Friction stir processing(FSP) has emerged as a transformative solid-state technique for enhancing the mechanical performance and microstructural integrity of metallic materials,particularly in the context of additive ...Friction stir processing(FSP) has emerged as a transformative solid-state technique for enhancing the mechanical performance and microstructural integrity of metallic materials,particularly in the context of additive manufacturing(AM).This study demonstrates the effectiveness of FSP as a post-processing strategy for two distinct AM systems:wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) of low-carbon steel and selective laser melting(SLM) of Ti6Al4V alloy.In the case of WAAM fabricated steel,FSP significantly refined the coarse dendritic microstructure into ultrafine equiaxed grains,resulting in a 21 %-24 % increase in hardness and enhanced tensile properties at the overlapping regions.Similarly,for SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V,FSP eliminated the columnar prior-β grains and residual porosity,yielding a homogenous α+β structure with improved strengthductility balance and reduced anisotropy.These improvements were attributed to the dynamic recrystallization,conversion of low-angle to high-angle grain boundaries,and homogenization of phase constituents induced by FSP.Despite challenges such as tool wear and fixturing complexity,the study confirms that FSP can reliably bridge the performance gap in AM components by healing solidification defects,mitigating anisotropy,and tailoring the local microstructure.The findings position FSP as a versatile and scalable post-processing technique,crucial for advancing high-performance,application-ready components in aerospace,biomedical,and structural applications.展开更多
Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate indiv...Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate individual investigation due to variations in their composition and fabrication processes.This study presents a comprehensive investigation into evolution of the mechanical properties,surface microstructure,and composition of Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers subjected to argon heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1300℃to 1700℃.The Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers are composed of small-sized β-SiC grains,SiC_(x)O_(y) amorphous phase,and a minor amount of graphite microcrystals.Following treatment in an argon atmosphere at 1300℃,the fibers maintain a monofilament tensile strength of 3.620 GPa,corresponding to a retention of 98.32%.This strength diminishes to 2.875 GPa,equating to a retention of 78.08%,after treatment at 1500℃.The reduction in mechanical properties of the fibers can be ascribed to the decomposition of the amorphous phase and the growth of β-SiC grains.Furthermore,creep resistance is an essential factor influencing the long-term performance of composite materials.After treatment at temperatures above 1400℃,the high-temperature creep resistance of the fibers is significantly enhanced due to growth of β-SiC grains.This study offers valuable theoretical insights into high-temperature applications of second-generation fibers,contributing to an enhanced understanding of their performance under extreme conditions.展开更多
Loess landslides are major hazards in the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP).The loess in this region is frequently subjected to repeated wetting–drying(W-D)cycles due to climatic factors,which significantly increases the li...Loess landslides are major hazards in the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP).The loess in this region is frequently subjected to repeated wetting–drying(W-D)cycles due to climatic factors,which significantly increases the likelihood of landslides.Therefore,investigating the shear behavior and microstructural evolution of loess under climate-induced W-D cycles is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of loess landslides.In this study,Malan loess is analyzed using unsaturated triaxial tests,resistivity tests,scanning electron microscopy,and mercury intrusion porosimetry.The test results show that shear strength decreases with increased W-D cycles,and the degradation effect is more pronounced under lower confining pressure.The variations in conductive pathways indicate that electrical resistivity can effectively reflect the structural damage of loess during W-D cycles,which is associated with increased direct point contacts and spaced pores.Aggregation of clay particles and growth of cracks during the W-D cycles can further destabilize the loess microstructure.As the confining pressure increases,crushed particles rearrange and convert spaced pores into intergranular pores.The number and peak intensity of dominant spaced pores decrease,resulting in a more stable structure.This study clarifies the mechanisms of loess landslides under W-D cycles and provides theoretical support for landslide prevention and control in the CLP.展开更多
A deep-undercooling rapid-solidification technique combining cyclic superheating and molten glass purification was employed to successfully prepare Cu60Ni40 and Cu65Ni35 alloys at various undercooling levels.Furthermo...A deep-undercooling rapid-solidification technique combining cyclic superheating and molten glass purification was employed to successfully prepare Cu60Ni40 and Cu65Ni35 alloys at various undercooling levels.Furthermore,through precise compositional regulation by adjusting the Cu content and introducing Co,the Cu60Ni35Co5 alloy was obtained.The morphological evolution of the solidification front and the variation in solidification rate with undercooling were systematically investigated.By combining metallographic analysis,the BCT model,electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM),the microstructural evolution and grain refinement mechanisms of the undercooled alloys were revealed.This work aims to establish the intrinsic relationship among undercooling,solidification behavior,and microstructure,thereby provides both experimental and theoretical foundations for a deeper understanding of the deep undercooling solidification mechanism and microstructural control.展开更多
The transformation of the dissimilar metals in the welding area into a single metal is an important method for achieving high-quality welded connection in the dissimilar metal laminated composite plate.In this study,a...The transformation of the dissimilar metals in the welding area into a single metal is an important method for achieving high-quality welded connection in the dissimilar metal laminated composite plate.In this study,a high-performance titanium/steel composite plate(TSCP)with pure titaniumization in the welding area was prepared by cold spraying,hot rolling and heat treatment processes.The results indicate that cold spraying achieves effective pre-composite deposition of titanium particles while inhibiting interfacial oxidation and Fe-Ti alloying reactions,producing a relatively dense pure titanium coating with a low porosity of only 1.2%.Hot rolling eliminates internal defects and promotes strong metallurgical bonding of the composite interface.The heat treatment promotes the recrystallization and reduces the dislocation density within the coating.The interfacial bonding strength of the welding area with pure titaniumization of TSCP is 257 MPa,and the tensile strength of that is 414 MPa,reaching 95.6%of the TSCP’s base material.展开更多
