To investigate the effect of structural variation of rye 6RL arms on their meiotic behavior and to locate powdery mildew resistance gene(s),we developed a wheat–rye T6BS.6RL^(Ar)translocation chromosome and its delet...To investigate the effect of structural variation of rye 6RL arms on their meiotic behavior and to locate powdery mildew resistance gene(s),we developed a wheat–rye T6BS.6RL^(Ar)translocation chromosome and its deleted translocations,T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4.Some 6RL-specific markers were used to determine that the segments from 733.91 to 849.52 Mb and from 832.72 Mb to the telomere of 6RL^(Ar)arms were deleted from T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4,respectively.Translocations T6BS.6RL^(Ar)and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4 were resistant to powdery mildew and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 was susceptible.The segment of 6RL^(Ar)with powdery mildew resistance was about 100 Mb.Deletion of the 6RL^(Ar)telomeric region inhibited the pairing and recombination of T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4.Compared with T6BS.6RL^(Ar)and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4,T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 showed a normal meiotic behavior.Immunolocalization using anti-ZYP1,anti-DMC1 and anti-MLH1 proteins indicated that more DSBs(DNA double-strand breaks)and crossovers formed on the 6RL^(Ar)arm in T6BS.6RL^(Ar),and this might be related to the formation of anaphase I bridges of 6RL^(Ar).Although the 6RL^(Ar)deletions were used to physically locate powdery mildew resistance gene(s),more accurate location through meiotic recombination was needed.The results in this study indicated that altering the structure of the 6RL^(Ar)arm promoted normal meiotic behavior,and this might facilitate the localization of resistance genes through meiotic homologous recombination.展开更多
Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is a significant global crop that thrives in various climatic and drought-stress conditions.Furthermore,increased drought intervals and more significant weather variability resulting from cli...Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is a significant global crop that thrives in various climatic and drought-stress conditions.Furthermore,increased drought intervals and more significant weather variability resulting from climate change can affect the severity of plant diseases.Therefore,two primary objectives of integrated disease management regarding climate change are identifying cultivars resistant to foliar diseases and understanding disease progression under abiotic stress.In the current study,we assessed the quantitative foliar disease resistance of 17 commercial barley cultivars under both normal and water stress conditions over two growing seasons(from 2020/21 to 2021/22).The findings demonstrated a reduced incidence of foliar fungal diseases(leaf rust,net blotch,and powdery mildew)under severe drought stress relative to standard irrigated field conditions.The barley cultivars(Giza 130,Giza 131,and Giza 133)demonstrated significant differences across all disease resistance indices.In addition,the study aimed to molecularly characterize 17 commercial barley varieties using single-cell DNA testing(SCoT)to identify genetic polymorphism and specific markers for each genotype.Eight SCoT primers were employed to investigate the genetic polymorphism among 17 barley varieties.Furthermore,these cultivars exhibited optimal performance for the majority of agricultural attributes examined,both under normal and water-stressed conditions.展开更多
Currently,triazole sulfonamide fungicide could be used to effectively control cucumber downy mildew(CDM),caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis.In this study,a series of triazole sulfonamide derivatives containing diphe...Currently,triazole sulfonamide fungicide could be used to effectively control cucumber downy mildew(CDM),caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis.In this study,a series of triazole sulfonamide derivatives containing diphenyl ether(DE)fragment were designed and synthesized.All target compounds were evaluated for their fungicidal activity against four oomycete diseases.Compound 10b showed the best activity against CDM with 40%control efficacy at 0.78 mg/L,which was the same as amisulbrom.Meanwhile,compounds 10d and 10h showed good inhibitory activity against Peronophythora litchii and compounds 10e,10f,10l and 10q showed good inhibitory activity against Phytophthora infestans.The results of computational chemistry showed that compound 10b had the same binding mode as amisulbrom and formed hydrogen bonds with the residues Gln9,His189 and Ash217.Compound 10b could be further investigated as a potential fungicide candidate.This study also provides a useful optimization strategy for the design of novel fungicides against CDM.展开更多
Powdery mildew is a serious disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)that critically threatens the yield and quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Using effective powdery mildew resistance genes is the op...Powdery mildew is a serious disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)that critically threatens the yield and quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Using effective powdery mildew resistance genes is the optimal method for controlling this disease.Against the background of high genetic homogeneity among the modern commercial cultivars that are mainly derived from conventional interbreeding,the resistance genes from wheat relatives have especially prominent advantages.Octoploid triticale,produced from common wheat and rye(Secale cereale L.)through distant hybridization,is a new synthetic species and valuable gene donor for wheat improvement.In this study,we developed the wheat-rye line YT5 through the hybridization of octaploid triticale and two wheat lines.YT5 was confirmed to be a 6RL ditelosomic addition and 1R(1B)substitution line using genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization(mc-FISH),multicolor GISH(mc-GISH)and molecular marker analysis.Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in YT5 was derived from the rye chromosome arm 6RL.After inoculation with different Bgt isolates at the seedling stage,YT5 had compound reaction patterns with both obvious spores and hypersensitivity,and it gradually became highly resistant until the adult-plant stage,thus showing a resistance response significantly different from the reported Pm genes from rye chromosome 6RL.YT5 also showed promising agronomic performance,so it is expected to be an elite resistance donor for wheat improvement.To promote the transfer of the chromosome arm 6RL of YT5 in marker-assisted selection(MAS)breeding,we selected and verified two 6RL-specific kompetitive allelespecific PCR(KASP)markers that can be applied to efficiently detect this chromosome arm in different wheat backgrounds.展开更多
