less than 6.2 seconds and water jet injector can not completely mix in 3 minutes. Mixing pool experiments show that chemical induction unit can save chlorine compared with water jet injector, and can save more if more chlorine is consumed.
文摘DNA microarray technology is an extremely effective technique for studying gene expression patterns in cells, and the main challenge currently faced by this technology is how to analyze the large amount of gene expression data generated. To address this, this paper employs a mixed-effects model to analyze gene expression data. In terms of data selection, 1176 genes from the white mouse gene expression dataset under two experimental conditions were chosen, setting up two conditions: pneumococcal infection and no infection, and constructing a mixed-effects model. After preprocessing the gene chip information, the data were imported into the model, preliminary results were calculated, and permutation tests were performed to biologically validate the preliminary results using GSEA. The final dataset consists of 20 groups of gene expression data from pneumococcal infection, which categorizes functionally related genes based on the similarity of their expression profiles, facilitating the study of genes with unknown functions.
基金supported by the Assembly Research Foundation of China
文摘For a circular lobed nozzle with the exit plane displaced from the center body,adding a central plug at exit or replacing the nozzle with an alternating-lobe nozzle can improve the mixing effectiveness.In this study,numerical investigations of jet mixing in the lobed nozzles with a central plug and alternating-lobe nozzles in pumping operation were conducted.The effects of the central plugs with the wake ranging from attached to separated flow on the mixing were analyzed,along with the mechanism of improving the mixing performance in a"sword"alternating-lobe nozzle.The simulation results reveal that the large-scale mixing rate,which is dominated by streamwise vortices,is related to the intensity of the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.The effects of the streamwise vortices on the normal vortex ring are virtually a manifestation of the heat and mass transfer/mixing process of the streamwise vortices.The simulation results also show that the central plug with the attached rear-flow performs better in improving the mixing effectiveness and pumping performance;on the contrary,if the rear-flow is separated,more pressure loss will be induced.In particular,a completely separated flow over the rear of the central plug will severely degrade the attainable heat and mass transfer in the streamwise vortices.For the sword alternating-lobe nozzle,wider sword deep troughs help to increase the flux of the secondary stream around the core region and delay the confluence of the primary stream in the region between the deep and shallow troughs.Thus,the mixing is improved in the middle and posterior segments.Compared to the lobed nozzle with a central plug,the improved sword alternating-lobe nozzle can achieve a higher mixing effectiveness with much less pressure loss,which is preferred in situations when the power loss of the engine is restricted.
文摘We demonstrate a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser （EDFL） using erbium gain and four-wave mixing （FWM） effect in a piece of erbium-doped fiber （EDF） with high erbium ion concentration. The EDF has a pump absorption rate of 24.6 dB/m at 979 nm and is bi-directionally pumped by 980-nm laser diodes. FWM effect redistributes the energy of different oscillating lines and causes multi-wavelength operation. The laser generates more than 22 lines of optical comb with a line spacing of approximately 0.10 nm at the 1569-nm region using only 1.5-m-long EDF.
基金This publication is based upon work from COST Action CLIMO(CA15226) supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)the UMBRACLIM project (PID2019-111781RB-I00)funded by the Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation. Teresa Valor was contracted with a grant“Juan de la Cierva-Formaci on”(FJC2018-036673-I). Z.S. received funds from the grant no. APVV-20-0365 and from project TreeAdapt supported by the MPRV SR. Aitor Ameztegui is supported by a Serra-Húnter fellowship by the Generalitat de Catalunya。
文摘Background: Understanding the role of species identity in interactions among individuals is crucial for assessing the productivity and stability of mixed forests over time. However, there is limited knowledge concerning the variation in competitive effect and response of different species along climatic gradients. In this study, we investigated the importance of climate, tree size, and competition on the growth of three tree species: spruce(Picea abies), fir(Abies alba), and beech(Fagus sylvatica), and examined their competitive response and effect along a climatic gradient.Methods: We selected 39 plots distributed across the European mountains with records of the position and growth of 5,759 individuals. For each target species, models relating tree growth to tree size, climate and competition were proposed. Competition was modelled using a neighbourhood competition index that considered the effects of inter-and intraspecific competition on target trees. Competitive responses and effects were related to climate.Likelihood methods and information theory were used to select the best model.Results: Our findings revealed that competition had a greater impact on target species growth than tree size or climate. Climate did influence the competitive effects of neighbouring species, but it did not affect the target species? response to competition. The strength of competitive effects varied along the gradient, contingent on the identity of the interacting species. When the target species exhibited an intermediate competitive effect relative to neighbouring species, both higher inter-than intraspecific competitive effects and competition reduction occurred along the gradient. Notably, species competitive effects were most pronounced when the target species' growth was at its peak and weakest when growing conditions were far from their maximum.Conclusions: Climate modulates the effects of competition from neighbouring trees on the target tree and not the susceptibility of the target tree to competition. The modelling approach should be useful in future research to expand our knowledge of how competition modulates forest communities across environmental gradients.