A fine-grained metastable dual-phase Fe_(40)Mn_(20)Co_(20)Cr_(15)Si_(5)high entropy alloy(CS-HEA)with excellent strength and ductility was successfully prepared by friction stir processing(FSP).The microstructural and...A fine-grained metastable dual-phase Fe_(40)Mn_(20)Co_(20)Cr_(15)Si_(5)high entropy alloy(CS-HEA)with excellent strength and ductility was successfully prepared by friction stir processing(FSP).The microstructural and mechanical properties of the fine-grained CS-HEA were characterized.The results showed that as-cast shrinkage cavities and elemental segregation were eliminated.The average grain size was refined from 121.1 to 5.4μm.The face-centered cubic phase fraction increased from 23%to 82%.During tensile deformation,dislocation slip dominated at strains ranging from 5%to 17%,followed by transformation induced plasticity(TRIP)from 17%to 26%,and twin induced plasticity(TWIP)from 26%to 37%.The yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,and elongation of the fine-grained CS-HEA were 503 MPa,1120 MPa,and 37%,respectively.The strength-ductility synergy of fine-grained CS-HEA was attributed to the combined effects of TRIP,TWIP,dislocation strengthening,and fine-grained strengthening.展开更多
Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle...Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle to accurately capture microstructural changes.Various diffusion models have been used to study white matter in systemic lupus erythematosus;however,comparative analyses of their sensitivity and specificity for detecting microstructural changes remain insufficient.To address this,our team designed a diagnostic trial that used multimodal diffusion imaging techniques to observe white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with an aim to identify key diagnostic biomarkers for these patients.Patients with active lupus who received treatment at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,from September 2023 to March 2024 were recruited.According to the standards of the American College of Rheumatology,patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the systemic lupus erythematosus group,whereas those without neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the non-systemic lupus erythematosus group.Additionally,healthy volunteers matched by region,sex,and age were recruited as controls.All three groups underwent the same diffusion magnetic resonance imaging examination protocol to compare differences in diffusion parameters.Advanced diffusion imaging models were able to sensitively detect microstructural changes in the white matter fibers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with specific diffusion parameters showing significant abnormalities in key brain regions.In the left superior longitudinal fasciculus subregion and the right thalamic radiations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,we also identified abnormal diffusion characteristics that were clearly correlated with disease activity,suggesting that microstructural changes in these areas may reflect the dynamic process of neuroinflammatory damage.The present study addresses critical challenges in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus by identifying specific white matter imaging biomarkers and elucidating the association between microstructural damage and clinical manifestations.The main contributions of our study include:1)establishing axial regression probability parameters from mean apparent propagator magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus,particularly in the third subregion of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus;2)demonstrating that multimodal diffusion imaging may be superior to conventional diffusion tensor imaging for detecting white matter microstructural abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus;and 3)integrating tract-based spatial statistics with clinically relevant analyses to link imaging findings to pathological mechanisms.展开更多
High manganese steels(HMS),known for their exceptional strength-ductility balance,are increasingly utilized in dynamic loading applications.This review examines the effects of strain rate on their mechanical propertie...High manganese steels(HMS),known for their exceptional strength-ductility balance,are increasingly utilized in dynamic loading applications.This review examines the effects of strain rate on their mechanical properties and microstructural evolution,focusing on strain rate hardening,adiabatic heating softening,and dynamic strain aging(DSA).The influence of strain rate on yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,strain hardening,and ductility is discussed,highlighting both positive and negative sensitivities across different alloy compositions and strain rate regimes.The strain rate response of various deformation mechanisms,including deformation twinning,dislocation slip,and phase transformation,is examined alongside their influence on microstructural evolution,alloy design,and industrial applications.The intricate role of DSA is also analyzed,emphasizing its contribution to strain rate sensitivity.To optimize HMS for dynamic environments,future research should focus on advanced modeling and processing techniques,in-situ characterization methods,and a deeper understanding of thermally activated processes and stacking fault energy-controlled mechanisms.This review provides insights into strain rate effects,guiding alloy design,and technological advancements of the new HMS.展开更多
To clarify the densification behavior,deformation response and strengthening mechanisms of selective laser melted(SLM)Mg-RE alloys,this study systematically investigates a representative WE43 alloy via advanced materi...To clarify the densification behavior,deformation response and strengthening mechanisms of selective laser melted(SLM)Mg-RE alloys,this study systematically investigates a representative WE43 alloy via advanced material characterization techniques.A suitable laser output mode fell into the transition mode,allowing for the fabrication of nearly full-density samples(porosity=0.85±0.021%)with favorable mechanical properties(yield strength=351 MPa,ultimate tensile strength=417 MPa,the elongation at break=6.5%and microhardness=137.9±6.15 HV_(0.1))using optimal processing parameters(P=80 W,v=250 mm/s and d=50μm).Viscoplastic self-consistent analysis and transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that the plastic deformation response of the SLM Mg-RE alloys is primarily driven by basal and prismatic slips.Starting from a random texture before deformation(maximum multiple of ultimate density,Max.MUD=3.95),plastic stretching led the grains to align with the Z-axis,finally resulting in a{0001}<1010>texture orientation after fracture(Max.MUD=8.755).Main phases of the SLM state are mainly composed ofα-Mg,Mg_(24)Y_(5) andβ'-Mg_(41)Nd_(5),with an average grain size of only 4.27μm(about a quarter of that in the extruded state),resulting in a favorable strength-toughness ratio.Except for the nano-β'phase and semi-coherent Mg_(24)Y_(5) phase(mismatch=16.12%)around the grain boundaries,a small amount of nano-ZrO_(2) and Y_(2)O_(3) particles also play a role in dispersion strengthening.The high mechanical properties of the SLM state are chiefly attributed to precipitation hardening(44.41%),solid solution strengthening(34.06%)and grain boundary strengthening(21.53%),with precipitation hardening being predominantly driven by dislocation strengthening(67.77%).High-performance SLM Mg-RE alloy components were manufactured and showcased at TCT Asia 2024,receiving favorable attention.This work underscores the significant application potential of SLM Mg-RE alloys and establishes a strong foundation for advancing their use in the biomedical fields.展开更多
