In recent years, research has been conducted on connected vehicles (CVs) that are equipped with communication devices and can be connected to networks. CVs share their own position information and surrounding informat...In recent years, research has been conducted on connected vehicles (CVs) that are equipped with communication devices and can be connected to networks. CVs share their own position information and surrounding information with other vehicles using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. CVs can recognize obstacles on non-line-of-sight (NLoS), which cannot be recognized by autonomous vehicles, and reduce travel time to a destination by cooperative driving. Therefore, CVs are expected to provide safe and efficient transportation. On the other hand, problems of security of V2X communication by CVs have been discussed. Safe and efficient transportation by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CVs is on the basis of the assumption that correct vehicle information is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">shared. If fake vehicle information is shared, it will affect the driving of CVs. In particular, vehicle position faking has been shown that it can induce traffic congestion and accidents, which is a serious problem. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In this study, we define position faking by CV as misbehavior and propose a method to detect misbehavior on the basis of changes in vehicle position time series data composed of vehicle position information. We evaluated the proposed method using four different misbehavior models. F-measure of misbehavior models that CV sends random position information detected by the proposed method is higher than one by a related method. Therefore, the proposed method </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable for detecting misbehavior in which the position information</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> changes over time.展开更多
For efficient and robust information exchange in the vehicular adhoc network,a secure and trusted incentive reward is needed to avoid and reduce the intensity of misbehaving nodes and congestion especially in the case...For efficient and robust information exchange in the vehicular adhoc network,a secure and trusted incentive reward is needed to avoid and reduce the intensity of misbehaving nodes and congestion especially in the case where the periodic beacons exploit the channel.In addition,we cannot be sure that all vehicular nodes eagerly share their communication assets to the system for message dissemination without any rewards.Unfortunately,there may be some misbehaving nodes and due to their selfish and greedy approach,these nodes may not help others on the network.To deal with this challenge,trust-based misbehavior avoidance schemes are generally reflected as the capable resolution.In this paper,we employed a fair incentive mechanism for cooperation aware vehicular communication systems.In order to deploy a comprehensive credit based rewarding scheme,the proposed rewardbased scheme fully depends on secure and reliable cryptographic procedures.In order to achieve the security goals,we used the cryptographic scheme to generate a certified public key for the authenticity of every message exchange over the network.We evaluated the friction of misbehaving vehicles and the effect of rewarding schemes in context with honest messages dissemination over the network.展开更多
Wireless networks are playing an imperative role in our daily existence;in current scenario, the users want wireless connectivity for all location with all types of service. One of the major challenges for wireless ne...Wireless networks are playing an imperative role in our daily existence;in current scenario, the users want wireless connectivity for all location with all types of service. One of the major challenges for wireless network is security issue. First and foremost task is to detect the security attacks in the network and the second task is to prevent from an authorized attacks. In our view, a lot of researches are going on and somehow we have succeeded in the first case but the second task is very tough due to wireless channel. Our research is based on how to avoid network attack i.e. misbehavior node attack in the WiMAX system. In this paper we have proposed an algorithm for WiMAX network and our algorithm are able to prevent fixed as well as mobile misbehavior node attacks. As we know, misbehavior node misbehaves in the sense that the node does not esteem its MAC protocols and avariciously sends its packets without any restriction (Flooding of packets) because it doesn't follow any protocol. Our proposed work based on the standard time required for communication for valid user with some threshold time for valid delay and some unwanted delay with network conditions. Our approach can control continuous flooding of packets and continuously transmits Constant Bit Rate (CBR) packets by misbehavior node, which introduces noise in the network and upset the performance of the network. In the mean while the valid user communicate in a trouble-free approach.展开更多
