The research activities of the calculation of the elastic constants of metal are mainly focused on the elastic constants of crystal at the micro level. To the calculation of the macroscopic elastic constants of metal,...The research activities of the calculation of the elastic constants of metal are mainly focused on the elastic constants of crystal at the micro level. To the calculation of the macroscopic elastic constants of metal, although molecular dynamics method and quasicontinuum method can be used, but there are shortcomings in them, such as a large amount of computation and that the spatial scale of the study model is limited. Therefore, with a pure metal thin plate composed of a single layer of microscopic particles as research object, a new mechanical model is established after the interactions between microscopic particles of the thin plate are applied on the continuum mechanics model of the thin plate. According to this model, the calculation formulas for the microscopic elastic constants, which are the elastic constants of any triangle region in the model, are obtained. After the concept of the ideal micro structure is presented, the calculation formulas for the macroscopic elastic constants, the elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio of pure metal are obtained, where the Poisson＇s ratio is the constant that is equal to 1？3. As an example, the elastic constants and the elastic modulus of pure copper are solved, where c11 is 175.811 GPa, c12 is 58.604 GPa, c33 is 58.604 GPa and E is 156.277 GPa, the rationality and the correctness of the model are verified. The model presented fully embodies the discreteness of the microstructure of solid, is a development to the continuum model, and is more suitable to reality, more simplified and more new to the study of the macroscopic elastic constants of pure metal.展开更多
When the microscopic particles was depicted by linear Schrodinger equation, we find that the particles have only a wave feature, thus, a series of difficulties and intense disputations occur in quantum mechanics. Thes...When the microscopic particles was depicted by linear Schrodinger equation, we find that the particles have only a wave feature, thus, a series of difficulties and intense disputations occur in quantum mechanics. These problems excite us to consider the nonlinear interactions among the particles or between the particle and background field, which is completely ignored in quantum mechanics. Thus we use the nonlinear Schrodinger equation to describe the natures of microscopic particles. In this case the natures and features of microscopic particles are considerably different from those in quantum mechanics, where the microscopic particles are localized and have truly a wave-particle duality. Meanwhile, they satisfy both the classical dynamics equation and Lagrangian and Hamilton equations and obey the conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum. These natures and features are due to the nonlinear interactions, which are generated in virtue of the interaction between the moved particles and background field through the mechanisms of self-trapping, self-focus and self-condensation. Finally, we verified experimentally the localization and wave-corpuscle features of microscopic particles described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation using the properties of water soliton and optical-soliton depicted also by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation in water and optical fiber, respectively. Therefore, the new nonlinear quantum theory established on the basis of nonlinear Schrodinger equation is correct and credible. From this investigation we can not only solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by plenty of scientists in quantum mechanics but also promote the development of physics and enhance the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter.展开更多
We debate first the properties of quantum mechanics and its difficulties and the reasons resulting in these diffuculties and its direction of development. The fundamental principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics are ...We debate first the properties of quantum mechanics and its difficulties and the reasons resulting in these diffuculties and its direction of development. The fundamental principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics are proposed and established based on these shortcomings of quantum mechanics and real motions and interactions of microscopic particles and backgound field in physical systems. Subsequently, the motion laws and wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by nonlinear Schr?dinger equation are studied completely in detail using these elementary principles and theories. Concretely speaking, we investigate the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the mechanism and rules of particle collision and the uncertainty relation of particle’s momentum and position, and so on. We obtained that the microscopic particles obey the classical rules of collision of motion and satisfy the minimum uncertainty relation of position and momentum, etc. From these studies we see clearly that the moved rules and features of microscopic particle in nonlinear quantum mechanics is different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Therefore, nolinear quantum mechanics is a necessary result of development of quantum mechanics and represents correctly the properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by scientists in linear quantum mechanics field.展开更多