The 304 austenitic stainless steel was processed by high-pressure torsion(HPT)at room temperature with 10,20,and 30 rotations under a pressure of 3 GPa and a rotation speed of 1 r/min.The phase transformation and micr...The 304 austenitic stainless steel was processed by high-pressure torsion(HPT)at room temperature with 10,20,and 30 rotations under a pressure of 3 GPa and a rotation speed of 1 r/min.The phase transformation and microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel after HPT were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nanoindentation test and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analysis.The experimental results show that HPT causes elongated nanocrystalline grains of 25 nm width along the torsion direction.After 10 turns of HPT,the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is completed and the hardness increases from 3 GPa to 8.5 GPa at the edge of the disc.However,a local reverse phase transformation from martensite to austenite is observed in the peripheral regions of the sample after 30 turns of HPT,leading to a higher volume fraction of austenite,and the hardness of the sample also decreases accordingly.展开更多
High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material...High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material cost poses substantial challenges for optimizing thermal processing parameters through repetitive experimental trials.In this work,hot compression experiments on high-purity silver were conducted using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator.The high temperature deformation behaviors,dynamic recovery(DRV)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of high-purity silver were studied by constructing an Arrhenius constitutive equation and developing thermal processing maps.The results show that plastic instability of high-purity silver occurs at high strain rates and the optimized hot processing parameters are the strain rate below 0.001 s^(−1) and the temperature of 340−400℃.Microstructural observations exhibit that DRV prefers to occur at lower deformation temperatures(e.g.,250℃).This is attributed to the low stacking fault energy of high-purity silver,which facilitates the decomposition of dislocations into partial dislocations and promotes high-density dislocation accumulation.Furthermore,DRX in high-purity silver becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing deformation temperature and reaches saturation at 350℃.展开更多
This study systematically investigated the microstructural evolution of binary Ni-Cu alloys(Cu55Ni45,Cu60Ni40,and Ni65Cu35)under deep undercooling conditions.The controlled rapid solidification experiments combined wi...This study systematically investigated the microstructural evolution of binary Ni-Cu alloys(Cu55Ni45,Cu60Ni40,and Ni65Cu35)under deep undercooling conditions.The controlled rapid solidification experiments combined with optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis demonstrate that increasing undercooling(ΔT)can induce a consistent sequence of microstructural transitions:coarse dendrites,fine equiaxed grains(first refinement),oriented fine dendrites,and fine equiaxed grains(second refinement).Two distinct grain refinement events are identified,with critical undercooling thresholds(ΔT)dependent on composition:increasing Cu content increases the critical undercoolingΔT*required for the second refinement(Cu55Ni45:227 K;Cu60Ni40:217 K;Ni65Cu35:200 K).The BCT(Bridgman Crystal Growth)model quantitatively elucidates this behavior,revealing a shift from solute-diffusion-dominated growth at low undercooling to thermally dominated diffusion at high undercooling(ΔT).Crucially,refined grains at high undercooling exhibit smaller sizes(10μm)and higher uniformity than those at low undercooling(20μm).These findings provide fundamental insights into non-equilibrium solidification mechanisms and establish a foundation for designing high-performance Ni-Cu alloys via deep undercooling processing.展开更多
TC4 titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V),known for its excellent specific strength,corrosion resistance,and weldability,is extensively applied in aerospace,marine engineering,and advanced manufacturing.This study focuses on the ...TC4 titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V),known for its excellent specific strength,corrosion resistance,and weldability,is extensively applied in aerospace,marine engineering,and advanced manufacturing.This study focuses on the microstructural uniformity and mechanical properties of TC4 ingots fabricated via the electron-beam cold hearth melting(EBCHM)process.A comprehensive analysis was performed using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electron backscatter diffraction,and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to investigate the ingot’s morphology,α-phase lamellar structure,and elemental distribution.Mechanical characterization included tensile testing,and microhardness and impact toughness assessments.Results reveal that EBCHM produces a well-defined and homogeneous microstructure,with the averageαlamellae thickness varying between 1.53 and 1.71μm and minimal fluctuations across the ingot regions,indicating high process consistency.Major alloying elements(Al and V)and impurity elements(O,N,H,C,and Fe)are evenly distributed,with no observable macrosegregation.The mechanical properties are stable and reliable,with a yield strength of 694.6-701.2 MPa,a tensile strength of 711.1-716.6 MPa,an elongation of 3.35%-3.84%,and an average impact toughness of 94.7 J/cm^(2).These results provide valuable data and technical references for the application of EBCHM in manufacturing premium-quality Ti-6Al-4V ingots.展开更多
This study investigates the influence of microstructural homogeneity—characterized by crack-related parameters such as crack porosity,crack density,and crack aspect ratio—on the accuracy of models predicting saturat...This study investigates the influence of microstructural homogeneity—characterized by crack-related parameters such as crack porosity,crack density,and crack aspect ratio—on the accuracy of models predicting saturated wave velocities,including those based on Gassmann,Biot,and Mavko-Jizba theories,as well as their effects on wave dispersion.We measured P-and S-wave velocities in eight limestone samples under dry and saturated conditions at various pressures.Utilizing the measured dry velocities,we calculated crack-related parameters by integrating the differential effective medium method with the David and Zimmerman approach(DEM-DZ model).Our findings reveal that the quantity and distribution of crack aspect ratios significantly affect model performance and dispersion.When total porosity and crack porosity are comparable,predictions of saturated velocities improve,with reduced wave dispersion observed in samples exhibiting fewer cracks and higher aspect ratios.Among the models predicting saturated velocities,Gassmann's model displayed the highest prediction error,while Mavko-Jizba's model showed the greatest accuracy.We introduce the microstructure homogeneity coefficient(MHC),a nonlinear combination of total porosity and crack-related parameters,as a measure of wave dispersion.Results indicate that lower porosities and crack densities,combined with higher aspect ratios,correspond to higher MHC values,suggesting greater microstructural homogeneity and reduced wave dispersion.MHC values ranged from 22.67 for the most homogeneous sample to 5.81 for the most heterogeneous sample.This trend correlates with P-wave dispersion values of 0.016 for the homogeneous sample and 0.092 for the heterogeneous sample,as well as S-wave dispersion values of 0.009 and 0.092,respectively.展开更多