文摘The mixed alkali effect was investigated in the glass system 0.75B2O3-0.25[xNa2O-（1 -x）K20] through thermodynamic properties. The calorimetric measurements were performed in HF solution calorimetry at 298 K. The mixing enthalpy values show non-linear behaviour upon substitution of one alkali ion by another. This thermodynamic non-ideality is caused by the slight variations of distance between metallic cations, the macromolecular structure being unchanged. It can be explained, at least qualitatively, using electrolyte theory based on the Coulombic interactions of charged species originally developed by Debye and Hückel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U200420282273603 and 82003427).
文摘Toxic effects in terms of mitochondria and hereditary substances have been characterized in vitro for individual rare earth elements,while,the joint effects of mixed elements exposure in the population remain ambiguous.Based on the Occupational Chromate Exposure Dynamic Cohort of China,this study investigated the relationship between 15 blood rare earth elements(cerium,dysprosium,erbium,europium,gadolinium,holmium,lanthanum,lutetium,neodymium,praseodymium,samarium,terbium,thulium,yttrium,and ytterbium)and mitochondrial DNA copy number(MtDNACN)as well as peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus frequency(MNF).The elastic net was used to select elements highly correlated with effect indicators,whose dose-response relationships were further illustrated by restricted cubic splines.Bayesian kernel regressionwas employed to explore the combined effects of elements and the contributions of single element.The results showed that most rare earth elementswere positively correlatedwith effect indicators,with yttrium showing the strongest association(β(95%CI):0.139(0.1089–0.189)for MtDNACN,0.937(0.345–1.684)for MNF).In the mixed exposure model,with the exposure level fixed at the 50th percentile as the reference,the effect estimates on MtDNACN and MNF increased by 0.228 and 0.598 units,respectively,at the 75th percentile.The single effect analysis implied that yttrium,lanthanum and terbium contributed the most to the elevation of MtDNACN,while yttrium posed the highest risk for genetic damage,accordingly,we provided recommendations to prioritize these elements of concern.In addition,we observed a chief mediating effect of MtDNACN on the elevation of MNF caused by lanthanum,whereas further mechanistic exploration is required to confirm this finding.
文摘The effect of tree age and climatic variables on stem radial growth of two hybrid clones of Eucalyptus was determined using longitudinal data from eastern South Africa.The stem radius of was measured weekly as the response variable.In addition to tree age,average weekly temperature,solar radiation,relative humidity and wind speed were simultaneously recorded with total rainfall at the site.An additive mixed effects model that incorporates a non-parametric smooth function was used.The results of the analysis indicate that the relationship between stem radius and each of the covariates can be explained by nonlinear functions.Models that account for the effect of clone and season together with their interaction in the parametric part of the additive mixed model were also fitted.The interaction between clone and season was not significant in all cases.For analyzing the joint effect all the covariates,additive mixed models that included two or more covariates were fitted.A significant effect of tree age was found in all cases.Although tree age was the key determinant of stem radial growth,weather variables also had a significant effect that was dependent on season.
文摘Pilbara blending iron ore powder （PB powder） is blending ores with good and poor quality iron ores, so how to use PB power effectively is a problem. The self-characteristics of PB powder and its single-components were studied respectively such as the macroscopic properties, microscopic properties, and high-temperature properties the behavior and effect in the sintering were mastered. Then based on the new ore-proportioning idea of iron ores sintering characteristics complementary, the principles on the effective use of PB powder were discussed, and was fur ther validated through the sintering pot test and industrial production. The results show that PB powder is composed of three kinds of iron ore, and the sintering characteristics of different iron ores are obviously discrepant. With the ore-proportioning optimization based on the iron ores sintering characteristics complementary, the proportion of PB iron ore powder can be increased to more than 45 %.
