In comparison with conventional experimental teaching methods,the implementation of the Motic digital microscope mutual system in the experimental teaching of medicinal botany has been demonstrated to be a highly effi...In comparison with conventional experimental teaching methods,the implementation of the Motic digital microscope mutual system in the experimental teaching of medicinal botany has been demonstrated to be a highly efficacious approach to enhance the teaching level of experimental courses in medicinal botany.The implementation of a digital microscope mutual system in experimental teaching not only enhances students practical skills in laboratory operations but also increases classroom efficiency.Furthermore,it supports personalized development among students while fostering innovative thinking,independent learning capabilities,and analysis and problem-solving skills.Additionally,this approach contributes to the enhancement of students scientific literacy.展开更多
To investigate the nucleation behavior during the single-phased metallic solidification process,the commercial ultrapure ferritic stainless steels with no(Initial steel)and various melt treatments(R1,MR1,Y2,MY1,and M1...To investigate the nucleation behavior during the single-phased metallic solidification process,the commercial ultrapure ferritic stainless steels with no(Initial steel)and various melt treatments(R1,MR1,Y2,MY1,and M1 steels)were used to carry out the differential scanning colorimetry(DSC)and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope(HT-CLSM)experiments.Based on the results of DSC experiments,the equilibrium solidification process as well as the relationship among the critical undercooling degree(△T_(c)^(DSC)),latent heat of fusion/crystallization(△H_(f)/△H_(c)),equiaxed grain ratio(ER),and average grain size(△_(ave)^(ingot))was revealed.ER is increased with the decreasing△T_(c)^(DSC)and increasing△H_(f)/△H_(c);however,△_(ave)^(ingot)is decreased with them.Referring to the results of HT-CLSM experiments,the average sizes of micro-/macrostructures(d_(ave)/D_(ave)/)are decreased with the increasing cooling rate,as well as the difference between and apparent critical undercooling degree(△T_(c)^(CLSM))was revealed.The heterogeneous nucleation of the crystal nuclei occurs only if△T_(c)^(CLSM)>△T_(c)^(DSC).Combining with the interfacial wetting-lattice mismatch heterogeneous nucleation model,the dynamic mechanism of the metallic solidification was revealed.The as-cast grains of the melt-treated samples were obviously refined,owing to the much higher actual heterogeneous nucleation rates(I_(heter.,i))obtained through melt treatments,and the heterogeneous nucleation rates(I_(heter.,ij))for all samples are increased with the cooling rates,firmly confirming that the as-cast grains of each sample could be refined by the increasing cooling rates.展开更多
Two nonlinear control techniques are proposed for an atomic force microscopesystem. Initially, a learning-based control algorithm is developed for the microcantilever-samplesystem that achieves asymptotic cantilever t...Two nonlinear control techniques are proposed for an atomic force microscopesystem. Initially, a learning-based control algorithm is developed for the microcantilever-samplesystem that achieves asymptotic cantilever tip tracking for periodic trajectories. Specifically, thecontrol approach utilizes a learning-based feedforward term to compensate for periodic dynamics andhigh-gain terms to account for non-periodic dynamics. An adaptive control algorithm is thendeveloped to achieve asymptotic cantilever tip tracking for bounded tip trajectories despiteuncertainty throughout the system parameters. Simulation results are provided to illustrate theefficacy and performance of the control strategies.展开更多
Optimal vision and ergonomics are essential factors contributing to the achievement of good results during microsurgery.The three-dimensional(3D)digital image microscope system with a better 3D depth of field can rele...Optimal vision and ergonomics are essential factors contributing to the achievement of good results during microsurgery.The three-dimensional(3D)digital image microscope system with a better 3D depth of field can release strain on the surgeon's neck and back,which can improve outcomes in microsurgery.We report a randomized prospective study of vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy using a 3D digital image microscope system(3D-DIM)in rats.A total of 16 adult male rats were randomly divided into two groups of 8 each:the standard operating microscope(SOM)group and the 3D-DIM group.The outcomes measured included the operative time,real-time postoperative mechanical patency,and anastomosis leakage.Furthermore,a user-friendly microscope score was designed to evaluate the ergonomic design and equipment characteristics of the microscope.There were no differences in operative time between the two groups.The real-time postoperative mechanical patency rates were 100.0%for both groups.The percentage of vasoepididymostomy anastomosis leakage was 16.7%in the SOM group and 25.0%in the 3D-DIM group;however,no vasovasostomy anastomosis leakage was found in either group.In terms of the ergonomic design,the 3D-DIM group obtained better scores based on the surgeon's feelings;in terms of the equipment characteristics,the 3D-DIM group had lower scores for clarity and higher scores for flexibility and adaptivity.Based on our randomized prospective study in a rat model,we believe that the 3D-DIM can improve surgeon comfort without compromising outcomes in male infertility reconstructive microsurgery,so the 3D-DIM might be widely used in the future.展开更多