Microstructural evolution features have been systematically investigated for the weld metal of EH36 shipbuilding steel under an in situ confocal scanning laser microscope.The influence of cooling rate on microstructur...Microstructural evolution features have been systematically investigated for the weld metal of EH36 shipbuilding steel under an in situ confocal scanning laser microscope.The influence of cooling rate on microstructural changes during the transformation from austenite to ferrite has been clarified.It is found that ferrite side plates form preceding to acicular ferrites,although the starting temperature of respective component decreases as the cooling rate is raised.In particular,the growth rate of acicular ferrite is measured to increase significantly,rising from 30.4μm/s at a cooling rate of 3 K/s to 109.0μm/s at 15 K/s,driven primarily by an ever-increasing degree of undercooling.These findings highlight the critical role of cooling rate in dictating the sequence and growth rate of microstructural transformations,which is crucial for optimizing welding processes to obtain desired microstructures while avoiding the formation of deleterious components.展开更多
Isothermal compression tests were used to establish constitutive models of the hot deformation of GH4742 superalloy. The microstructural evolution of double cone samples with large strain gradients during hot deformat...Isothermal compression tests were used to establish constitutive models of the hot deformation of GH4742 superalloy. The microstructural evolution of double cone samples with large strain gradients during hot deformation and subsequent solvus treatment was studied. The results showed that the grain size during dynamic recrystallization (DRX) did not exceed 6 μm, and the volume fraction during DRX did not exceed 45% at all reduction rates when it deformed below the γ′ solvus temperature (1080 ℃). When deformed near the γ′ solvus temperature (1110 ℃), the volume fraction and grain size increase significantly during DRX due to the dissolution and coarsening of some γ′ precipitates. When deformed above the γ′ solvus temperature (1140 ℃), even at a high reduction rate of 20 mm/s, the volume fraction during DRX reached 75%, and the grain size during DRX increased to 25 μm. At a reduction rate of 0.5 mm/s, the grain size during DRX reached 65 μm. When the sample is deformed below the γ′ solvus temperature (1080 ℃), stored strain energy accumulates in the sample, which is beneficial for the development of post dynamic recrystallization during subsequent subsolvus heat treatment, resulting in a noticeable increase in the recrystallization volume fraction. The recrystallization volume fraction of predeformed samples deformed at 1110 and 1140 ℃, followed by subsolvus heat treatment, was almost unchanged. The microstructure of the predeformed sample following supersolvus heat treatment consists of coarse equiaxed grains.展开更多
A series of high-strength wind power steels with various microstructural morphologies was produced by hot-rolled and thermo-mechanical controlled processes.The microstructure,microhardness,and tensile behavior observe...A series of high-strength wind power steels with various microstructural morphologies was produced by hot-rolled and thermo-mechanical controlled processes.The microstructure,microhardness,and tensile behavior observed using in-situ techniques in various types of steels were investigated.The experimental results demonstrated that the 3 microstructural morphologies(band-,net-,and fiber-structures)can be clarified and categorized;each type possesses different tensile strengths,yield behaviors,and strain hardening behaviors.This can be attributed to different strain distribution caused by the structural morphology;band-structure steels exhibit a yield plateau primarily attributed to the relatively weak constraint effect of pearlite on ferrite;net-structure steels display 3 strain hardening stages due to the staged plastic deformation;fiber-structure steels achieve superior strength through their uniform stress distribution.Furthermore,the initial strain hardening rate,transition strain,and uniform elongation were influenced by the features of the constituent phases.Based on these findings,methods for estimating the yield strength and tensile strength of the steels with two phases were discussed and experimentally validated.展开更多
The microstructural evolution,mechanical properties,and corrosion behavior of Ti-12Ni(wt.%)specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)using various volume energy density(VED)processing parameter values were in...The microstructural evolution,mechanical properties,and corrosion behavior of Ti-12Ni(wt.%)specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)using various volume energy density(VED)processing parameter values were investigated.The results showed that the alloy prepared at a low VED of 67 J/mm^(3)consisted of near-βgrains.At a VED of 133 J/mm^(3),the alloy exhibited coarse primary Ti2Ni and fine eutectoid structure.This eutectoid structure consisted ofαlaths and two types of nanoscale Ti2Ni,one in the form of short rods and the other with a spherical morphology.Further increase of the VED to 267 J/mm^(3)led to coarsening of the eutectoid structure.The dispersed Ti2Ni nanoparticles exhibited a significant strengthening effect.The alloy produced at a VED of 133 J/mm^(3)showed the greatest strength with a nanohardness of(7.8±0.1)GPa and a compressive strength of(1777±27)MPa.However,the presence of Ni segregation and holes produced by the LPBF processing adversely affected the corrosion resistance of the alloy.展开更多
The directional annealing technique is widely used to prepare columnar grains or single crystals.To investigate the effect of hot zone temperature and temperature gradient on the growth of columnar crystals,Ti43Al all...The directional annealing technique is widely used to prepare columnar grains or single crystals.To investigate the effect of hot zone temperature and temperature gradient on the growth of columnar crystals,Ti43Al alloys were heat treated by the directional annealing technique and their mechanical properties were tested.The results show that columnar grains with a maximum size of 22.29 mm can be obtained at a hot zone temperature of 1,350℃ and a temperature gradient of 8 K·mm^(-1).During the directional annealing process,Ti43Al alloys are heated toαsingle-phase domain to start the phase transformation.Columnar grains with a microstructure of fully lamellar colonies are obtained at different hot zone temperatures and temperature gradients.The distribution of the orientation difference for theα2 phase was found to be more random,suggesting that the growth of the columnar crystals may be stochastic in nature.Tensile testing results show that the strength and elongation of directional annealed Ti43Al alloy at 1,400℃-8 K·mm^(-1) are 411.23 MPa and 2.29%,and the remaining directional annealed alloys show almost plasticity.展开更多
The design of specific mechanical metamaterials can be realized by introducing carefully designed structures into the material.In this study,the design of NiTi alloys with critical phase change stress was realized by ...The design of specific mechanical metamaterials can be realized by introducing carefully designed structures into the material.In this study,the design of NiTi alloys with critical phase change stress was realized by controlling the microporosity and Ni content of laser powder bed-fused NiTi alloys.This study shows that the mechanical properties of these metamaterials,including martensitic phase transition onset stress and superelasticity,can be modulated by tuning their microporosity and nickel content.The key to achieving this is to synergistically modulate the negative effects of micropores and the positive effects of Ni content.This study provides valuable insights for expanding the design of microstructured metamaterials in NiTi alloys.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52322508)the R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(Grant No.KZ20231000519).
