The effect of interconnect linewidth on the evolution of intragranular microcracks due to surface diffusion induced by electromigration is analyzed by finite element method.The numerical results indicate that there ex...The effect of interconnect linewidth on the evolution of intragranular microcracks due to surface diffusion induced by electromigration is analyzed by finite element method.The numerical results indicate that there exists critical values of the linewidth hc,the electric fieldχc and the aspect ratioβc.When h>hc,χ<χc orβ<βc,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line.When h≤hc,χ≥χc orβ≥βc,the microcrack will split into two smaller microcracks.The critical electric field,the critical aspect ratio and the splitting time have a stronger dependence on the linewidth when h≤6.In addition,the decrease of the linewidth,the increase of the electric field or the aspect ratio is beneficial to accelerate microcrack splitting,which may delay the open failure of the interconnect line.展开更多
The microfractures and natural fractures studies have a great significance in the hydrocarbon accumulation exploration and can be a good supporter for wide geophysical study on the major structures. This paper is a br...The microfractures and natural fractures studies have a great significance in the hydrocarbon accumulation exploration and can be a good supporter for wide geophysical study on the major structures. This paper is a brief review on microcracks and overpressure-induced fracture. It is to discuss different views on the mechanism of fractures in the subsurface of the earth.展开更多
We identify two interrelated but independent species of microcracks with different origins and different distributions. One species is the classic high-stress microcracks identified in laboratory stress-cells associat...We identify two interrelated but independent species of microcracks with different origins and different distributions. One species is the classic high-stress microcracks identified in laboratory stress-cells associated with acoustic emissions as microcracks open with increasing stress. The other species is the low-stress distributions of closely-spaced stress-aligned fluid-saturated microcracks that observations of shear-wave splitting(SWS) demonstrate pervade almost all in situ rocks in the upper crust, the lower crust, and the uppermost 400 km of the mantle. On some occasions these two sets of microcracks may be interrelated and similar(hence ‘species') but they typically have fundamentally-different properties, different distributions, and different implications. The importance for hydrocarbon exploration and recovery is that SWS in hydrocarbon reservoirs monitors crack alignments and preferred directions of fluid-flow. The importance for earthquake seismology is that SWS above small earthquakes monitors the effects of increasing stress on the pervasive low-stress microcrack distributions so that stress-accumulation before, possibly distant, earthquakes can be recognised and impending earthquakes stress-forecast.展开更多
he evolution and nucleation of microcracks in typical tectonics are investigated in the experiment of fracture of marble specimen. The change of state during nucleation of microcracks is observed. The controlling effe...he evolution and nucleation of microcracks in typical tectonics are investigated in the experiment of fracture of marble specimen. The change of state during nucleation of microcracks is observed. The controlling effect of tectonics on evolution of microcracks is analyzed by using thc damage mechanics theory. These characteristics can be analogized to kilometer meters as the first effect of earthquake precursors. These studies may be helpful to interpret-the foreshock or general foreshock in the moderate or short stage before strong earthquakes. The other physical precursors are second or third effect. The local density of microcracks increasing abruptly may be helpful to interpret the phenomenon that part precursor records appear catastrophic jump. The part out of nucleation where some microcracks heal and the density change reversibly may be helpful to interpret the phenomenon that some precursors records appear reverse change. The area difference of microcracks accumulation and evolution in different part of typital tectonics is studied. This difference may be helpful to interpret the characteristics (including the area) of earthquake preparation of diffcrent tectonics, and further to interpret the difference of the precursors beween plate edge and intraplate. These differences may be introduced by the scholars with different points of view as to discuss about the existence of precursors before earthquakes. However, when the precursor records are studied, one must notice the geology background in different areas.展开更多