[Objective] This study was carried out to determine the induction effect of jasmonic acid（JA）on powdery mildew resistance in wheat,the activation effect on the expressions of plant disease resistance related genes,a...[Objective] This study was carried out to determine the induction effect of jasmonic acid（JA）on powdery mildew resistance in wheat,the activation effect on the expressions of plant disease resistance related genes,and to investigate the relationship between the induced resistance and the gene expression patterns.[Method] Three powdery mildew susceptible cultivars of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂ typically representing different phenotypes in the field were employed.The powdery mildew was assessed by detached leaf assay,and real time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression patterns of 9 disease resistance related genes of PR1（PR1.1）,PR2（β,1-3 glucanase）,PR3（chitinase）,PR4（wheatwin1）,PR5（thaumatin-like protein）,PR9（TaPERO,peroxidase）,PR10,TaGLP2a（germin-like）and Ta-JA2（jasmonate-induced protein）in leaf of the three cultivars.[Result] MeJA application enhanced the powdery mildew resistances of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂.The induced powdery mildew resistance could be detected from 12 h to 96 h after MeJA treatment,and the peak value was at 24 h.Though there were differences between the three cultivars,MeJA significantly effect on the expressions of the 8 disease resistance related genes except TaGLP2a,and the peak values were at 12 h,24 h or 48 h after treatments.The strongest activation of MeJA was on PR9 and PR1 that their expressions could reach more than 100 times of the untreated samples.MeJA strongly activated PR2、PR4、PR5、PR3、PR10 and Ta-JA2,their expression could reach 10 to 70 times,and there was almost no activation effect on TaGLP2a.The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the 8 disease related genes.[Conclusion] The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the disease related genes.Jasmonate signalling plays a role in defence against Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici.and future manipulation of this pathway may improve powdery mildew resistance in wheat.展开更多
Two-dimensional electrophoresis was employed to analyze proteins extracted from sterile and fungal-infected seedling leaves of cucumber S17 at 24 h,48 h and 72 h after inoculating Sphaerotheca fuliginea.Different spot...Two-dimensional electrophoresis was employed to analyze proteins extracted from sterile and fungal-infected seedling leaves of cucumber S17 at 24 h,48 h and 72 h after inoculating Sphaerotheca fuliginea.Different spots corresponding to induced or repressed proteins were apparent in Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 stained 2-DE gels.Eight different proteins of S17 seedling leaves with qualitative changes or relatively high abundance were identified by MALDI-TOF/ TOF and blast in NCBI,including a protein of chloroplast rieske FeS protein,superoxide dismutase ,chromoplast-specific carotenoid-associated protein,translationally controlled tumor protein-related protein,heat shock protein 90,ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase,hypothetical protein g5bf and similar to gb|D64087 nuclear matrix constituent protein 1(NMCP1) from Daucus carota.The proteins induced in response to infection were those involved in disease resistance,heat-shock protein,chromosome transcription and translation,or in protein-related photosynthesis and respiration,as well as some unkown proteins.The results provided new insights for pathogen stress response in cucumber leaves,demonstrating the power of the proteomic approach in plant biology studies.展开更多
To isolate genes related to resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), differential display analysis was conducted for mRNA extracted from the seedlings of...To isolate genes related to resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), differential display analysis was conducted for mRNA extracted from the seedlings of the wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line 92RI37 that contains the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21. A full-length cDNA named TaPK1 was isolated. BLAST analysis revealed that it was significantly homologous to Glycine max (L.) Merr. protein kinase (GmPK6) cDNA. TaPK1 encodes a 416 amino acid long polypeptide, which belongs to serine/threonine protein kinase family, also has tyrosine kinase specificity. TaPK1 is a novel protein kinase from wheat.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to screen effective fungicide for prevention and control of apple powdery mildew. [Method] Field efficacy of six kinds of fungi- cides with 18 concentrations against apple powdery mildew w...[Objective] This study aimed to screen effective fungicide for prevention and control of apple powdery mildew. [Method] Field efficacy of six kinds of fungi- cides with 18 concentrations against apple powdery mildew was investigated. [Re- sult] 4 000-fold triflumizole WP exhibited the highest control efficacy of 82.96%, fol- lowed by 3 000-fold triflumizole WP with control efficacy of 77.75%, while 800-fold and 1 000-fold 70% thiophanate methyl WP exhibited relatively low control efficacy, which was both lower than 60%. [Conclusion] In actual production, 4 000-fold triflu- mizole WP and 3 000-fold triflumizole WP should be used alternately to control and prevent apple powdery mildew.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol activity of Streptomyces corchorusii strain NF0919 and Bacillus subtilis D J-6 WP to grape downy mildew. [Methed] We determined the indoor toxicity of...