A method of micro-scanning location adaptive calibration was proposed, which was real- ized by the digital image micro-displacement estimation. With geometric calculation, this calibration method used the displacement...A method of micro-scanning location adaptive calibration was proposed, which was real- ized by the digital image micro-displacement estimation. With geometric calculation, this calibration method used the displacement estimation of two thermal microscope images to get the size and direc- tion of each scanning location calibration angle. And each location calibration process was repeated according to the offset given by the system beforehand. The comparison experiments of sequence oversampling reconstruction before and after the micro-scanning location calibration were done. The results showed that the calibration method effectively improved the thermal microscope imaging qual- ity.展开更多
A probe-hole field emission microscope system,controlled by the Apple Ⅱ computer,has been developed and operated successfully for measuring the work function of a single crystalplane.The detection screen,the phototub...A probe-hole field emission microscope system,controlled by the Apple Ⅱ computer,has been developed and operated successfully for measuring the work function of a single crystalplane.The detection screen,the phototube and the amplifier are combined for measuring theprobe-hole current.The combination is calibrated and the calibrated data are used in the com-puter program.The high voltage on the viewing screen is adjusted by using a D/A converter.The total current and the probe-hole current are acquired by using an A/D converter.A programin BASIC is used for processing all data and the Fowler-Nordheim plot parameters are given.Work functions of single crystal planes can then be calculated;as examples,the work functionson the clean W(100)and W(111)planes are measured to be 4.67 eV and 4.45 eV,respectively.展开更多
An error correction technique for the micro-scanning instrument of the optical micro-scanning thermal microscope imaging system is proposed. The technique is based on micro-scanning technology combined with the propos...An error correction technique for the micro-scanning instrument of the optical micro-scanning thermal microscope imaging system is proposed. The technique is based on micro-scanning technology combined with the proposed second-order oversampling reconstruction algorithm and local gradient image reconstruction algorithm. In this paper, we describe the local gradient image reconstruction model, the error correction technique, down-sampling model and the error correction principle. In this paper, we use a Lena original image and four low-resolution images obtained from the standard half-pixel displacement to simulate and verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, two groups of low-resolution thermal microscope images are collected by the actual thermal microscope imaging system for experimental study. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique can reduce the optical micro-scanning errors, improve the imaging effect of the system and improve the system's spatial resolution. It can be applied to other electro-optical imaging systems to improve their resolution.展开更多
The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature about the use of the operating microscope in endodontics. It used sources of bibliographic cataloging electronically identified by MEDLINE via Pu...The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature about the use of the operating microscope in endodontics. It used sources of bibliographic cataloging electronically identified by MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, BBO and Scopus, using as descriptors: Endodontics, anatomy and microscopy. The selected articles were identified from the titles and abstracts, taking into consideration the following criteria: publications ranging from January 2001 to November 2012, case reports, published in an indexed journal, and publications in English language. The search showed 167 articles related to this topic, and these 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that a higher magnification helps coronary access and the location of channels to identify and interpret the complexities of the anatomy of root canals, the removal of nuclei and intracoronary fractured instruments, to minimize trauma of surgeries in soft and hard tissues, and detect fractures and microfractures. It was found that its use has provided Endodontics with a significant improvement in vision of the operative field, offering better quality jobs and a higher success rate.展开更多
Based on a strong inter-diagonal matrix and Taylor series expansions,an oversample reconstruction method was proposed to calibrate the optical micro-scanning error. The technique can obtain regular 2 ×2 microscan...Based on a strong inter-diagonal matrix and Taylor series expansions,an oversample reconstruction method was proposed to calibrate the optical micro-scanning error. The technique can obtain regular 2 ×2 microscanning undersampling images from the real irregular undersampling images,and can then obtain a high spatial oversample resolution image. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique can reduce optical micro-scanning error and improve the system＇s spatial resolution. The algorithm is simple,fast and has low computational complexity. It can also be applied to other electro-optical imaging systems to improve their spatial resolution and has a widespread application prospect.展开更多