Based on the weak formulation for combined surface diffusion and evaporation-condensation,a governing equation of the finite element is derived for simulating the evolution of intergranular microcracks in copper inter...Based on the weak formulation for combined surface diffusion and evaporation-condensation,a governing equation of the finite element is derived for simulating the evolution of intergranular microcracks in copper interconnects induced simultaneously by stressmigration,electromigration and thermomigration.Unlike previously published works,the effect of thermomigration is considered.The results show that thermomigration can contribute to the microcrack splitting and accelerate the drifting process along the direction of the electric field.The evolution of the intergranular microcracks depends on the mechanical stress field,the temperature gradient field,the electric field,the initial aspect ratio and the linewidth.And there exists a critical electric fieldχ_c,a critical stress field■,a critical aspect ratioβ_c and a critical linewidth■.When■or■,the intergranular microcrack will split into two or three small intergranular microcracks.Otherwise,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line.The critical stress field,the critical electric field and the critical aspect ratio decrease with a decrease in the linewidth,and the critical linewidth increases with an increase in the electric field and the aspect ratio.The increase of the stress field,the electric field or the aspect ratio and the decrease of the linewidth are not only beneficial for the intergranular microcrack to split but also accelerate the microcrack splitting process.展开更多
This paper presents a 3D homogenized model able to simulate the nonlinear effects generated by the interaction of ultrasonic waves with microcracks.A hexahedral element with one horizontal elliptical crack is construc...This paper presents a 3D homogenized model able to simulate the nonlinear effects generated by the interaction of ultrasonic waves with microcracks.A hexahedral element with one horizontal elliptical crack is constructed as a reference model.The reference model is smeared to be orthotropic but with different moduli in tension and compression to account for stiffness asymmetry due to crack opening and closure.Different from the existing homogenized models that usually simplify the representative volume element as a homogeneous part and require only one constitutive model for the equivalent material of the whole structure,we assign the constitutive relationship of the same reference model to all the finite elements but with random principal material orientations to take randomly oriented microcracks into consideration.In this way,the randomness of distributed microcracks can be considered in the framework of continuum mechanics.In this manner,the experimentally observed nonlinear effects,such as the generation of both even and odd harmonics,can be reproduced.The developed model has been verified for a 3D bar and a 3D plate.Particularly,the influence of crack density on the amplitude of higher harmonics is analyzed.展开更多
In this study,morphological and microstructural analyses were conducted on net-shaped microcracks appearing on the surface of low-carbon steel manufactured via twin-roll strip casting. The fractograph and microscale d...In this study,morphological and microstructural analyses were conducted on net-shaped microcracks appearing on the surface of low-carbon steel manufactured via twin-roll strip casting. The fractograph and microscale distribution of elements in the cracked region were also analyzed. Results revealed that the cracked surfaces were characterized by slight pits,along with inclusions composed of manganese and silicon oxide distributed along both the sides of the cracks. Fractograph analysis revealed that the crack and smooth dendrite surfaces were oxidized. These phenomena indicate that microcracks on the cast strip surface form at the hightemperature stage of the solidification process during twin-roll casting and rolling. Microcracks were present in each region with pits in the cast strip and extended along the dendrite interface because of the combined effects of phasechange stress,thermal stress,mechanical stress,and fractional crystallization during the solidification process.展开更多
In this paper,three-dimensional finite-element modeling is conducted to investigate the nonlinear interactions between Lamb waves and microcracks.The simulation research focuses on the influence of microcrack orientat...In this paper,three-dimensional finite-element modeling is conducted to investigate the nonlinear interactions between Lamb waves and microcracks.The simulation research focuses on the influence of microcrack orientation on the propagation direction of generated sum-frequency Lamb waves.The simulation results show that the resonant conditions based on classical nonlinear theory are valid for such interactions,leading to the generation of transmitted and reflected sum-frequency SO waves(SFSWs).Moreover,the propagation directions of these two SFSWs exhibit different trends with respect to the orientations of microcracks.The transmitted SFSW can be used to detect microcracks,whereas the reflected one can be used to measure their orientations.展开更多
The modified equivalent inclusion theory by the authors and the internal variable theory are employed to investigate the evolution of the microcracks in whisker toughening ceramics and the influence of the microcracks...The modified equivalent inclusion theory by the authors and the internal variable theory are employed to investigate the evolution of the microcracks in whisker toughening ceramics and the influence of the microcracks on the mechanical properties of the material. The effect of residual thermostrain, whisker content and aspect ratio is considered. The modulus, initial nonlinear load, strength and nonlinear constitutive relation are calculated and some important conclusions are given.展开更多