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol activity of Streptomyces corchorusii strain NF0919 and Bacillus subtilis D J-6 WP to grape downy mildew. [Methed] We determined the indoor toxicity of the supernatant of S. corchorusii strain NF0919, 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph on Plasmopara viticola by the leaf disc method, respectively, and a field efficacy trial was conducted. [Result] The results showed that the ECso values of the supernatant of strain NF0919, 1.0×1011cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph were 96.285 9, 86.603 8, 69.947 2 and 7.263 6 μg/ml, respec- tively. The values of field efficacy in preventive experiments for grape downy mildew on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supernatant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 71.55% and 70.71%, respectively, and the values of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 67.54% and 68.19%, respectively. The values of field efficacy in curative experiments on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supematant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 59.72% and 56.07%, respectively, and the val- ues of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 56.88% and 57.46%, respectively. The field efficacy values of the 2 tested biocon- trol agents were equivalent. The protective effect showed no significant difference between each of tested biocontrol agents and 300 times diluent of 50% mancozeb WP, but there was a significant difference in the efficacy between each of tested biocontrol agents and 200 times diluent of 40% dimethomorph SC. [Conclusion] The S. corchorusii strain NF0919 and B. subtilis D J-6 WP had certain biocontrol poten- tial to grape downy mildew and development value.展开更多
Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, ...Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.展开更多
The bulk peanuts were used as the materials. After ）,-ray irradiation of different doses, the peanuts were stored up at room temperature, and the degree of pest infection and gradient of mould infection were observed...The bulk peanuts were used as the materials. After ）,-ray irradiation of different doses, the peanuts were stored up at room temperature, and the degree of pest infection and gradient of mould infection were observed regularly. The results showed that insects began to appear in the unirradiated peanuts in 2 months, while after 4 months, the pest infection rate increased with the prolonged storage time, and the pest infection rate reached up to 58%-100% after 6 months of storage. However, the irradiated peanuts did not suffer from the pest infection throughout the storage. The unirradiated peanuts were contaminated by moulds after three months of storage, while the peanuts with an irradiation dose of 0.3-0.5 kGy were mildewed after 6 months of storage, while those with an irradiation dose of 1.0, 4.0 kGy had no mould after 12 months of storage. Combined with relevant international and national standards as well as the findings of scholars at home and abroad, the minimum effective irradiation dose for insect disinfestations of peanuts was 0,3 kGy, and the minimum effective irradiation dose for mildew control was 1.0 kGy, while the maximum tolerance dose was 4.0 kGy.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 26 fungicides against Oidium heveae and the synergistic effects of their binary mixtures.[Method] The sensitivity of O.heveae to 26 fungicides was dete...[Objective] This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 26 fungicides against Oidium heveae and the synergistic effects of their binary mixtures.[Method] The sensitivity of O.heveae to 26 fungicides was determined in vitro and in vivo by calculating EC50 values.Horsfall＇s toxicity rate was preliminarily employed to predict the type of joint action of 180 two-way mixtures,based on which the interaction level of the potentially synergistic mixtures was validated by Sun and Johnson＇s co-toxicity coefficient.[Result] Triflumizole,pyraoxystrobin,flufenoxystrobin,epoxiconazole,pyrametostrobin,flusilazole,pyraclostrobin and tetraconazole were the most potent inhibitors of both spore germination and mycelial growth.An ‘in vitro-in vivo＇ integrated strategy is proposed for screening the inhibitors of O.heveae,according to the fact that data obtained in germination experiment are able to reflect to some extent the effectiveness of fungicide confirmed by pot experiment.Results achieved by Horsfall＇s were in line with that validated by Sun and Johnson＇s,the Horsfall＇s seems to be a convenient means to assess rapidly the potential interaction type and level of fungicides in a binary mixture.Nineteen mixtures interact synergistically：epoxiconazole ＋ pyraclostrobin at the mixing ratio of 6：4,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 1：9,2：8,3：7 and 4：6;triadimefon ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 8：2;flusilazole ＋pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2 and 9：1;tetraconazole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 6：4;triadimefon ＋ pyrametostrobin at 5：5,8：2;triflumizole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 8：2,9：1.[Conclusion] The single fungicides and their binary mixtures are expected to serve as the alternatives to triadimefon and the alternate use of them could delay the buildup of resistant O.heveae isolate.展开更多