文摘Friction stir processing(FSP) has emerged as a transformative solid-state technique for enhancing the mechanical performance and microstructural integrity of metallic materials,particularly in the context of additive manufacturing(AM).This study demonstrates the effectiveness of FSP as a post-processing strategy for two distinct AM systems:wire arc additive manufacturing(WAAM) of low-carbon steel and selective laser melting(SLM) of Ti6Al4V alloy.In the case of WAAM fabricated steel,FSP significantly refined the coarse dendritic microstructure into ultrafine equiaxed grains,resulting in a 21 %-24 % increase in hardness and enhanced tensile properties at the overlapping regions.Similarly,for SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V,FSP eliminated the columnar prior-β grains and residual porosity,yielding a homogenous α+β structure with improved strengthductility balance and reduced anisotropy.These improvements were attributed to the dynamic recrystallization,conversion of low-angle to high-angle grain boundaries,and homogenization of phase constituents induced by FSP.Despite challenges such as tool wear and fixturing complexity,the study confirms that FSP can reliably bridge the performance gap in AM components by healing solidification defects,mitigating anisotropy,and tailoring the local microstructure.The findings position FSP as a versatile and scalable post-processing technique,crucial for advancing high-performance,application-ready components in aerospace,biomedical,and structural applications.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172108)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3707700)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0144005)。
文摘Silicon carbide fibers are considered ideal reinforcing materials for ceramic matrix composites due to their excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature performance.Different types of fibers necessitate individual investigation due to variations in their composition and fabrication processes.This study presents a comprehensive investigation into evolution of the mechanical properties,surface microstructure,and composition of Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers subjected to argon heat treatment at temperatures ranging from 1300℃to 1700℃.The Shicolon-Ⅱ fibers are composed of small-sized β-SiC grains,SiC_(x)O_(y) amorphous phase,and a minor amount of graphite microcrystals.Following treatment in an argon atmosphere at 1300℃,the fibers maintain a monofilament tensile strength of 3.620 GPa,corresponding to a retention of 98.32%.This strength diminishes to 2.875 GPa,equating to a retention of 78.08%,after treatment at 1500℃.The reduction in mechanical properties of the fibers can be ascribed to the decomposition of the amorphous phase and the growth of β-SiC grains.Furthermore,creep resistance is an essential factor influencing the long-term performance of composite materials.After treatment at temperatures above 1400℃,the high-temperature creep resistance of the fibers is significantly enhanced due to growth of β-SiC grains.This study offers valuable theoretical insights into high-temperature applications of second-generation fibers,contributing to an enhanced understanding of their performance under extreme conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42177138 and 41907239)the Central Guidance Funds for Local Science and Technology Development of China(Grant No.YDZJSX2025D031).
文摘Loess landslides are major hazards in the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP).The loess in this region is frequently subjected to repeated wetting–drying(W-D)cycles due to climatic factors,which significantly increases the likelihood of landslides.Therefore,investigating the shear behavior and microstructural evolution of loess under climate-induced W-D cycles is crucial to understanding the mechanisms of loess landslides.In this study,Malan loess is analyzed using unsaturated triaxial tests,resistivity tests,scanning electron microscopy,and mercury intrusion porosimetry.The test results show that shear strength decreases with increased W-D cycles,and the degradation effect is more pronounced under lower confining pressure.The variations in conductive pathways indicate that electrical resistivity can effectively reflect the structural damage of loess during W-D cycles,which is associated with increased direct point contacts and spaced pores.Aggregation of clay particles and growth of cracks during the W-D cycles can further destabilize the loess microstructure.As the confining pressure increases,crushed particles rearrange and convert spaced pores into intergranular pores.The number and peak intensity of dominant spaced pores decrease,resulting in a more stable structure.This study clarifies the mechanisms of loess landslides under W-D cycles and provides theoretical support for landslide prevention and control in the CLP.
基金Funded by the Central Government-Guided Local Development Fund Project(No.YDZJSX2025D042)the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province(No.202202150401018)+1 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202503021211112)the State Key Laboratory of CAD/CG of Zhejiang University(No.A2325)。
文摘A deep-undercooling rapid-solidification technique combining cyclic superheating and molten glass purification was employed to successfully prepare Cu60Ni40 and Cu65Ni35 alloys at various undercooling levels.Furthermore,through precise compositional regulation by adjusting the Cu content and introducing Co,the Cu60Ni35Co5 alloy was obtained.The morphological evolution of the solidification front and the variation in solidification rate with undercooling were systematically investigated.By combining metallographic analysis,the BCT model,electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM),the microstructural evolution and grain refinement mechanisms of the undercooled alloys were revealed.This work aims to establish the intrinsic relationship among undercooling,solidification behavior,and microstructure,thereby provides both experimental and theoretical foundations for a deeper understanding of the deep undercooling solidification mechanism and microstructural control.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0707300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374376)。
文摘The transformation of the dissimilar metals in the welding area into a single metal is an important method for achieving high-quality welded connection in the dissimilar metal laminated composite plate.In this study,a high-performance titanium/steel composite plate(TSCP)with pure titaniumization in the welding area was prepared by cold spraying,hot rolling and heat treatment processes.The results indicate that cold spraying achieves effective pre-composite deposition of titanium particles while inhibiting interfacial oxidation and Fe-Ti alloying reactions,producing a relatively dense pure titanium coating with a low porosity of only 1.2%.Hot rolling eliminates internal defects and promotes strong metallurgical bonding of the composite interface.The heat treatment promotes the recrystallization and reduces the dislocation density within the coating.The interfacial bonding strength of the welding area with pure titaniumization of TSCP is 257 MPa,and the tensile strength of that is 414 MPa,reaching 95.6%of the TSCP’s base material.
基金the funds of the National Natural Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars of China(No.52222410)Shaanxi Province National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(No.2022JC-24)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52227807,52034005)。
文摘A fine-grained metastable dual-phase Fe_(40)Mn_(20)Co_(20)Cr_(15)Si_(5)high entropy alloy(CS-HEA)with excellent strength and ductility was successfully prepared by friction stir processing(FSP).The microstructural and mechanical properties of the fine-grained CS-HEA were characterized.The results showed that as-cast shrinkage cavities and elemental segregation were eliminated.The average grain size was refined from 121.1 to 5.4μm.The face-centered cubic phase fraction increased from 23%to 82%.During tensile deformation,dislocation slip dominated at strains ranging from 5%to 17%,followed by transformation induced plasticity(TRIP)from 17%to 26%,and twin induced plasticity(TWIP)from 26%to 37%.The yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,and elongation of the fine-grained CS-HEA were 503 MPa,1120 MPa,and 37%,respectively.The strength-ductility synergy of fine-grained CS-HEA was attributed to the combined effects of TRIP,TWIP,dislocation strengthening,and fine-grained strengthening.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund,No.U22A20309(to PY)the Natural Science Foundation of LiaoningProvince,No.2023-MS-07(to HuL)the Unveiling Key Scientific and Technological Projects of Liaoning Province,No.2021JH1/10400051(to HuL).