A numerical model was proposed to describe the modulus variation of mortar exposed to external sulfate attack and the effectivity was verified by experiments. The model joints statistical evolution of microcracks to e...A numerical model was proposed to describe the modulus variation of mortar exposed to external sulfate attack and the effectivity was verified by experiments. The model joints statistical evolution of microcracks to effective elastic modulus with microcracks and is applied to predict the damage degree of mortar attacked by sulfate. The experimental results show that the model can predict the modulus variation development of the specimen and the microcraks density. The elastic modulus values calculated by the model are consistent with that measured by experiments. The model focuses on nucleation of microcracks and finds that the theoretical results of microcracks number density show a linear growth over time in mortar. Compared with other sulfate attack damage model, this model provides a more suitable damage evolution equation that can be used to analyze the chemically assisted damage.展开更多
In this paper, with the aid of superimposing technique and the Pseudo Traction Method (PTM), the interaction problem between an interface macrocrack and parallel microcracks in the process zone in bimaterial anisotrop...In this paper, with the aid of superimposing technique and the Pseudo Traction Method (PTM), the interaction problem between an interface macrocrack and parallel microcracks in the process zone in bimaterial anisotropic solids is reduced to a system of integral equations. After the integral equations are solved numerically, a conservation law among three kinds ofJ-integrals is obtained which are induced from the interface macrocrack tip, the microcrack and the remote field, respectively. This conservation law reveals that the microcrack shielding effect in such materials could be considered as the redistribution of the remoteJ-integral.展开更多
Yingjiang granite, Hudiequan plagioclase-granite and Longling granite specimens were true-triaxially compressed (σ1>σ2>σ3) till they ruptured. The 8-channel, high-speed microcrack data sampling and analyzing ...Yingjiang granite, Hudiequan plagioclase-granite and Longling granite specimens were true-triaxially compressed (σ1>σ2>σ3) till they ruptured. The 8-channel, high-speed microcrack data sampling and analyzing system were used to preliminarily analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the microcracks during the rupture-brewing process. Result of our study showed the following: In the primary episode(peak value) of the acoustic emission (AE), many microcracks were developed. In the second episode (relatively stable and of lower value), fewer microcracks were developed. The microcracks developed in the aformentioned 2 episodes all randomly distributed throughout the entire specimens. When stress kept increasing and reached the third episode (the 2nd peak value), the number of microcracks increased again and gradually gaps were formed. The stripe-shaped distribution was only observed in the short period immediately before the main rupturing.展开更多
Inthis paper, theinvestigation of applying internalfriction ( ultrasonic attenuation) andmodulus defect(ultrasonic velocity change) tostudy the variation of dislocation density andlooplength withcycle numberintheearly...Inthis paper, theinvestigation of applying internalfriction ( ultrasonic attenuation) andmodulus defect(ultrasonic velocity change) tostudy the variation of dislocation density andlooplength withcycle numberintheearly fativipageisreviewed. On this basis,thecon ceptof characterization of fatigue microcrackformation and propagation assessed bythe mea surementofinternalfriction and dynamicalelastic modulusissuggested. Theanalyticalex pressionoftheinternalfriction and modulus defect associated with microcracksiscalculated underthe assumptionthatthe mechanicalenergy dissipation iscaused by the mutualfriction betweentheoppositefacesofthe microcrack.展开更多
When a gun fires the diffusion of chemical species from the propellant gas, such as CO, CO2, H2, H2O and N2, into the hot surface through the microcracks forms reaction products and speeds up the erosion process.There...When a gun fires the diffusion of chemical species from the propellant gas, such as CO, CO2, H2, H2O and N2, into the hot surface through the microcracks forms reaction products and speeds up the erosion process.Therefore, crack repairing and healing can be a possible measure for protecting against erosion of gun bore. The present study develops a novel nanocomposite with the size of 30 - 150 nm to repair and heal the microcracks so that the propellant gas can be prevented from reacting with the steel. Sample of gun steel 40CrNiMoV plate (10 mm× 10 mm × 2 mm) is prepared and a fishtail crack is generated through a repeated plastic deformation process. The crackrepairing results show that the fishtail crack become shorter and narrower. A new phase is formed, which is found to have the elements, such as Ca, La, from the raw materials of nanocomposite by energy spectrum analysis.展开更多