This work presents a multi-criteria analysis of the MAC （media access control） layer misbehavior of the IEEE （Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers） 802.11 standard, whose principle is to cheat at the ...This work presents a multi-criteria analysis of the MAC （media access control） layer misbehavior of the IEEE （Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers） 802.11 standard, whose principle is to cheat at the protocol to increase the transmission rate by greedy nodes at the expense of the other honest nodes. In fact, IEEE 802.11 forces nodes for access to the channel to wait for a back off interval, randomly selected from a specified range, before initiating a transmission. Greedy nodes may wait for smaller back-off intervals than honest nodes, and then obtaining an unfair assignment. In the first of our works a state of art on the research on IEEE 802.11 MAC layer misbehavior are presented. Then the impact of this misbehavior at the reception is given, and we will generalize this impact on a large scale. An analysis of the correlation between the throughput and the inter-packets time is given. Afterwards, we will define a new metric for measuring the performance and capability of the network.展开更多
Adolescence is a crucial period for character development and is particularly susceptible to parental influence due to the brain's malleability:This paper examines whether parenting styles can have a significant i...Adolescence is a crucial period for character development and is particularly susceptible to parental influence due to the brain's malleability:This paper examines whether parenting styles can have a significant impact on adolescent misbehaviors such as disobedience and aggression.The results show that,in comparison with negleciful parenting-characterized by low levels of demandingness and responsiveness-authoritative,authoritarian,and permissive parenting styles were associated with a significant reduction in behavioral issues among adolescents.The beneficial impact of authoritative parenting,marked by high demandingness and responsiveness,was particularly strong.In contrast,authoritarian parenting(high demandingness but low responsiveness)and permissive parenting(high responsiveness but low demandingness)were less effective in reducing behavioral issues.Our results remained robust after addressing potential issues of reverse causality,omitted variable bias,and selective sorting between teachers and students.The results also show that teachers and their interactions with parents played an important role in mitigating the adverse effects of neglectful parenting.Overall,our findings suggest that adopting parenting styles that strike a balance between discipline and care can strongly fosterpositivebehaviors in adolescents.展开更多
This paper investigates Chinese doctors＇ informal payment, known as red packets, with reference to the debate on organizational misbehavior, fiddles and control. It aims to examine the internal and external factors t...This paper investigates Chinese doctors＇ informal payment, known as red packets, with reference to the debate on organizational misbehavior, fiddles and control. It aims to examine the internal and external factors that have contributed to the emergence of red packets in health services and the strategies of hospital management in dealing with informal payment. Analysis on the data collected from two hospitals shows that doctors＇ misbehavior is influenced by health services＇ funding mechanism, payment systems and corruption. More importantly, the study demonstrates the rationality of employee fiddles and management responses. Findings indicate that doctors are mainly responsible for this fiddling, unethical and illegal activity because of the financial gains acquired from patient bribery. However, doctor misbehavior remains under management＇s latent control as long as hospital income generation and reputation are not severely threatened. The study contributes to the analysis of informal payment in the field of organizational studies and employment relations, with a fresh perspective offered to extend our understanding of red packets in the context of healthcare marketization reform.展开更多
文摘In recent years, research has been conducted on connected vehicles (CVs) that are equipped with communication devices and can be connected to networks. CVs share their own position information and surrounding information with other vehicles using Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. CVs can recognize obstacles on non-line-of-sight (NLoS), which cannot be recognized by autonomous vehicles, and reduce travel time to a destination by cooperative driving. Therefore, CVs are expected to provide safe and efficient transportation. On the other hand, problems of security of V2X communication by CVs have been discussed. Safe and efficient transportation by </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">CVs is on the basis of the assumption that correct vehicle information is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">shared. If fake vehicle information is shared, it will affect the driving of CVs. In particular, vehicle position faking has been shown that it can induce traffic congestion and accidents, which is a serious problem. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">In this study, we define position faking by CV as misbehavior and propose a method to detect misbehavior on the basis of changes in vehicle position time series data composed of vehicle position information. We evaluated the proposed method using four different misbehavior models. F-measure of misbehavior models that CV sends random position information detected by the proposed method is higher than one by a related method. Therefore, the proposed method </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is suitable for detecting misbehavior in which the position information</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> changes over time.
基金This research was financially supported in part by Researchers Supporting Project(TURSP-2020/121),Taif University,Saudi Arabia.