ln order to explore the design and construction of cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse, internet of things technology was used to conduct the real-time dynamic monitoring of the incidence of cuc...ln order to explore the design and construction of cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse, internet of things technology was used to conduct the real-time dynamic monitoring of the incidence of cucumber powdery mildew and cucumber growth environment in solar greenhouse. The growth environ-ment included temperature and humidity of air and soil. Logistic regression model was used to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning model. The results showed that humidity characteristic variable （maximum air humidity） and temperature characteristic variable （maximum air temperature） had significant effects on the inci-dence probability of cucumber powdery mildew in solar greenhouse. And it was fea-sible to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse with internet of things.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the pathogenic mechanism of tomato powdery mildew, and to study the effects of the disease on photosynthetic characteristics of tomato. [ Method ] With four tomato varieties as m...[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the pathogenic mechanism of tomato powdery mildew, and to study the effects of the disease on photosynthetic characteristics of tomato. [ Method ] With four tomato varieties as materials, the pathogen of tomato powdery mildew was artificially inoculated. After the varieties were infected, the parameters including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tomato leaf were measured by Li-6400 portable photo- synthesis detector under natural lighting conditions. [ Result] The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of four tomato varieties all decreased after infection. However, the decrease extent of these parameters of four varieties was different. The parameters of seriously damaged Jinyangdajuxdng （ No. 4） and Xinsheng No. 1 （ No. 5 ） decreased greatly, while the parameters of slightly damaged Lujia （ No. 13 ） and improved 98-6 decreased lightly. [ Condu- sion] The results could provide theoretical basis for the study on pathogenic mechanism, new prevention way and resistance breeding of tomato powdery mildew.展开更多
The hydroxyl radical（-OH）-scavenging ability of culture filtrates from submerged culture of Lentinula edodes AX3 and five mildews on lignocellulose substance was analysed. Only L. edodes AX3 showed significant -OH-s...The hydroxyl radical（-OH）-scavenging ability of culture filtrates from submerged culture of Lentinula edodes AX3 and five mildews on lignocellulose substance was analysed. Only L. edodes AX3 showed significant -OH-scavenging ability which reached 52.2% at about the 48th hour. All mildews could hardly scavenge -OH under the experimental conditions. -OH-scavenging ability is considered related to the mode and ability of lignocellulose degradation of a strain. The degradation or bioconversion products might be the substance base for.this effect.展开更多
A brief review on the development of wheat germplasm with introduced powdery mildew and scab resistance from Haynaldia villosa Sch. and Leymus racemosus Lam., Roegneria ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski as well as R. kamoji C. ...A brief review on the development of wheat germplasm with introduced powdery mildew and scab resistance from Haynaldia villosa Sch. and Leymus racemosus Lam., Roegneria ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski as well as R. kamoji C. Koch respectively was made. In the course of germplasm development, genome analysis by means of chromosome banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular markers, particularly restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) coupled with aneuploid analysis was employed for the purpose of improving breeding efficiency. Potential use of such germplasm in wheat breeding practice, basic studies and some related problems were also discussed.展开更多
[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inocula...[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inoculated with the fungus pathogen of cucumber powdery mildew naturally occurred in the field.The indoor protective test and field test were performed respectively to observe the control effects of different plant oils EC on the cucumber powdery mildew.[Result] When six plant oils EC including cottonseed oil,soybean oil,canola oil,corn oil,sesame oil and sunflower oil was diluted into 10 and 5 ml/L,they had better control effect on cucumber powdery mildew.As for the indoor protective effect,the protective effect of the vegetable oil EC was equivalent to the control agent triadimefon EC,the field control effect of vegetable oil EC was in the range of 60%-75%,which was consistent with 69%-70% control effect of contrast agent with 1 ml/L triadimefon EC dilution.[Conclusion] All vegetable oils EC had significant control effect on cucumber powdery mildew in the test.展开更多
Based on the composition of float glass, the resistance of glassto water, in which a small amount of K_2O(0-1.0 wt/100)wassubstituted for equivalent amount of Na_2O, was investigated by meansof glass grains testing. T...Based on the composition of float glass, the resistance of glassto water, in which a small amount of K_2O(0-1.0 wt/100)wassubstituted for equivalent amount of Na_2O, was investigated by meansof glass grains testing. The components extracted from the glass andtotal alkalinities in extraction solution were de- termined by atomicabsorption spectroscopy and neutralizing method, respectively. Thecomposition of the glass was 14.4 K_2O+ Na_2O, 4.0 MgO, 8.2 CaO, 1.4Al_2O_3, 72.0 SiO, and the minimum extraction radio of oxides(maximum durability)occurred at a K_2O/Na_2O radio of 0.051(byweight)due to the presence of the mixed- alkali effect.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to research prevention effects of 25％ azoxys trobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew.[Method] The test,including control group and four treatment groups with 450,600,and 750 g/hm2 25...[Objective] The aim was to research prevention effects of 25％ azoxys trobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew.[Method] The test,including control group and four treatment groups with 450,600,and 750 g/hm2 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agents,and 80％ mancozeb wettable powder,was carried out in 2012 and 2013 consecutively to test the prevention effects of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew.[Result] The prevention effects were significant of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew in the range of 70.0％-83.6％,and it is recommended 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent at 600 g/hm2 be spread before plants diseased or in initial stage.In the whole stage,it was spread once every 7 d,totaling 3 times.[Conclusion] The research provides references for wide application of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent in production.展开更多
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022ZDZX0014)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770373).