Nickel-rich cathodes(NRCs)hold great promise for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to high specific energy and low cost.However,the higher Ni content exacerbates the instability issues associa...Nickel-rich cathodes(NRCs)hold great promise for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to high specific energy and low cost.However,the higher Ni content exacerbates the instability issues associated with structural degradation and side reactions during electrochemical cycling.Herein,we demonstrate the possibility of preparing NRCs,typically Li Ni_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM9055),with much-improved mechanical and chemical stability based on the surface coating of the hydroxide precursors.Specifically,a conformal nanoshell containing both Al^(3+)and W^(6+)was first deposited around the precursor particles,and the following high-temperature lithiation produced the targeted NCM9055 with favorable structural features,where Al3+existed as a bulk dopant to enhance the structural stability while the high-valent W^(6+)promoted the microstructural evolution into radially-architectured elongated primary particles.Such a structural engineering benefiting from the Al^(3+)/W^(6+)co-modification endowed the prepared NCM9055 cathode(NCM9055-Al W)with much-improved cycling stability,as revealed by a high-capacity retention of 98.0%after 100 cycles(tested at 0.5 C,4.3 V)as compared to only 79.0%for the pristine cathode without Al^(3+)/W^(6+).The NCM9055-15Al W cathode also showed a high-rate capability with extraordinary structural stability against mechanical failure.Our study highlighted the enormous potential of precursor multi-element treatment as an effective tool in structural refinement of NRCs to circumvent their stability challenge for their applications in high-energy LIBs.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK20141407)a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘The effect of interconnect linewidth on the evolution of intragranular microcracks due to surface diffusion induced by electromigration is analyzed by finite element method.The numerical results indicate that there exists critical values of the linewidth hc,the electric fieldχc and the aspect ratioβc.When h>hc,χ<χc orβ<βc,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line.When h≤hc,χ≥χc orβ≥βc,the microcrack will split into two smaller microcracks.The critical electric field,the critical aspect ratio and the splitting time have a stronger dependence on the linewidth when h≤6.In addition,the decrease of the linewidth,the increase of the electric field or the aspect ratio is beneficial to accelerate microcrack splitting,which may delay the open failure of the interconnect line.
文摘The microfractures and natural fractures studies have a great significance in the hydrocarbon accumulation exploration and can be a good supporter for wide geophysical study on the major structures. This paper is a brief review on microcracks and overpressure-induced fracture. It is to discuss different views on the mechanism of fractures in the subsurface of the earth.
基金This study was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 41174042）.
文摘We identify two interrelated but independent species of microcracks with different origins and different distributions. One species is the classic high-stress microcracks identified in laboratory stress-cells associated with acoustic emissions as microcracks open with increasing stress. The other species is the low-stress distributions of closely-spaced stress-aligned fluid-saturated microcracks that observations of shear-wave splitting(SWS) demonstrate pervade almost all in situ rocks in the upper crust, the lower crust, and the uppermost 400 km of the mantle. On some occasions these two sets of microcracks may be interrelated and similar(hence ‘species') but they typically have fundamentally-different properties, different distributions, and different implications. The importance for hydrocarbon exploration and recovery is that SWS in hydrocarbon reservoirs monitors crack alignments and preferred directions of fluid-flow. The importance for earthquake seismology is that SWS above small earthquakes monitors the effects of increasing stress on the pervasive low-stress microcrack distributions so that stress-accumulation before, possibly distant, earthquakes can be recognised and impending earthquakes stress-forecast.
文摘he evolution and nucleation of microcracks in typical tectonics are investigated in the experiment of fracture of marble specimen. The change of state during nucleation of microcracks is observed. The controlling effect of tectonics on evolution of microcracks is analyzed by using thc damage mechanics theory. These characteristics can be analogized to kilometer meters as the first effect of earthquake precursors. These studies may be helpful to interpret-the foreshock or general foreshock in the moderate or short stage before strong earthquakes. The other physical precursors are second or third effect. The local density of microcracks increasing abruptly may be helpful to interpret the phenomenon that part precursor records appear catastrophic jump. The part out of nucleation where some microcracks heal and the density change reversibly may be helpful to interpret the phenomenon that some precursors records appear reverse change. The area difference of microcracks accumulation and evolution in different part of typital tectonics is studied. This difference may be helpful to interpret the characteristics (including the area) of earthquake preparation of diffcrent tectonics, and further to interpret the difference of the precursors beween plate edge and intraplate. These differences may be introduced by the scholars with different points of view as to discuss about the existence of precursors before earthquakes. However, when the precursor records are studied, one must notice the geology background in different areas.