Gold geochemical provinces in China were delineated through stream sediment or catchment sediment sampling in this study.Each gold geochemical province delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g covers an area of tho...Gold geochemical provinces in China were delineated through stream sediment or catchment sediment sampling in this study.Each gold geochemical province delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g covers an area of thousands of kilometers.It is a dilemma that geochemists traditionally thought that gold could not migrate for a long distance in rivers or streams to form a large-scale geochemical anomaly due to its chemical inertness and high specific density.The quantitative spectroscopic analysis and observations under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） indicate the presence of submicroscopic gold particles （〈5 μm in diameter） in large quantities,and observations under a Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM） further suggest the presence of nanoscale gold particles （several tens of nanometre in diameter） in ores,rocks,soils and stream sediments.Particularly,submicroscopic and nanoscale gold particles less than 5 μm were only found in samples having a low gold content （〈10ng/g）.This result shows that geochemical provinces,delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g,are formed by long-distance transport of ultrafine gold in streams.The findings may provide direct microscopic evidence for gold migration to form geochemical provinces.展开更多
Compound eyes(CEs),renowned for their extraordinary visual capabilities,offer significant potential for advanced micro-optical systems.However,their applications in wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging and dynamic tracking,...Compound eyes(CEs),renowned for their extraordinary visual capabilities,offer significant potential for advanced micro-optical systems.However,their applications in wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging and dynamic tracking,for instance,microscopic particle image velocimetry(μ-PIV)for microfluidics,remain constrained by limited spatial resolution.We present a compound eye-on-a-chip(CEoC)system integrating a seven-ommatidium CE with a microfluidic platform.When fabricated via femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization(TPP),the CE exhibits exceptional surface smoothness(<4 nm roughness)and achieves wide-FOV imaging(>120°)with submicrometer resolution.Through quantitative calibration using TPP-fabricated microstructures,we established precise 3D spatial positioning capabilities.Proof-of-conceptμ-PIV experiments using fluorescent microparticles successfully reconstructed high-speed trajectories(10 mm/s)from real-time CE-captured images.This integrated CEoC system has promising potential for advancing microfluidic analysis and optofluidic manipulation technologies.展开更多
文摘The research activities of the calculation of the elastic constants of metal are mainly focused on the elastic constants of crystal at the micro level. To the calculation of the macroscopic elastic constants of metal, although molecular dynamics method and quasicontinuum method can be used, but there are shortcomings in them, such as a large amount of computation and that the spatial scale of the study model is limited. Therefore, with a pure metal thin plate composed of a single layer of microscopic particles as research object, a new mechanical model is established after the interactions between microscopic particles of the thin plate are applied on the continuum mechanics model of the thin plate. According to this model, the calculation formulas for the microscopic elastic constants, which are the elastic constants of any triangle region in the model, are obtained. After the concept of the ideal micro structure is presented, the calculation formulas for the macroscopic elastic constants, the elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio of pure metal are obtained, where the Poisson＇s ratio is the constant that is equal to 1？3. As an example, the elastic constants and the elastic modulus of pure copper are solved, where c11 is 175.811 GPa, c12 is 58.604 GPa, c33 is 58.604 GPa and E is 156.277 GPa, the rationality and the correctness of the model are verified. The model presented fully embodies the discreteness of the microstructure of solid, is a development to the continuum model, and is more suitable to reality, more simplified and more new to the study of the macroscopic elastic constants of pure metal.
文摘When the microscopic particles was depicted by linear Schrodinger equation, we find that the particles have only a wave feature, thus, a series of difficulties and intense disputations occur in quantum mechanics. These problems excite us to consider the nonlinear interactions among the particles or between the particle and background field, which is completely ignored in quantum mechanics. Thus we use the nonlinear Schrodinger equation to describe the natures of microscopic particles. In this case the natures and features of microscopic particles are considerably different from those in quantum mechanics, where the microscopic particles are localized and have truly a wave-particle duality. Meanwhile, they satisfy both the classical dynamics equation and Lagrangian and Hamilton equations and obey the conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum. These natures and features are due to the nonlinear interactions, which are generated in virtue of the interaction between the moved particles and background field through the mechanisms of self-trapping, self-focus and self-condensation. Finally, we verified experimentally the localization and wave-corpuscle features of microscopic particles described by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation using the properties of water soliton and optical-soliton depicted also by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation in water and optical fiber, respectively. Therefore, the new nonlinear quantum theory established on the basis of nonlinear Schrodinger equation is correct and credible. From this investigation we can not only solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by plenty of scientists in quantum mechanics but also promote the development of physics and enhance the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter.