文摘To investigate the effect of structural variation of rye 6RL arms on their meiotic behavior and to locate powdery mildew resistance gene(s),we developed a wheat–rye T6BS.6RL^(Ar)translocation chromosome and its deleted translocations,T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4.Some 6RL-specific markers were used to determine that the segments from 733.91 to 849.52 Mb and from 832.72 Mb to the telomere of 6RL^(Ar)arms were deleted from T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4,respectively.Translocations T6BS.6RL^(Ar)and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4 were resistant to powdery mildew and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 was susceptible.The segment of 6RL^(Ar)with powdery mildew resistance was about 100 Mb.Deletion of the 6RL^(Ar)telomeric region inhibited the pairing and recombination of T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4.Compared with T6BS.6RL^(Ar)and T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-4,T6BS.6RL^(Ar)-2 showed a normal meiotic behavior.Immunolocalization using anti-ZYP1,anti-DMC1 and anti-MLH1 proteins indicated that more DSBs(DNA double-strand breaks)and crossovers formed on the 6RL^(Ar)arm in T6BS.6RL^(Ar),and this might be related to the formation of anaphase I bridges of 6RL^(Ar).Although the 6RL^(Ar)deletions were used to physically locate powdery mildew resistance gene(s),more accurate location through meiotic recombination was needed.The results in this study indicated that altering the structure of the 6RL^(Ar)arm promoted normal meiotic behavior,and this might facilitate the localization of resistance genes through meiotic homologous recombination.
基金The authors express their appreciation to the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University for funding this work under grant number RGP2/233/45the support provided by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at King FaisalUniversity,Saudi Arabia,under Project No.KFU242905funding from Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University through the Research Supporting Project Number PNURSP2025R241 in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)is a significant global crop that thrives in various climatic and drought-stress conditions.Furthermore,increased drought intervals and more significant weather variability resulting from climate change can affect the severity of plant diseases.Therefore,two primary objectives of integrated disease management regarding climate change are identifying cultivars resistant to foliar diseases and understanding disease progression under abiotic stress.In the current study,we assessed the quantitative foliar disease resistance of 17 commercial barley cultivars under both normal and water stress conditions over two growing seasons(from 2020/21 to 2021/22).The findings demonstrated a reduced incidence of foliar fungal diseases(leaf rust,net blotch,and powdery mildew)under severe drought stress relative to standard irrigated field conditions.The barley cultivars(Giza 130,Giza 131,and Giza 133)demonstrated significant differences across all disease resistance indices.In addition,the study aimed to molecularly characterize 17 commercial barley varieties using single-cell DNA testing(SCoT)to identify genetic polymorphism and specific markers for each genotype.Eight SCoT primers were employed to investigate the genetic polymorphism among 17 barley varieties.Furthermore,these cultivars exhibited optimal performance for the majority of agricultural attributes examined,both under normal and water-stressed conditions.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700204)the Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide by South China Agricultural University(gplscau202415)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22477040).
文摘Currently,triazole sulfonamide fungicide could be used to effectively control cucumber downy mildew(CDM),caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis.In this study,a series of triazole sulfonamide derivatives containing diphenyl ether(DE)fragment were designed and synthesized.All target compounds were evaluated for their fungicidal activity against four oomycete diseases.Compound 10b showed the best activity against CDM with 40%control efficacy at 0.78 mg/L,which was the same as amisulbrom.Meanwhile,compounds 10d and 10h showed good inhibitory activity against Peronophythora litchii and compounds 10e,10f,10l and 10q showed good inhibitory activity against Phytophthora infestans.The results of computational chemistry showed that compound 10b had the same binding mode as amisulbrom and formed hydrogen bonds with the residues Gln9,His189 and Ash217.Compound 10b could be further investigated as a potential fungicide candidate.This study also provides a useful optimization strategy for the design of novel fungicides against CDM.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1200600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272105).
文摘Powdery mildew is a serious disease caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)that critically threatens the yield and quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).Using effective powdery mildew resistance genes is the optimal method for controlling this disease.Against the background of high genetic homogeneity among the modern commercial cultivars that are mainly derived from conventional interbreeding,the resistance genes from wheat relatives have especially prominent advantages.Octoploid triticale,produced from common wheat and rye(Secale cereale L.)through distant hybridization,is a new synthetic species and valuable gene donor for wheat improvement.In this study,we developed the wheat-rye line YT5 through the hybridization of octaploid triticale and two wheat lines.YT5 was confirmed to be a 6RL ditelosomic addition and 1R(1B)substitution line using genomic in situ hybridization(GISH),multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization(mc-FISH),multicolor GISH(mc-GISH)and molecular marker analysis.Genetic analysis showed that the powdery mildew resistance in YT5 was derived from the rye chromosome arm 6RL.After inoculation with different Bgt isolates at the seedling stage,YT5 had compound reaction patterns with both obvious spores and hypersensitivity,and it gradually became highly resistant until the adult-plant stage,thus showing a resistance response significantly different from the reported Pm genes from rye chromosome 6RL.YT5 also showed promising agronomic performance,so it is expected to be an elite resistance donor for wheat improvement.To promote the transfer of the chromosome arm 6RL of YT5 in marker-assisted selection(MAS)breeding,we selected and verified two 6RL-specific kompetitive allelespecific PCR(KASP)markers that can be applied to efficiently detect this chromosome arm in different wheat backgrounds.