文摘During the past two centuries, global changes (i.e., enhanced nitrogen deposition) have exerted profound effects on ecological processes of steppe ecosystems. We used litterbag method and mixed litters of three different plant species tissues (Stipa baicalensis: Sb, Leymus chinensis: Lc and Artemisia frigid: Af), endemic to Stipa baicalensis Steppe, and measured the mass loss of mixtures over 417 days under the N addition treatment. We studied the effect of N addition (N0: no N addition;N15: 1.5 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N30: 3.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N50: 5.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N100: 10.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a;N150: 15.0 g N/m<sup>2</sup>·a) on the rate of mixed litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics change. The decomposition constant (k) of leaf mixtures was higher than that of root mixtures. The k values of leaf mixed combinations were 0.880 (Sb + Lc), 1.231 (Lc + Af), 1.027 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The k value of stem was 0.806 (Lc + Af) and the root mixed combinations were 0.665 (Sb + Lc), 0.979 (Lc + Af) and 1.164 (Sb + Lc + Af), respectively. The results indicated that N addition had significantly effect on the mixed litter decomposition and nutrient releasing. The rate of plant tissues litter decomposition had different response to N addition. In the context of N addition, litter decomposition rate and nutrient dynamics were changed by synthetic effect of decaying time, specie types and N addition dose. Our findings suggested that prairie plants may adapt to environmental change by adjusting litter quality, thus retaining the stability of the steppe ecosystem.
文摘The present study is carried out to see the thermal-diffusion(Dufour) and diffusion-thermo(Soret) effects on the mixed convection boundary layer flow of viscoelastic nanofluid flow over a vertical stretching surface in a porous medium. Optimal homotopy analysis method(OHAM) is best candidate to handle highly nonlinear system of differential equations obtained from boundary layer partial differential equations via appropriate transformations. Graphical illustrations depicting different physical arising parameters against velocity, temperature and concentration distributions with required discussion have also been added. Numerically calculated values of skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are given in the form of table and well argued. It is found that nanofluid velocity increases with increase in mixed convective and viscoelastic parameters but it decreases with the increasing values of porosity parameter. Also, it is observed that Dufour number has opposite behavior on temperature and concentration profiles.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12004199)。
文摘The mixed-field effect at the hyperfine level of the rovibronic ground state of the^(127)I^(79)Br(X^(1)Σ,v=0,J=0)molecule is computed on the J-I uncoupled basis of|JM_(J)I_(1)M_(1)I_(2)M_(2)>,where J is the molecular total angular momentum excluding nuclear spin,M_J is the projection number of J,I_(1) and I_(2) are the nuclear spins of the iodine and bromine atoms,and M_(1) and M_(2) are the projection numbers of I_(1) and I_(2),respectively.When the two applied electric and magnetic fields are parallel,the perturbations are rare and only one perturbation is observed in a relatively large field regime in our computation range.However,when the two fields are off-parallel,the perturbations increase significantly and some sublevels show the Feshbach-like resonance phenomenon.Therefore,such sublevels transit between weak-field seeking and strong-field seeking repeatedly,which can be utilized to enhance or suppress cold molecular collision and chemical reaction rates.Such behavior of the molecular hyperfine structure in the mixed off-parallel fields may also be utilized to construct an electric-field-assisted anti-Helmholtz magnetic trap for cold molecules and to realize evaporative cooling of cold molecules(sub-mK)into the ultracold regime(μK).