The process of wound healing is routinely evaluated by histological evaluation in the clinic,which may cause scarring and secondary injury.Reflectance confocal microscopy(RCM)represents a noninvasive,real-time imaging...The process of wound healing is routinely evaluated by histological evaluation in the clinic,which may cause scarring and secondary injury.Reflectance confocal microscopy(RCM)represents a noninvasive,real-time imaging technique that allows in vivo evaluation of the skin.Traditional RCM was wide-probe-based,which limited its application on uneven and covered skin.In this study,we report the development of a portable reflectance confocal microscope(PRCM)in which all components were assembled in a handheld shell.Although the size and weight of the PRCM were reduced based on the use of a microelectromechanical system,the resolution was kept at 0.91μm,and the field of view of the system was 343μm×532μm.When used in vivo,the PRCM was able to visualize cellular and nuclear morphology for both mouse and human skin.PRCM evaluations were then performed on wounds after topically applied mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)or saline treatment.The PRCM allowed visualization of the formation of collagen bundles,re-epithelization from the wound edge to the wound bed,and hair follicle regeneration,which were consistent with histological evaluations.Therefore,we offer new insights into monitoring the effects of topically applied MSCs on the process of wound healing by using PRCM.This study illustrates that the newly developed PRCM represents a promising device for real-time,noninvasive monitoring of the dynamic process of wound healing,which demonstrates its potential to diagnose,monitor,or predict disease in clinical wound therapy.展开更多
In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of exper...In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students＇ learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.展开更多
It is well known that β-BBO is a new type nonlinear optical crystal discovered in our institute and now β-BBO is widely used in the fields of laser and nonlinear optics. However, there are still some inclusions in ...It is well known that β-BBO is a new type nonlinear optical crystal discovered in our institute and now β-BBO is widely used in the fields of laser and nonlinear optics. However, there are still some inclusions in β-BBO crystal grown by flux method. Using AEM technique, we have studied the shape, composition and structure of inclusions which is very helpful to the explanation of the formation of inclusions.展开更多
The high-temperature dissolution behavior of primary carbides in samples taken from GCr15 continuous-casting bloom was observed in-situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Equations were fitted to the dissolution ki...The high-temperature dissolution behavior of primary carbides in samples taken from GCr15 continuous-casting bloom was observed in-situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Equations were fitted to the dissolution kinetics of primary carbides during either heating or soaking.Dissolution of carbides proceeded in three stages(fast→slow→faster)as either temperature or holding time was increased.During the heating process and during the first and third stages of the soaking process,the original size of the carbides determined the steepness of the slope,but during the middle(“slow”)stage of the soaking process,the slope remained zero.The initial size of the carbides varied greatly,but their final dissolution temperature fell within the narrow range of 1210-1235℃,and the holding time remained within 50 min.Fractal analysis was used to study the morphological characteristics of small and medium-sized carbides during the dissolution process.According to changes in the fractal dimension before and after soaking,the carbides tended to evolve towards a more regular morphology.展开更多
基金Supported by Major Project of School-level Teaching Reform and Research of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine(2022A006)。
文摘In comparison with conventional experimental teaching methods,the implementation of the Motic digital microscope mutual system in the experimental teaching of medicinal botany has been demonstrated to be a highly efficacious approach to enhance the teaching level of experimental courses in medicinal botany.The implementation of a digital microscope mutual system in experimental teaching not only enhances students practical skills in laboratory operations but also increases classroom efficiency.Furthermore,it supports personalized development among students while fostering innovative thinking,independent learning capabilities,and analysis and problem-solving skills.Additionally,this approach contributes to the enhancement of students scientific literacy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52274339,52174321,52074186,and 52104337)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20231317)China Baowu Low-Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Fund(Grant No.BWLCF202108).