文摘Some patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience neuropsychiatric symptoms.Although magnetic resonance imaging can detect abnormal signals in the white matter of the brain,conventional methods often struggle to accurately capture microstructural changes.Various diffusion models have been used to study white matter in systemic lupus erythematosus;however,comparative analyses of their sensitivity and specificity for detecting microstructural changes remain insufficient.To address this,our team designed a diagnostic trial that used multimodal diffusion imaging techniques to observe white matter microstructural changes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with an aim to identify key diagnostic biomarkers for these patients.Patients with active lupus who received treatment at the Department of Rheumatology and Immunology,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University,from September 2023 to March 2024 were recruited.According to the standards of the American College of Rheumatology,patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the systemic lupus erythematosus group,whereas those without neuropsychiatric symptoms were assigned to the non-systemic lupus erythematosus group.Additionally,healthy volunteers matched by region,sex,and age were recruited as controls.All three groups underwent the same diffusion magnetic resonance imaging examination protocol to compare differences in diffusion parameters.Advanced diffusion imaging models were able to sensitively detect microstructural changes in the white matter fibers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,with specific diffusion parameters showing significant abnormalities in key brain regions.In the left superior longitudinal fasciculus subregion and the right thalamic radiations of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who had neuropsychiatric symptoms,we also identified abnormal diffusion characteristics that were clearly correlated with disease activity,suggesting that microstructural changes in these areas may reflect the dynamic process of neuroinflammatory damage.The present study addresses critical challenges in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus by identifying specific white matter imaging biomarkers and elucidating the association between microstructural damage and clinical manifestations.The main contributions of our study include:1)establishing axial regression probability parameters from mean apparent propagator magnetic resonance imaging as sensitive biomarkers for systemic lupus erythematosus,particularly in the third subregion of the left superior longitudinal fasciculus;2)demonstrating that multimodal diffusion imaging may be superior to conventional diffusion tensor imaging for detecting white matter microstructural abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus;and 3)integrating tract-based spatial statistics with clinically relevant analyses to link imaging findings to pathological mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(No.52101128)the Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.BE023059)+1 种基金Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M710021)the Northeastern University Postdoctoral Research Fund(No.20220202)of China。
文摘High manganese steels(HMS),known for their exceptional strength-ductility balance,are increasingly utilized in dynamic loading applications.This review examines the effects of strain rate on their mechanical properties and microstructural evolution,focusing on strain rate hardening,adiabatic heating softening,and dynamic strain aging(DSA).The influence of strain rate on yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,strain hardening,and ductility is discussed,highlighting both positive and negative sensitivities across different alloy compositions and strain rate regimes.The strain rate response of various deformation mechanisms,including deformation twinning,dislocation slip,and phase transformation,is examined alongside their influence on microstructural evolution,alloy design,and industrial applications.The intricate role of DSA is also analyzed,emphasizing its contribution to strain rate sensitivity.To optimize HMS for dynamic environments,future research should focus on advanced modeling and processing techniques,in-situ characterization methods,and a deeper understanding of thermally activated processes and stacking fault energy-controlled mechanisms.This review provides insights into strain rate effects,guiding alloy design,and technological advancements of the new HMS.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFC2406000)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515011024)+5 种基金the Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(2024A04J4943)the Guangdong Academy of Sciences Development Special Fund Project(2022GDASZH-2022010107)the Guangdong province Science and Technology Plan Projects(2023B1212120008,2023B1212060045)the GDAS Projects of International cooperation platform of Science and Technology(2022GDASZH-2022010203-003)Special Support Foundation of Guangdong Province(2023TQ07Z559)Shenzhen Basic Research Project(JCYJ20210324120001003 and JCYJ20220531091802006)。
文摘To clarify the densification behavior,deformation response and strengthening mechanisms of selective laser melted(SLM)Mg-RE alloys,this study systematically investigates a representative WE43 alloy via advanced material characterization techniques.A suitable laser output mode fell into the transition mode,allowing for the fabrication of nearly full-density samples(porosity=0.85±0.021%)with favorable mechanical properties(yield strength=351 MPa,ultimate tensile strength=417 MPa,the elongation at break=6.5%and microhardness=137.9±6.15 HV_(0.1))using optimal processing parameters(P=80 W,v=250 mm/s and d=50μm).Viscoplastic self-consistent analysis and transmission electron microscopy observations reveal that the plastic deformation response of the SLM Mg-RE alloys is primarily driven by basal and prismatic slips.Starting from a random texture before deformation(maximum multiple of ultimate density,Max.MUD=3.95),plastic stretching led the grains to align with the Z-axis,finally resulting in a{0001}<1010>texture orientation after fracture(Max.MUD=8.755).Main phases of the SLM state are mainly composed ofα-Mg,Mg_(24)Y_(5) andβ'-Mg_(41)Nd_(5),with an average grain size of only 4.27μm(about a quarter of that in the extruded state),resulting in a favorable strength-toughness ratio.Except for the nano-β'phase and semi-coherent Mg_(24)Y_(5) phase(mismatch=16.12%)around the grain boundaries,a small amount of nano-ZrO_(2) and Y_(2)O_(3) particles also play a role in dispersion strengthening.The high mechanical properties of the SLM state are chiefly attributed to precipitation hardening(44.41%),solid solution strengthening(34.06%)and grain boundary strengthening(21.53%),with precipitation hardening being predominantly driven by dislocation strengthening(67.77%).High-performance SLM Mg-RE alloy components were manufactured and showcased at TCT Asia 2024,receiving favorable attention.This work underscores the significant application potential of SLM Mg-RE alloys and establishes a strong foundation for advancing their use in the biomedical fields.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51905215)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX231233)。
文摘The 304 austenitic stainless steel was processed by high-pressure torsion(HPT)at room temperature with 10,20,and 30 rotations under a pressure of 3 GPa and a rotation speed of 1 r/min.The phase transformation and microstructural evolution of 304 stainless steel after HPT were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis,electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),nanoindentation test and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)analysis.The experimental results show that HPT causes elongated nanocrystalline grains of 25 nm width along the torsion direction.After 10 turns of HPT,the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is completed and the hardness increases from 3 GPa to 8.5 GPa at the edge of the disc.However,a local reverse phase transformation from martensite to austenite is observed in the peripheral regions of the sample after 30 turns of HPT,leading to a higher volume fraction of austenite,and the hardness of the sample also decreases accordingly.