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No.BK20141407)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Based on the weak formulation for combined surface diffusion and evaporation-condensation,a governing equation of the finite element is derived for simulating the evolution of intergranular microcracks in copper interconnects induced simultaneously by stressmigration,electromigration and thermomigration.Unlike previously published works,the effect of thermomigration is considered.The results show that thermomigration can contribute to the microcrack splitting and accelerate the drifting process along the direction of the electric field.The evolution of the intergranular microcracks depends on the mechanical stress field,the temperature gradient field,the electric field,the initial aspect ratio and the linewidth.And there exists a critical electric fieldχ_c,a critical stress field■,a critical aspect ratioβ_c and a critical linewidth■.When■or■,the intergranular microcrack will split into two or three small intergranular microcracks.Otherwise,the microcrack will evolve into a stable shape as it migrates along the interconnect line.The critical stress field,the critical electric field and the critical aspect ratio decrease with a decrease in the linewidth,and the critical linewidth increases with an increase in the electric field and the aspect ratio.The increase of the stress field,the electric field or the aspect ratio and the decrease of the linewidth are not only beneficial for the intergranular microcrack to split but also accelerate the microcrack splitting process.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51875277,52175141,and 51921003)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20200414 and BK20220133)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021TQ0152 and 2022M711616)the Foundation Strengthening Plan Technology Fund (2019-JCJQ-JJ-337)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent (2022ZB159)a project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
文摘This paper presents a 3D homogenized model able to simulate the nonlinear effects generated by the interaction of ultrasonic waves with microcracks.A hexahedral element with one horizontal elliptical crack is constructed as a reference model.The reference model is smeared to be orthotropic but with different moduli in tension and compression to account for stiffness asymmetry due to crack opening and closure.Different from the existing homogenized models that usually simplify the representative volume element as a homogeneous part and require only one constitutive model for the equivalent material of the whole structure,we assign the constitutive relationship of the same reference model to all the finite elements but with random principal material orientations to take randomly oriented microcracks into consideration.In this way,the randomness of distributed microcracks can be considered in the framework of continuum mechanics.In this manner,the experimentally observed nonlinear effects,such as the generation of both even and odd harmonics,can be reproduced.The developed model has been verified for a 3D bar and a 3D plate.Particularly,the influence of crack density on the amplitude of higher harmonics is analyzed.
基金funded by Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Strip Casting and Rolling(No.11DZ2282300)
文摘In this study,morphological and microstructural analyses were conducted on net-shaped microcracks appearing on the surface of low-carbon steel manufactured via twin-roll strip casting. The fractograph and microscale distribution of elements in the cracked region were also analyzed. Results revealed that the cracked surfaces were characterized by slight pits,along with inclusions composed of manganese and silicon oxide distributed along both the sides of the cracks. Fractograph analysis revealed that the crack and smooth dendrite surfaces were oxidized. These phenomena indicate that microcracks on the cast strip surface form at the hightemperature stage of the solidification process during twin-roll casting and rolling. Microcracks were present in each region with pits in the cast strip and extended along the dendrite interface because of the combined effects of phasechange stress,thermal stress,mechanical stress,and fractional crystallization during the solidification process.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFF0203002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11572010,11572011).
文摘In this paper,three-dimensional finite-element modeling is conducted to investigate the nonlinear interactions between Lamb waves and microcracks.The simulation research focuses on the influence of microcrack orientation on the propagation direction of generated sum-frequency Lamb waves.The simulation results show that the resonant conditions based on classical nonlinear theory are valid for such interactions,leading to the generation of transmitted and reflected sum-frequency SO waves(SFSWs).Moreover,the propagation directions of these two SFSWs exhibit different trends with respect to the orientations of microcracks.The transmitted SFSW can be used to detect microcracks,whereas the reflected one can be used to measure their orientations.
文摘The modified equivalent inclusion theory by the authors and the internal variable theory are employed to investigate the evolution of the microcracks in whisker toughening ceramics and the influence of the microcracks on the mechanical properties of the material. The effect of residual thermostrain, whisker content and aspect ratio is considered. The modulus, initial nonlinear load, strength and nonlinear constitutive relation are calculated and some important conclusions are given.