文摘To investigate the nucleation behavior during the single-phased metallic solidification process,the commercial ultrapure ferritic stainless steels with no(Initial steel)and various melt treatments(R1,MR1,Y2,MY1,and M1 steels)were used to carry out the differential scanning colorimetry(DSC)and high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscope(HT-CLSM)experiments.Based on the results of DSC experiments,the equilibrium solidification process as well as the relationship among the critical undercooling degree(△T_(c)^(DSC)),latent heat of fusion/crystallization(△H_(f)/△H_(c)),equiaxed grain ratio(ER),and average grain size(△_(ave)^(ingot))was revealed.ER is increased with the decreasing△T_(c)^(DSC)and increasing△H_(f)/△H_(c);however,△_(ave)^(ingot)is decreased with them.Referring to the results of HT-CLSM experiments,the average sizes of micro-/macrostructures(d_(ave)/D_(ave)/)are decreased with the increasing cooling rate,as well as the difference between and apparent critical undercooling degree(△T_(c)^(CLSM))was revealed.The heterogeneous nucleation of the crystal nuclei occurs only if△T_(c)^(CLSM)>△T_(c)^(DSC).Combining with the interfacial wetting-lattice mismatch heterogeneous nucleation model,the dynamic mechanism of the metallic solidification was revealed.The as-cast grains of the melt-treated samples were obviously refined,owing to the much higher actual heterogeneous nucleation rates(I_(heter.,i))obtained through melt treatments,and the heterogeneous nucleation rates(I_(heter.,ij))for all samples are increased with the cooling rates,firmly confirming that the as-cast grains of each sample could be refined by the increasing cooling rates.
文摘Two nonlinear control techniques are proposed for an atomic force microscopesystem. Initially, a learning-based control algorithm is developed for the microcantilever-samplesystem that achieves asymptotic cantilever tip tracking for periodic trajectories. Specifically, thecontrol approach utilizes a learning-based feedforward term to compensate for periodic dynamics andhigh-gain terms to account for non-periodic dynamics. An adaptive control algorithm is thendeveloped to achieve asymptotic cantilever tip tracking for bounded tip trajectories despiteuncertainty throughout the system parameters. Simulation results are provided to illustrate theefficacy and performance of the control strategies.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(81701524,81871215)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA16020701)the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC1002003).
文摘Optimal vision and ergonomics are essential factors contributing to the achievement of good results during microsurgery.The three-dimensional(3D)digital image microscope system with a better 3D depth of field can release strain on the surgeon's neck and back,which can improve outcomes in microsurgery.We report a randomized prospective study of vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy using a 3D digital image microscope system(3D-DIM)in rats.A total of 16 adult male rats were randomly divided into two groups of 8 each:the standard operating microscope(SOM)group and the 3D-DIM group.The outcomes measured included the operative time,real-time postoperative mechanical patency,and anastomosis leakage.Furthermore,a user-friendly microscope score was designed to evaluate the ergonomic design and equipment characteristics of the microscope.There were no differences in operative time between the two groups.The real-time postoperative mechanical patency rates were 100.0%for both groups.The percentage of vasoepididymostomy anastomosis leakage was 16.7%in the SOM group and 25.0%in the 3D-DIM group;however,no vasovasostomy anastomosis leakage was found in either group.In terms of the ergonomic design,the 3D-DIM group obtained better scores based on the surgeon's feelings;in terms of the equipment characteristics,the 3D-DIM group had lower scores for clarity and higher scores for flexibility and adaptivity.Based on our randomized prospective study in a rat model,we believe that the 3D-DIM can improve surgeon comfort without compromising outcomes in male infertility reconstructive microsurgery,so the 3D-DIM might be widely used in the future.