基金Project(52274369)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China。
文摘High-purity silver(Ag)is extensively utilized in electronics,aerospace,and other advanced industries due to its excellent thermal conductivity,electrical conductivity,and machinability.However,the prohibitive material cost poses substantial challenges for optimizing thermal processing parameters through repetitive experimental trials.In this work,hot compression experiments on high-purity silver were conducted using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulator.The high temperature deformation behaviors,dynamic recovery(DRV)and dynamic recrystallization(DRX)of high-purity silver were studied by constructing an Arrhenius constitutive equation and developing thermal processing maps.The results show that plastic instability of high-purity silver occurs at high strain rates and the optimized hot processing parameters are the strain rate below 0.001 s^(−1) and the temperature of 340−400℃.Microstructural observations exhibit that DRV prefers to occur at lower deformation temperatures(e.g.,250℃).This is attributed to the low stacking fault energy of high-purity silver,which facilitates the decomposition of dislocations into partial dislocations and promotes high-density dislocation accumulation.Furthermore,DRX in high-purity silver becomes increasingly pronounced with increasing deformation temperature and reaches saturation at 350℃.
基金Funded by the Central Government-Guided Local Development Fund Project(No.YDZJSX2025D042)the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province(No.202202150401018)+1 种基金the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.20210302124220)the State Key Laboratory of CAD/CG of Zhejiang University(No.A2325)。
文摘This study systematically investigated the microstructural evolution of binary Ni-Cu alloys(Cu55Ni45,Cu60Ni40,and Ni65Cu35)under deep undercooling conditions.The controlled rapid solidification experiments combined with optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis demonstrate that increasing undercooling(ΔT)can induce a consistent sequence of microstructural transitions:coarse dendrites,fine equiaxed grains(first refinement),oriented fine dendrites,and fine equiaxed grains(second refinement).Two distinct grain refinement events are identified,with critical undercooling thresholds(ΔT)dependent on composition:increasing Cu content increases the critical undercoolingΔT*required for the second refinement(Cu55Ni45:227 K;Cu60Ni40:217 K;Ni65Cu35:200 K).The BCT(Bridgman Crystal Growth)model quantitatively elucidates this behavior,revealing a shift from solute-diffusion-dominated growth at low undercooling to thermally dominated diffusion at high undercooling(ΔT).Crucially,refined grains at high undercooling exhibit smaller sizes(10μm)and higher uniformity than those at low undercooling(20μm).These findings provide fundamental insights into non-equilibrium solidification mechanisms and establish a foundation for designing high-performance Ni-Cu alloys via deep undercooling processing.
基金funding recei-ved from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFB3705602)the Scientific Research Plan Project of Shanghai,P.R.China(No.22SQBS 00600).
文摘TC4 titanium alloy(Ti-6Al-4V),known for its excellent specific strength,corrosion resistance,and weldability,is extensively applied in aerospace,marine engineering,and advanced manufacturing.This study focuses on the microstructural uniformity and mechanical properties of TC4 ingots fabricated via the electron-beam cold hearth melting(EBCHM)process.A comprehensive analysis was performed using optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,electron backscatter diffraction,and energy-dispersive spectroscopy to investigate the ingot’s morphology,α-phase lamellar structure,and elemental distribution.Mechanical characterization included tensile testing,and microhardness and impact toughness assessments.Results reveal that EBCHM produces a well-defined and homogeneous microstructure,with the averageαlamellae thickness varying between 1.53 and 1.71μm and minimal fluctuations across the ingot regions,indicating high process consistency.Major alloying elements(Al and V)and impurity elements(O,N,H,C,and Fe)are evenly distributed,with no observable macrosegregation.The mechanical properties are stable and reliable,with a yield strength of 694.6-701.2 MPa,a tensile strength of 711.1-716.6 MPa,an elongation of 3.35%-3.84%,and an average impact toughness of 94.7 J/cm^(2).These results provide valuable data and technical references for the application of EBCHM in manufacturing premium-quality Ti-6Al-4V ingots.
文摘This study investigates the influence of microstructural homogeneity—characterized by crack-related parameters such as crack porosity,crack density,and crack aspect ratio—on the accuracy of models predicting saturated wave velocities,including those based on Gassmann,Biot,and Mavko-Jizba theories,as well as their effects on wave dispersion.We measured P-and S-wave velocities in eight limestone samples under dry and saturated conditions at various pressures.Utilizing the measured dry velocities,we calculated crack-related parameters by integrating the differential effective medium method with the David and Zimmerman approach(DEM-DZ model).Our findings reveal that the quantity and distribution of crack aspect ratios significantly affect model performance and dispersion.When total porosity and crack porosity are comparable,predictions of saturated velocities improve,with reduced wave dispersion observed in samples exhibiting fewer cracks and higher aspect ratios.Among the models predicting saturated velocities,Gassmann's model displayed the highest prediction error,while Mavko-Jizba's model showed the greatest accuracy.We introduce the microstructure homogeneity coefficient(MHC),a nonlinear combination of total porosity and crack-related parameters,as a measure of wave dispersion.Results indicate that lower porosities and crack densities,combined with higher aspect ratios,correspond to higher MHC values,suggesting greater microstructural homogeneity and reduced wave dispersion.MHC values ranged from 22.67 for the most homogeneous sample to 5.81 for the most heterogeneous sample.This trend correlates with P-wave dispersion values of 0.016 for the homogeneous sample and 0.092 for the heterogeneous sample,as well as S-wave dispersion values of 0.009 and 0.092,respectively.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U20A20277 and 52350610226)National Key Research and Development Plan of China(Grant No.2022YFE0123300).
文摘Microstructural evolution features have been systematically investigated for the weld metal of EH36 shipbuilding steel under an in situ confocal scanning laser microscope.The influence of cooling rate on microstructural changes during the transformation from austenite to ferrite has been clarified.It is found that ferrite side plates form preceding to acicular ferrites,although the starting temperature of respective component decreases as the cooling rate is raised.In particular,the growth rate of acicular ferrite is measured to increase significantly,rising from 30.4μm/s at a cooling rate of 3 K/s to 109.0μm/s at 15 K/s,driven primarily by an ever-increasing degree of undercooling.These findings highlight the critical role of cooling rate in dictating the sequence and growth rate of microstructural transformations,which is crucial for optimizing welding processes to obtain desired microstructures while avoiding the formation of deleterious components.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2017-VI-0018-0090).