基金Funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB0309904)the 973 Program of China(No.2015CB655100)
文摘A numerical model was proposed to describe the modulus variation of mortar exposed to external sulfate attack and the effectivity was verified by experiments. The model joints statistical evolution of microcracks to effective elastic modulus with microcracks and is applied to predict the damage degree of mortar attacked by sulfate. The experimental results show that the model can predict the modulus variation development of the specimen and the microcraks density. The elastic modulus values calculated by the model are consistent with that measured by experiments. The model focuses on nucleation of microcracks and finds that the theoretical results of microcracks number density show a linear growth over time in mortar. Compared with other sulfate attack damage model, this model provides a more suitable damage evolution equation that can be used to analyze the chemically assisted damage.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Doctorate Foundation of Xi'an Jiaotong University
文摘In this paper, with the aid of superimposing technique and the Pseudo Traction Method (PTM), the interaction problem between an interface macrocrack and parallel microcracks in the process zone in bimaterial anisotropic solids is reduced to a system of integral equations. After the integral equations are solved numerically, a conservation law among three kinds ofJ-integrals is obtained which are induced from the interface macrocrack tip, the microcrack and the remote field, respectively. This conservation law reveals that the microcrack shielding effect in such materials could be considered as the redistribution of the remoteJ-integral.
文摘Yingjiang granite, Hudiequan plagioclase-granite and Longling granite specimens were true-triaxially compressed (σ1>σ2>σ3) till they ruptured. The 8-channel, high-speed microcrack data sampling and analyzing system were used to preliminarily analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of the microcracks during the rupture-brewing process. Result of our study showed the following: In the primary episode(peak value) of the acoustic emission (AE), many microcracks were developed. In the second episode (relatively stable and of lower value), fewer microcracks were developed. The microcracks developed in the aformentioned 2 episodes all randomly distributed throughout the entire specimens. When stress kept increasing and reached the third episode (the 2nd peak value), the number of microcracks increased again and gradually gaps were formed. The stripe-shaped distribution was only observed in the short period immediately before the main rupturing.
文摘Inthis paper, theinvestigation of applying internalfriction ( ultrasonic attenuation) andmodulus defect(ultrasonic velocity change) tostudy the variation of dislocation density andlooplength withcycle numberintheearly fativipageisreviewed. On this basis,thecon ceptof characterization of fatigue microcrackformation and propagation assessed bythe mea surementofinternalfriction and dynamicalelastic modulusissuggested. Theanalyticalex pressionoftheinternalfriction and modulus defect associated with microcracksiscalculated underthe assumptionthatthe mechanicalenergy dissipation iscaused by the mutualfriction betweentheoppositefacesofthe microcrack.
文摘When a gun fires the diffusion of chemical species from the propellant gas, such as CO, CO2, H2, H2O and N2, into the hot surface through the microcracks forms reaction products and speeds up the erosion process.Therefore, crack repairing and healing can be a possible measure for protecting against erosion of gun bore. The present study develops a novel nanocomposite with the size of 30 - 150 nm to repair and heal the microcracks so that the propellant gas can be prevented from reacting with the steel. Sample of gun steel 40CrNiMoV plate (10 mm× 10 mm × 2 mm) is prepared and a fishtail crack is generated through a repeated plastic deformation process. The crackrepairing results show that the fishtail crack become shorter and narrower. A new phase is formed, which is found to have the elements, such as Ca, La, from the raw materials of nanocomposite by energy spectrum analysis.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB2404402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22025507,22421001,and 22409200)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of SciencesGrant No.XDB 1040200。
文摘Nickel-rich cathodes(NRCs)hold great promise for next-generation high-energy lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to high specific energy and low cost.However,the higher Ni content exacerbates the instability issues associated with structural degradation and side reactions during electrochemical cycling.Herein,we demonstrate the possibility of preparing NRCs,typically Li Ni_(0.9)Co_(0.05)Mn_(0.05)O_(2)(NCM9055),with much-improved mechanical and chemical stability based on the surface coating of the hydroxide precursors.Specifically,a conformal nanoshell containing both Al^(3+)and W^(6+)was first deposited around the precursor particles,and the following high-temperature lithiation produced the targeted NCM9055 with favorable structural features,where Al3+existed as a bulk dopant to enhance the structural stability while the high-valent W^(6+)promoted the microstructural evolution into radially-architectured elongated primary particles.Such a structural engineering benefiting from the Al^(3+)/W^(6+)co-modification endowed the prepared NCM9055 cathode(NCM9055-Al W)with much-improved cycling stability,as revealed by a high-capacity retention of 98.0%after 100 cycles(tested at 0.5 C,4.3 V)as compared to only 79.0%for the pristine cathode without Al^(3+)/W^(6+).The NCM9055-15Al W cathode also showed a high-rate capability with extraordinary structural stability against mechanical failure.Our study highlighted the enormous potential of precursor multi-element treatment as an effective tool in structural refinement of NRCs to circumvent their stability challenge for their applications in high-energy LIBs.