基金Supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(4062029)Ministry of Science and Technology Innovation Foundation for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (06KW1051)North China University of Technology Dr. Start-up Fund for 2013
文摘A method of micro-scanning location adaptive calibration was proposed, which was real- ized by the digital image micro-displacement estimation. With geometric calculation, this calibration method used the displacement estimation of two thermal microscope images to get the size and direc- tion of each scanning location calibration angle. And each location calibration process was repeated according to the offset given by the system beforehand. The comparison experiments of sequence oversampling reconstruction before and after the micro-scanning location calibration were done. The results showed that the calibration method effectively improved the thermal microscope imaging qual- ity.
基金Subject Supported by the Natural Science Fund of China.
文摘A probe-hole field emission microscope system,controlled by the Apple Ⅱ computer,has been developed and operated successfully for measuring the work function of a single crystalplane.The detection screen,the phototube and the amplifier are combined for measuring theprobe-hole current.The combination is calibrated and the calibrated data are used in the com-puter program.The high voltage on the viewing screen is adjusted by using a D/A converter.The total current and the probe-hole current are acquired by using an A/D converter.A programin BASIC is used for processing all data and the Fowler-Nordheim plot parameters are given.Work functions of single crystal planes can then be calculated;as examples,the work functionson the clean W(100)and W(111)planes are measured to be 4.67 eV and 4.45 eV,respectively.
基金Supported by Postgraduate Innovation Funding Project of Hebei Province(CXZZSS2019050)the Qinhuangdao City Key Research and Development Program Science and Technology Support Project(201801B010)
文摘An error correction technique for the micro-scanning instrument of the optical micro-scanning thermal microscope imaging system is proposed. The technique is based on micro-scanning technology combined with the proposed second-order oversampling reconstruction algorithm and local gradient image reconstruction algorithm. In this paper, we describe the local gradient image reconstruction model, the error correction technique, down-sampling model and the error correction principle. In this paper, we use a Lena original image and four low-resolution images obtained from the standard half-pixel displacement to simulate and verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed technique, two groups of low-resolution thermal microscope images are collected by the actual thermal microscope imaging system for experimental study. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique can reduce the optical micro-scanning errors, improve the imaging effect of the system and improve the system's spatial resolution. It can be applied to other electro-optical imaging systems to improve their resolution.
文摘The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature about the use of the operating microscope in endodontics. It used sources of bibliographic cataloging electronically identified by MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, BBO and Scopus, using as descriptors: Endodontics, anatomy and microscopy. The selected articles were identified from the titles and abstracts, taking into consideration the following criteria: publications ranging from January 2001 to November 2012, case reports, published in an indexed journal, and publications in English language. The search showed 167 articles related to this topic, and these 21 articles met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that a higher magnification helps coronary access and the location of channels to identify and interpret the complexities of the anatomy of root canals, the removal of nuclei and intracoronary fractured instruments, to minimize trauma of surgeries in soft and hard tissues, and detect fractures and microfractures. It was found that its use has provided Endodontics with a significant improvement in vision of the operative field, offering better quality jobs and a higher success rate.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 61501396)the Colleges and Universities under the Science and Technology Research Projects of Hebei Province(QN2015021)
文摘Based on a strong inter-diagonal matrix and Taylor series expansions,an oversample reconstruction method was proposed to calibrate the optical micro-scanning error. The technique can obtain regular 2 ×2 microscanning undersampling images from the real irregular undersampling images,and can then obtain a high spatial oversample resolution image. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique can reduce optical micro-scanning error and improve the system＇s spatial resolution. The algorithm is simple,fast and has low computational complexity. It can also be applied to other electro-optical imaging systems to improve their spatial resolution and has a widespread application prospect.