基金Supported by The Key Project of Science and Technology of HenanProvince(102102110040)Innovation Scientists and the Innovation Fund for Outstanding Scholars of Henan Province(104200510013)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was carried out to determine the induction effect of jasmonic acid（JA）on powdery mildew resistance in wheat,the activation effect on the expressions of plant disease resistance related genes,and to investigate the relationship between the induced resistance and the gene expression patterns.[Method] Three powdery mildew susceptible cultivars of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂ typically representing different phenotypes in the field were employed.The powdery mildew was assessed by detached leaf assay,and real time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression patterns of 9 disease resistance related genes of PR1（PR1.1）,PR2（β,1-3 glucanase）,PR3（chitinase）,PR4（wheatwin1）,PR5（thaumatin-like protein）,PR9（TaPERO,peroxidase）,PR10,TaGLP2a（germin-like）and Ta-JA2（jasmonate-induced protein）in leaf of the three cultivars.[Result] MeJA application enhanced the powdery mildew resistances of ＂Chinese Spring＂,＂Pumai 9＂ and ＂Zhoumai 18＂.The induced powdery mildew resistance could be detected from 12 h to 96 h after MeJA treatment,and the peak value was at 24 h.Though there were differences between the three cultivars,MeJA significantly effect on the expressions of the 8 disease resistance related genes except TaGLP2a,and the peak values were at 12 h,24 h or 48 h after treatments.The strongest activation of MeJA was on PR9 and PR1 that their expressions could reach more than 100 times of the untreated samples.MeJA strongly activated PR2、PR4、PR5、PR3、PR10 and Ta-JA2,their expression could reach 10 to 70 times,and there was almost no activation effect on TaGLP2a.The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the 8 disease related genes.[Conclusion] The induced powdery mildew resistance positively correlated with the induced expressions of the disease related genes.Jasmonate signalling plays a role in defence against Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici.and future manipulation of this pathway may improve powdery mildew resistance in wheat.
文摘Two-dimensional electrophoresis was employed to analyze proteins extracted from sterile and fungal-infected seedling leaves of cucumber S17 at 24 h,48 h and 72 h after inoculating Sphaerotheca fuliginea.Different spots corresponding to induced or repressed proteins were apparent in Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 stained 2-DE gels.Eight different proteins of S17 seedling leaves with qualitative changes or relatively high abundance were identified by MALDI-TOF/ TOF and blast in NCBI,including a protein of chloroplast rieske FeS protein,superoxide dismutase ,chromoplast-specific carotenoid-associated protein,translationally controlled tumor protein-related protein,heat shock protein 90,ferredoxin-NADP(H) oxidoreductase,hypothetical protein g5bf and similar to gb|D64087 nuclear matrix constituent protein 1(NMCP1) from Daucus carota.The proteins induced in response to infection were those involved in disease resistance,heat-shock protein,chromosome transcription and translation,or in protein-related photosynthesis and respiration,as well as some unkown proteins.The results provided new insights for pathogen stress response in cucumber leaves,demonstrating the power of the proteomic approach in plant biology studies.
文摘To isolate genes related to resistance to Erysiphe graminis DC. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), differential display analysis was conducted for mRNA extracted from the seedlings of the wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6VS/6AL translocation line 92RI37 that contains the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21. A full-length cDNA named TaPK1 was isolated. BLAST analysis revealed that it was significantly homologous to Glycine max (L.) Merr. protein kinase (GmPK6) cDNA. TaPK1 encodes a 416 amino acid long polypeptide, which belongs to serine/threonine protein kinase family, also has tyrosine kinase specificity. TaPK1 is a novel protein kinase from wheat.
基金Supported by Fund of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences "Study on Pathogenesis and Chemical Control Techniques of Apple Powdery Mildew in Western Guizhou"[QNKH(Fund)No.2010001]Special Project of Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences "Introduction and Demonstration of Apple Three-excellence Technology"[QNKYZX(2009)No.041]~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to screen effective fungicide for prevention and control of apple powdery mildew. [Method] Field efficacy of six kinds of fungi- cides with 18 concentrations against apple powdery mildew was investigated. [Re- sult] 4 000-fold triflumizole WP exhibited the highest control efficacy of 82.96%, fol- lowed by 3 000-fold triflumizole WP with control efficacy of 77.75%, while 800-fold and 1 000-fold 70% thiophanate methyl WP exhibited relatively low control efficacy, which was both lower than 60%. [Conclusion] In actual production, 4 000-fold triflu- mizole WP and 3 000-fold triflumizole WP should be used alternately to control and prevent apple powdery mildew.