文摘In this paper, an efficient shrinkage estimation procedure for the partially linear varying coefficient model (PLVC) with random effect is considered. By selecting the significant variable and estimating the nonzero coefficient, the model structure specification is accomplished by introducing a novel penalized estimating equation. Under some mild conditions, the asymptotic properties for the proposed model selection and estimation results, such as the sparsity and oracle property, are established. Some numerical simulation studies and a real data analysis are presented to examine the finite sample performance of the procedure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21276086)
文摘The effect of mixed oxide support on the performance of Ni/ZnO in the reactive adsorption desulfurization(RADS) reaction was investigated in a fixed bed reactor by using thiophene as the sulfur-containing compound in the model gasoline. A series of oxide supports for Ni/ZnO were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and characterized by XRD, N_2-adsorption, TPR and NH_3-TPD techniques. It was found that the desulfurization capacity of Ni/ZnO was enhanced greatly when active components were supported on the proper mixed oxide. Ni/ZnO supported on oxides exhibited much higher desulfurization efficiency and sulfur adsorption capacity than the unsupported Ni/ZnO and the synthesized Ni/ZnO-SA adsorbent exhibited the highest efficiency for thiophene removal. The higher desulfurization activity and sulfur capacity of Ni/ZnO supported on SiO_2-Al_2O_3 with small particle size, high specific surface area and large pore volume could promote the high dispersion of active metal phase and the transfer of sulfur to ZnO with lower mass transfer resistance. γ-Al_2O_3 species could weaken the interaction of active phases and SiO_2 as well as could increase greatly the amount of weak acids. Therefore, these oxides could impose a great influence on the structure and chemical properties of the catalyst.
文摘Objective: to analyze the clinical effect of rPH-4 plus external hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids. Methods a total of 98 patients with mixed hemorrhoids admitted to our hospital from October 2019 to March 2021 were selected as the research objects. In order to better analyze the results of this study, the selected 98 patients were divided into groups before this study, and 49 of them were taken as the control group. Patients in the control group were treated with external hemorrhoidectomy. For the remaining 49 patients, who were divided into this study group, the main treatment method was RPH-4 combined with external hemorrhoidectomy. Before the treatment of the patient, the current physical condition of the patient should be examined and analyzed to select a reasonable treatment method for the patient, so as to avoid the accuracy of the study results due to the patient's own problems in the treatment process. In addition, patients and their families should also be communicated with before the study to ensure that they understand the purpose and content of the study, and carry out corresponding treatment methods for them on the premise that they agree to disclose the content of the study. Results The observation group had higher effective rate, lower complication rate and better clinical efficacy. Conclusion RPH-4 plus hemorrhoidectomy in the treatment of mixed hemorrhoids can effectively improve the effective rate of treatment, avoid postoperative complications such as anal stenosis, reduce the amount of intraoperative blood loss and shorten the operation time. Therefore, in the treatment of patients with mixed hemorrhoids, rPH-4 combined with external hemorrhoidectomy should be selected and treated as far as possible.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42174090 and No.42250103)the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources(No.MSFGPMR2022-4)+1 种基金the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Geological Survey and Evaluation of Ministry of Education(No.GLAB2023ZR02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘Due to environmental noise and human factors,magnetic data collected in the field often contain various noises and interferences that significantly affect the subsequent data processing and interpretation.Empirical Mode Decomposition(EMD),an adaptive multiscale analysis method for nonlinear and non-stationary signals,is widely used in geophysical and geodetic data processing.Compared with traditional EMD,Improved Complete Ensemble EMD with Adaptive Noise(ICEEMDAN)is more effective in addressing the problem of mode mixing.Based on the principles of 1D ICEEMDAN,this paper presents an alternative algorithm for 2D ICEEMDAN,extending its application to two-dimensional scenarios.The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through synthetic signal experiments,which show that the 2D ICEEMDAN exhibits a weaker mode mixing effect compared to the traditional bidimensional EMD(BEMD)method.Furthermore,to improve the performance of the denoising method based on 2D ICEEMDAN and preserve useful signals in high-frequency components,an improved soft thresholding technique is introduced.Synthetic magnetic anomaly data testing indicates that our denoising method effectively preserves signal continuity and outperforms traditional soft thresholding methods.To validate the practical application of this improved threshold denoising method based on 2D ICEEMDAN,it is applied to ground magnetic survey data in the Yandun area of Xinjiang.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in removing noise while retaining essential information from practical magnetic anomaly data.In particular,practical applications suggest that 2D ICEEMDAN can extract trend signals more accurately than the BEMD.In conclusion,as a potential tool for multi-scale decomposition,the 2D ICEEMDAN is versatile in processing and analyzing 2D geophysical and geodetic data.