基金the National Key Research andDevelopment Program of China(No.2021YFA1101100)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA16020807)+3 种基金the Major Innovative Research Team of Suzhou,China(No.ZXT2019007)Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology(SIBET)Jilin City Science and Technology Cooperation Project(No.E0550104)Science and Technology Innovation Talents in Universities of Henan Province and Doctor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province in the year of 2020.
文摘The process of wound healing is routinely evaluated by histological evaluation in the clinic,which may cause scarring and secondary injury.Reflectance confocal microscopy(RCM)represents a noninvasive,real-time imaging technique that allows in vivo evaluation of the skin.Traditional RCM was wide-probe-based,which limited its application on uneven and covered skin.In this study,we report the development of a portable reflectance confocal microscope(PRCM)in which all components were assembled in a handheld shell.Although the size and weight of the PRCM were reduced based on the use of a microelectromechanical system,the resolution was kept at 0.91μm,and the field of view of the system was 343μm×532μm.When used in vivo,the PRCM was able to visualize cellular and nuclear morphology for both mouse and human skin.PRCM evaluations were then performed on wounds after topically applied mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)or saline treatment.The PRCM allowed visualization of the formation of collagen bundles,re-epithelization from the wound edge to the wound bed,and hair follicle regeneration,which were consistent with histological evaluations.Therefore,we offer new insights into monitoring the effects of topically applied MSCs on the process of wound healing by using PRCM.This study illustrates that the newly developed PRCM represents a promising device for real-time,noninvasive monitoring of the dynamic process of wound healing,which demonstrates its potential to diagnose,monitor,or predict disease in clinical wound therapy.
文摘In order to improve the parasites experimental teaching quality, Digital Microscope System is used to replace the ordinary optical microscope in the teaching of eggs, imagoes, and tissue slices. The new model of experimental teaching, integrating modem information technology into the parasite experimental teaching, gives full play to the students＇ learning enthusiasm, initiative and creativity and improves the quality of experimental teaching. And at the same time, it provides a basis for the microbiological and pathological experimental teaching reform.
文摘It is well known that β-BBO is a new type nonlinear optical crystal discovered in our institute and now β-BBO is widely used in the fields of laser and nonlinear optics. However, there are still some inclusions in β-BBO crystal grown by flux method. Using AEM technique, we have studied the shape, composition and structure of inclusions which is very helpful to the explanation of the formation of inclusions.
基金supported by Independent Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS-2023-Z13)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.19DZ2270200)+1 种基金A portion of the work was performed at US National High Magnetic Field Laboratory,which is supported by the National Science Foundation(Cooperative Agreement No.DMR-1157490 and DMR-1644779)the State of Florida.Thanks also to Mary Tyler for editing.
文摘The high-temperature dissolution behavior of primary carbides in samples taken from GCr15 continuous-casting bloom was observed in-situ by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Equations were fitted to the dissolution kinetics of primary carbides during either heating or soaking.Dissolution of carbides proceeded in three stages(fast→slow→faster)as either temperature or holding time was increased.During the heating process and during the first and third stages of the soaking process,the original size of the carbides determined the steepness of the slope,but during the middle(“slow”)stage of the soaking process,the slope remained zero.The initial size of the carbides varied greatly,but their final dissolution temperature fell within the narrow range of 1210-1235℃,and the holding time remained within 50 min.Fractal analysis was used to study the morphological characteristics of small and medium-sized carbides during the dissolution process.According to changes in the fractal dimension before and after soaking,the carbides tended to evolve towards a more regular morphology.