基金Supported by Science&Technology Specific Project for Enriching People and Strengthening County Economy in China(BN20156222)Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Independent Innovation Fund(CX(14)2056)
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the biocontrol activity of Streptomyces corchorusii strain NF0919 and Bacillus subtilis D J-6 WP to grape downy mildew. [Methed] We determined the indoor toxicity of the supernatant of S. corchorusii strain NF0919, 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph on Plasmopara viticola by the leaf disc method, respectively, and a field efficacy trial was conducted. [Result] The results showed that the ECso values of the supernatant of strain NF0919, 1.0×1011cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP, mancozeb and dimethomorph were 96.285 9, 86.603 8, 69.947 2 and 7.263 6 μg/ml, respec- tively. The values of field efficacy in preventive experiments for grape downy mildew on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supernatant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 71.55% and 70.71%, respectively, and the values of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 67.54% and 68.19%, respectively. The values of field efficacy in curative experiments on the 7th day after 2 times of spraying 20 times diluent of the supematant of strain NF0919 and 1 000 times diluent of 1.0×1011 cfu/g B. subtilis D J-6 WP were 59.72% and 56.07%, respectively, and the val- ues of field efficacy on the 14th day after the 2 times of fungicide application were 56.88% and 57.46%, respectively. The field efficacy values of the 2 tested biocon- trol agents were equivalent. The protective effect showed no significant difference between each of tested biocontrol agents and 300 times diluent of 50% mancozeb WP, but there was a significant difference in the efficacy between each of tested biocontrol agents and 200 times diluent of 40% dimethomorph SC. [Conclusion] The S. corchorusii strain NF0919 and B. subtilis D J-6 WP had certain biocontrol poten- tial to grape downy mildew and development value.
基金Supported by National 863 Program of China(2011AA10A106)Director Fund of the Institute of Food Crops+1 种基金Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2013LZS003)Program for Science and Technology Innovation Talents of Yunnan Province(2012HC008)~~
文摘Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201103007)~~
文摘The bulk peanuts were used as the materials. After ）,-ray irradiation of different doses, the peanuts were stored up at room temperature, and the degree of pest infection and gradient of mould infection were observed regularly. The results showed that insects began to appear in the unirradiated peanuts in 2 months, while after 4 months, the pest infection rate increased with the prolonged storage time, and the pest infection rate reached up to 58%-100% after 6 months of storage. However, the irradiated peanuts did not suffer from the pest infection throughout the storage. The unirradiated peanuts were contaminated by moulds after three months of storage, while the peanuts with an irradiation dose of 0.3-0.5 kGy were mildewed after 6 months of storage, while those with an irradiation dose of 1.0, 4.0 kGy had no mould after 12 months of storage. Combined with relevant international and national standards as well as the findings of scholars at home and abroad, the minimum effective irradiation dose for insect disinfestations of peanuts was 0,3 kGy, and the minimum effective irradiation dose for mildew control was 1.0 kGy, while the maximum tolerance dose was 4.0 kGy.
基金financed by the ministry of science and technology of P.R.China
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of 26 fungicides against Oidium heveae and the synergistic effects of their binary mixtures.[Method] The sensitivity of O.heveae to 26 fungicides was determined in vitro and in vivo by calculating EC50 values.Horsfall＇s toxicity rate was preliminarily employed to predict the type of joint action of 180 two-way mixtures,based on which the interaction level of the potentially synergistic mixtures was validated by Sun and Johnson＇s co-toxicity coefficient.[Result] Triflumizole,pyraoxystrobin,flufenoxystrobin,epoxiconazole,pyrametostrobin,flusilazole,pyraclostrobin and tetraconazole were the most potent inhibitors of both spore germination and mycelial growth.An ‘in vitro-in vivo＇ integrated strategy is proposed for screening the inhibitors of O.heveae,according to the fact that data obtained in germination experiment are able to reflect to some extent the effectiveness of fungicide confirmed by pot experiment.Results achieved by Horsfall＇s were in line with that validated by Sun and Johnson＇s,the Horsfall＇s seems to be a convenient means to assess rapidly the potential interaction type and level of fungicides in a binary mixture.Nineteen mixtures interact synergistically：epoxiconazole ＋ pyraclostrobin at the mixing ratio of 6：4,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 1：9,2：8,3：7 and 4：6;triadimefon ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ flufenoxystrobin at 8：2;flusilazole ＋pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2 and 9：1;tetraconazole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 6：4;triadimefon ＋ pyrametostrobin at 5：5,8：2;triflumizole ＋ pyrametostrobin at 7：3,8：2;tetraconazole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 9：1;triflumizole ＋ pyraoxystrobin at 8：2,9：1.[Conclusion] The single fungicides and their binary mixtures are expected to serve as the alternatives to triadimefon and the alternate use of them could delay the buildup of resistant O.heveae isolate.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Support Program of Tianjin(15ZCZDNC00120)~~
文摘ln order to explore the design and construction of cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse, internet of things technology was used to conduct the real-time dynamic monitoring of the incidence of cucumber powdery mildew and cucumber growth environment in solar greenhouse. The growth environ-ment included temperature and humidity of air and soil. Logistic regression model was used to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning model. The results showed that humidity characteristic variable （maximum air humidity） and temperature characteristic variable （maximum air temperature） had significant effects on the inci-dence probability of cucumber powdery mildew in solar greenhouse. And it was fea-sible to construct cucumber powdery mildew warning system in solar greenhouse with internet of things.