基金the European Union for funding of the project "Management of mixed-species stands.Options for a low-risk forest management (REFORM)"(# 2816ERA02S)the Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition,Agriculture,and Forestry for permanent support of the project W 07" Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research "(# 7831-22209-2013)+1 种基金the German Science Foundation for providing the funds for the projects PR 292/12-1" Tree and stand-level growth reactions on drought in mixed versus pure forests of Norway spruce and European beech"the National Institute of Food and Agriculture/Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station project PEN 04516 for its support
文摘A better understanding and a more quantitative design of mixed-species stands will contribute to more integrative and goal-oriented research in mixed-species forests. Much recent work has indicated that the structure and growth of mixed species forests may fundamentally differ from monocultures. Here we suggest how to progress from the present accumulation of phenomenological findings to a design of mixed-species stands and advanced silvicultural prescriptions by means of modelling. First, the knowledge of mixing effects on the structure and growth at the stand, species, and individual tree level is reviewed, with a focus on those findings that are most essential for suitable modelling and silvicultural designs and the regulation of mixed stands as opposed to monocultures. Then, the key role of growth models, stand simulators, and scenario assessments for designing mixed species stands is discussed The next section illustrates that existing forest stand growth models require some fundamental modifications to become suitable for both monocultures and mixed-species stands. We then explore how silvicultural prescriptions derived from scenario runs would need to be both quantified and simplified for transfer to forest management and demonstrated in training plots. Finally, we address the main remaining knowledge gaps that could be remedied through empirical research.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (No.2006CB202300)
文摘The Lunnan （轮南） low uplift is a complex basin that is situated in northwestern China. This area had undergone a range of tectonic events, and there are multi-production zones and reservoir types. Also, heavy oil, common black oil, volatilization oil, condensate oil and natural gas are approximately under the same stratum pressure grads and geothermal grads. The east Lunnan low uplift is mainly composed of condensate oil and natural gas, the middle part has many types of petroleum and the west part mostly has heavy oil. The petroleum geochemistry may be the principal reason for the great difference of the oil and gas characteristics. The heavy oil in the west part is established by the biodegradation and mixing effect. The mixing effect in the middle part produced the complex petroleum distribution, and the oil cracking effect and mixing effect, or air cutting effect in the east part is proof of the existence of the industrial condensate gas reservoir and waxy oil. Understanding of the complex petroleum reservoir can further supervise the development of petroleum exploration in the Lunnan low uplift.
基金supported by the Chinese Natural Science Foundation Project(No.41172107 and No.40872096)the 973 National Project(No.2002CB211701)
文摘According to the adsorption-desorption characteristics of coalbed gas and analysis of various experimental data, this paper proposes that the generation of secondary biogenic gas （SBG） and its mixing of with the residual thermogenic gas at an early stage inevitably lead to secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various geochemical additive effects. Experimental results also show that the fractionation of the carbon isotope of methane of coal core desorption gas changes very little; the δ13C1 value of the mixed gas of biogenic and thermogenic gases is between the δ13C1 values of the two ＂original＂ gases, and the value is determined by the carbon isotopic compositions and mixing proportions of the two ＂original＂ methanes. Therefore this paper proposes that the study on the secondary changes of the thermogenic gas and various additive effects is a new effective way to study and identify SBG. Herein, a systematic example of research on the coalbed gas （Huainan coalbed gas） is further conducted, revealing a series of secondary changes and additive effects, the main characteristics and markers of which are： （1） the contents of CO2 and heavy-hydrocarbons decrease significantly; （2） the content of CH4 increases and the gas becomes drier; （3） the δ13C and δD values of methane decrease significantly and tend to have biogenetic characteristics; and （4） the values of 513C2 and δ13Cc02 grow higher. These isotopic values also change with the degradation degrees by microbes and mixing proportions of the two kinds of gases in different locations. There exists a negative correlation between the △13C1 It＇S δ13Cco2 values. The δ13Cc2-c1 values obviously become higher. The distributions of the △δ^13Cco2-C1 values are within certain limits and show regularity. There exist a positive correlation between the N2 versus Ar contents, and a negative correlation between the N2 versus CH4 contents, indicating the down forward infiltration of the surface water containing air. These are important markers of the generation and existence of SBG .