文摘Isothermal compression tests were used to establish constitutive models of the hot deformation of GH4742 superalloy. The microstructural evolution of double cone samples with large strain gradients during hot deformation and subsequent solvus treatment was studied. The results showed that the grain size during dynamic recrystallization (DRX) did not exceed 6 μm, and the volume fraction during DRX did not exceed 45% at all reduction rates when it deformed below the γ′ solvus temperature (1080 ℃). When deformed near the γ′ solvus temperature (1110 ℃), the volume fraction and grain size increase significantly during DRX due to the dissolution and coarsening of some γ′ precipitates. When deformed above the γ′ solvus temperature (1140 ℃), even at a high reduction rate of 20 mm/s, the volume fraction during DRX reached 75%, and the grain size during DRX increased to 25 μm. At a reduction rate of 0.5 mm/s, the grain size during DRX reached 65 μm. When the sample is deformed below the γ′ solvus temperature (1080 ℃), stored strain energy accumulates in the sample, which is beneficial for the development of post dynamic recrystallization during subsequent subsolvus heat treatment, resulting in a noticeable increase in the recrystallization volume fraction. The recrystallization volume fraction of predeformed samples deformed at 1110 and 1140 ℃, followed by subsolvus heat treatment, was almost unchanged. The microstructure of the predeformed sample following supersolvus heat treatment consists of coarse equiaxed grains.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB3708200)。
文摘A series of high-strength wind power steels with various microstructural morphologies was produced by hot-rolled and thermo-mechanical controlled processes.The microstructure,microhardness,and tensile behavior observed using in-situ techniques in various types of steels were investigated.The experimental results demonstrated that the 3 microstructural morphologies(band-,net-,and fiber-structures)can be clarified and categorized;each type possesses different tensile strengths,yield behaviors,and strain hardening behaviors.This can be attributed to different strain distribution caused by the structural morphology;band-structure steels exhibit a yield plateau primarily attributed to the relatively weak constraint effect of pearlite on ferrite;net-structure steels display 3 strain hardening stages due to the staged plastic deformation;fiber-structure steels achieve superior strength through their uniform stress distribution.Furthermore,the initial strain hardening rate,transition strain,and uniform elongation were influenced by the features of the constituent phases.Based on these findings,methods for estimating the yield strength and tensile strength of the steels with two phases were discussed and experimentally validated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12374022,U23A20540)the Technological Base Project,China(No.JSHS2022206A001)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province for Distinguished Young Scholars,China(No.2023JJ10075)the Scientific and Technological Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory,China(No.YPML-202305247)the Central South University Research Program of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies,China(No.2023QYJC038).
文摘The microstructural evolution,mechanical properties,and corrosion behavior of Ti-12Ni(wt.%)specimens produced by laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)using various volume energy density(VED)processing parameter values were investigated.The results showed that the alloy prepared at a low VED of 67 J/mm^(3)consisted of near-βgrains.At a VED of 133 J/mm^(3),the alloy exhibited coarse primary Ti2Ni and fine eutectoid structure.This eutectoid structure consisted ofαlaths and two types of nanoscale Ti2Ni,one in the form of short rods and the other with a spherical morphology.Further increase of the VED to 267 J/mm^(3)led to coarsening of the eutectoid structure.The dispersed Ti2Ni nanoparticles exhibited a significant strengthening effect.The alloy produced at a VED of 133 J/mm^(3)showed the greatest strength with a nanohardness of(7.8±0.1)GPa and a compressive strength of(1777±27)MPa.However,the presence of Ni segregation and holes produced by the LPBF processing adversely affected the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52074229,52371035)the Key R&D Plan of Sichuan Province(Grant No.SC2022A1C01J)the State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials(Grant No.2020-ZD05).
文摘The directional annealing technique is widely used to prepare columnar grains or single crystals.To investigate the effect of hot zone temperature and temperature gradient on the growth of columnar crystals,Ti43Al alloys were heat treated by the directional annealing technique and their mechanical properties were tested.The results show that columnar grains with a maximum size of 22.29 mm can be obtained at a hot zone temperature of 1,350℃ and a temperature gradient of 8 K·mm^(-1).During the directional annealing process,Ti43Al alloys are heated toαsingle-phase domain to start the phase transformation.Columnar grains with a microstructure of fully lamellar colonies are obtained at different hot zone temperatures and temperature gradients.The distribution of the orientation difference for theα2 phase was found to be more random,suggesting that the growth of the columnar crystals may be stochastic in nature.Tensile testing results show that the strength and elongation of directional annealed Ti43Al alloy at 1,400℃-8 K·mm^(-1) are 411.23 MPa and 2.29%,and the remaining directional annealed alloys show almost plasticity.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52201105,52475324)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2023YFB3408003,2023YFB3308001)+7 种基金Graduate Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of Chongqing(Grant No.CYB23018)New Chongqing Youth Innovative Talents Project(Grant No.2024NSCQ-QNCXX0342)Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Special Major Project(Grant No.CSTB2024TIAD-STX0016)National Foreign Expert Project(Grant No.H20240161)Innovation Support Program for Overseas Returnees in Chongqing(Grant No.cx2023061)Research Project from Chongqing Key Laboratory of High-performance Structural Additive Manufacturing(Grant No.02090011044158)Chengdu Key Research and Development Support Program(Grant No.2023-YF11–00077-HZ)Fundamental Research Foundation for the Central Universities in China(Grant Nos.2024IAIS-QN012,2023CDJKYJH049).
文摘The design of specific mechanical metamaterials can be realized by introducing carefully designed structures into the material.In this study,the design of NiTi alloys with critical phase change stress was realized by controlling the microporosity and Ni content of laser powder bed-fused NiTi alloys.This study shows that the mechanical properties of these metamaterials,including martensitic phase transition onset stress and superelasticity,can be modulated by tuning their microporosity and nickel content.The key to achieving this is to synergistically modulate the negative effects of micropores and the positive effects of Ni content.This study provides valuable insights for expanding the design of microstructured metamaterials in NiTi alloys.