基金Supported by Research Foundation of Sichuan Education Department "Utilization of Diversity of Tomato Varieties for Continuous Control of Tomato Disea-ses"(07ZC047)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to explore the pathogenic mechanism of tomato powdery mildew, and to study the effects of the disease on photosynthetic characteristics of tomato. [ Method ] With four tomato varieties as materials, the pathogen of tomato powdery mildew was artificially inoculated. After the varieties were infected, the parameters including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tomato leaf were measured by Li-6400 portable photo- synthesis detector under natural lighting conditions. [ Result] The net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of four tomato varieties all decreased after infection. However, the decrease extent of these parameters of four varieties was different. The parameters of seriously damaged Jinyangdajuxdng （ No. 4） and Xinsheng No. 1 （ No. 5 ） decreased greatly, while the parameters of slightly damaged Lujia （ No. 13 ） and improved 98-6 decreased lightly. [ Condu- sion] The results could provide theoretical basis for the study on pathogenic mechanism, new prevention way and resistance breeding of tomato powdery mildew.
文摘The hydroxyl radical（-OH）-scavenging ability of culture filtrates from submerged culture of Lentinula edodes AX3 and five mildews on lignocellulose substance was analysed. Only L. edodes AX3 showed significant -OH-scavenging ability which reached 52.2% at about the 48th hour. All mildews could hardly scavenge -OH under the experimental conditions. -OH-scavenging ability is considered related to the mode and ability of lignocellulose degradation of a strain. The degradation or bioconversion products might be the substance base for.this effect.
文摘A brief review on the development of wheat germplasm with introduced powdery mildew and scab resistance from Haynaldia villosa Sch. and Leymus racemosus Lam., Roegneria ciliaris (Trin.) Nevski as well as R. kamoji C. Koch respectively was made. In the course of germplasm development, genome analysis by means of chromosome banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), molecular markers, particularly restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) coupled with aneuploid analysis was employed for the purpose of improving breeding efficiency. Potential use of such germplasm in wheat breeding practice, basic studies and some related problems were also discussed.
基金Supported by Students Innovation Fund in Liaocheng UniversityKey topics Projects in Liaocheng University(x061005)Science and Technology Development Program,Education Department of Shandong Province(J09Lc17)~~
文摘[Objective] The study discussed the indoor activity and field control effect of vegetable oil on cucumber powdery mildew.[Method] The cucumber seedlings of Changchunmici were adopted as the material,which were inoculated with the fungus pathogen of cucumber powdery mildew naturally occurred in the field.The indoor protective test and field test were performed respectively to observe the control effects of different plant oils EC on the cucumber powdery mildew.[Result] When six plant oils EC including cottonseed oil,soybean oil,canola oil,corn oil,sesame oil and sunflower oil was diluted into 10 and 5 ml/L,they had better control effect on cucumber powdery mildew.As for the indoor protective effect,the protective effect of the vegetable oil EC was equivalent to the control agent triadimefon EC,the field control effect of vegetable oil EC was in the range of 60%-75%,which was consistent with 69%-70% control effect of contrast agent with 1 ml/L triadimefon EC dilution.[Conclusion] All vegetable oils EC had significant control effect on cucumber powdery mildew in the test.
文摘Based on the composition of float glass, the resistance of glassto water, in which a small amount of K_2O(0-1.0 wt/100)wassubstituted for equivalent amount of Na_2O, was investigated by meansof glass grains testing. The components extracted from the glass andtotal alkalinities in extraction solution were de- termined by atomicabsorption spectroscopy and neutralizing method, respectively. Thecomposition of the glass was 14.4 K_2O+ Na_2O, 4.0 MgO, 8.2 CaO, 1.4Al_2O_3, 72.0 SiO, and the minimum extraction radio of oxides(maximum durability)occurred at a K_2O/Na_2O radio of 0.051(byweight)due to the presence of the mixed- alkali effect.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to research prevention effects of 25％ azoxys trobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew.[Method] The test,including control group and four treatment groups with 450,600,and 750 g/hm2 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agents,and 80％ mancozeb wettable powder,was carried out in 2012 and 2013 consecutively to test the prevention effects of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew.[Result] The prevention effects were significant of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent to cucumber downy mildew in the range of 70.0％-83.6％,and it is recommended 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent at 600 g/hm2 be spread before plants diseased or in initial stage.In the whole stage,it was spread once every 7 d,totaling 3 times.[Conclusion] The research provides references for wide application of 25％ azoxystrobin suspending agent in production.