基金the Major State Basic Research Development Program(973 program)of China for the financial support(grate No:212011CB503 701).
文摘We debate first the properties of quantum mechanics and its difficulties and the reasons resulting in these diffuculties and its direction of development. The fundamental principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics are proposed and established based on these shortcomings of quantum mechanics and real motions and interactions of microscopic particles and backgound field in physical systems. Subsequently, the motion laws and wave-corpuscle duality of microscopic particles described by nonlinear Schr?dinger equation are studied completely in detail using these elementary principles and theories. Concretely speaking, we investigate the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the mechanism and rules of particle collision and the uncertainty relation of particle’s momentum and position, and so on. We obtained that the microscopic particles obey the classical rules of collision of motion and satisfy the minimum uncertainty relation of position and momentum, etc. From these studies we see clearly that the moved rules and features of microscopic particle in nonlinear quantum mechanics is different from those in linear quantum mechanics. Therefore, nolinear quantum mechanics is a necessary result of development of quantum mechanics and represents correctly the properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve difficulties and problems disputed for about a century by scientists in linear quantum mechanics field.
基金supported by the program of Deep Exploration in China (Sinoprobe)the projects of China Geochemical Baselines (Sinoprobe-04-01)Deeppenetrating Geochemical Exploration (Sinoprobe-04-03).
文摘Gold geochemical provinces in China were delineated through stream sediment or catchment sediment sampling in this study.Each gold geochemical province delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g covers an area of thousands of kilometers.It is a dilemma that geochemists traditionally thought that gold could not migrate for a long distance in rivers or streams to form a large-scale geochemical anomaly due to its chemical inertness and high specific density.The quantitative spectroscopic analysis and observations under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） indicate the presence of submicroscopic gold particles （〈5 μm in diameter） in large quantities,and observations under a Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM） further suggest the presence of nanoscale gold particles （several tens of nanometre in diameter） in ores,rocks,soils and stream sediments.Particularly,submicroscopic and nanoscale gold particles less than 5 μm were only found in samples having a low gold content （〈10ng/g）.This result shows that geochemical provinces,delineated by a threshold value of 2.5 ng/g,are formed by long-distance transport of ultrafine gold in streams.The findings may provide direct microscopic evidence for gold migration to form geochemical provinces.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB4600400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.T2325014,62205174)the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province(Grant No.20230101350JC)。
文摘Compound eyes(CEs),renowned for their extraordinary visual capabilities,offer significant potential for advanced micro-optical systems.However,their applications in wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging and dynamic tracking,for instance,microscopic particle image velocimetry(μ-PIV)for microfluidics,remain constrained by limited spatial resolution.We present a compound eye-on-a-chip(CEoC)system integrating a seven-ommatidium CE with a microfluidic platform.When fabricated via femtosecond laser two-photon polymerization(TPP),the CE exhibits exceptional surface smoothness(<4 nm roughness)and achieves wide-FOV imaging(>120°)with submicrometer resolution.Through quantitative calibration using TPP-fabricated microstructures,we established precise 3D spatial positioning capabilities.Proof-of-conceptμ-PIV experiments using fluorescent microparticles successfully reconstructed high-speed trajectories(10 mm/s)from real-time CE-captured images.This integrated CEoC system has promising potential for advancing microfluidic analysis and optofluidic manipulation technologies.