文摘For efficient and robust information exchange in the vehicular adhoc network,a secure and trusted incentive reward is needed to avoid and reduce the intensity of misbehaving nodes and congestion especially in the case where the periodic beacons exploit the channel.In addition,we cannot be sure that all vehicular nodes eagerly share their communication assets to the system for message dissemination without any rewards.Unfortunately,there may be some misbehaving nodes and due to their selfish and greedy approach,these nodes may not help others on the network.To deal with this challenge,trust-based misbehavior avoidance schemes are generally reflected as the capable resolution.In this paper,we employed a fair incentive mechanism for cooperation aware vehicular communication systems.In order to deploy a comprehensive credit based rewarding scheme,the proposed rewardbased scheme fully depends on secure and reliable cryptographic procedures.In order to achieve the security goals,we used the cryptographic scheme to generate a certified public key for the authenticity of every message exchange over the network.We evaluated the friction of misbehaving vehicles and the effect of rewarding schemes in context with honest messages dissemination over the network.
文摘Wireless networks are playing an imperative role in our daily existence;in current scenario, the users want wireless connectivity for all location with all types of service. One of the major challenges for wireless network is security issue. First and foremost task is to detect the security attacks in the network and the second task is to prevent from an authorized attacks. In our view, a lot of researches are going on and somehow we have succeeded in the first case but the second task is very tough due to wireless channel. Our research is based on how to avoid network attack i.e. misbehavior node attack in the WiMAX system. In this paper we have proposed an algorithm for WiMAX network and our algorithm are able to prevent fixed as well as mobile misbehavior node attacks. As we know, misbehavior node misbehaves in the sense that the node does not esteem its MAC protocols and avariciously sends its packets without any restriction (Flooding of packets) because it doesn't follow any protocol. Our proposed work based on the standard time required for communication for valid user with some threshold time for valid delay and some unwanted delay with network conditions. Our approach can control continuous flooding of packets and continuously transmits Constant Bit Rate (CBR) packets by misbehavior node, which introduces noise in the network and upset the performance of the network. In the mean while the valid user communicate in a trouble-free approach.
文摘This work presents a multi-criteria analysis of the MAC （media access control） layer misbehavior of the IEEE （Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers） 802.11 standard, whose principle is to cheat at the protocol to increase the transmission rate by greedy nodes at the expense of the other honest nodes. In fact, IEEE 802.11 forces nodes for access to the channel to wait for a back off interval, randomly selected from a specified range, before initiating a transmission. Greedy nodes may wait for smaller back-off intervals than honest nodes, and then obtaining an unfair assignment. In the first of our works a state of art on the research on IEEE 802.11 MAC layer misbehavior are presented. Then the impact of this misbehavior at the reception is given, and we will generalize this impact on a large scale. An analysis of the correlation between the throughput and the inter-packets time is given. Afterwards, we will define a new metric for measuring the performance and capability of the network.
文摘Adolescence is a crucial period for character development and is particularly susceptible to parental influence due to the brain's malleability:This paper examines whether parenting styles can have a significant impact on adolescent misbehaviors such as disobedience and aggression.The results show that,in comparison with negleciful parenting-characterized by low levels of demandingness and responsiveness-authoritative,authoritarian,and permissive parenting styles were associated with a significant reduction in behavioral issues among adolescents.The beneficial impact of authoritative parenting,marked by high demandingness and responsiveness,was particularly strong.In contrast,authoritarian parenting(high demandingness but low responsiveness)and permissive parenting(high responsiveness but low demandingness)were less effective in reducing behavioral issues.Our results remained robust after addressing potential issues of reverse causality,omitted variable bias,and selective sorting between teachers and students.The results also show that teachers and their interactions with parents played an important role in mitigating the adverse effects of neglectful parenting.Overall,our findings suggest that adopting parenting styles that strike a balance between discipline and care can strongly fosterpositivebehaviors in adolescents.
文摘This paper investigates Chinese doctors＇ informal payment, known as red packets, with reference to the debate on organizational misbehavior, fiddles and control. It aims to examine the internal and external factors that have contributed to the emergence of red packets in health services and the strategies of hospital management in dealing with informal payment. Analysis on the data collected from two hospitals shows that doctors＇ misbehavior is influenced by health services＇ funding mechanism, payment systems and corruption. More importantly, the study demonstrates the rationality of employee fiddles and management responses. Findings indicate that doctors are mainly responsible for this fiddling, unethical and illegal activity because of the financial gains acquired from patient bribery. However, doctor misbehavior remains under management＇s latent control as long as hospital income generation and reputation are not severely threatened. The study contributes to the analysis of informal payment in the field of organizational studies and employment relations, with a fresh perspective offered to extend our understanding of red packets in the context of healthcare marketization reform.
