The temperature and humidity of the microclimatic zone of summer fabrics in the course of sweating — evaporating — drying were measured with an apparatus specially made for the purpose. It is pointed out that temper...The temperature and humidity of the microclimatic zone of summer fabrics in the course of sweating — evaporating — drying were measured with an apparatus specially made for the purpose. It is pointed out that temperature and humidity changes in quantitative perspiration evaporation process in the microclimatic zone can express the dynamic heat-moisture comfortability. Characteristic values include temperature decline speed, temperature rising speed, humidity rising speed, humidity balance value, and humidity decline speed. Fabrics with good air permeability are beneficial to improving comfortability of summer fabrics, while temperature rising speed and humidity decline speed in the microclimatic zone of thick and heavy fabrics with good hygroscopicity are relatively slow. Through comparing fabrics dynamic heat-moisture curves obtained respectively with Microclimatic Method and Heat Loss Method, the two methods are identical essentially.展开更多
One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel...One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel). Locality Smilica, Kavadarci, Republic of North Macedonia, was the place where experimental fields with white varieties Smedervka and Zilavka were continuously observed. Working hypothesis was to follow development of the disease after increasing glucose over 11% until the time of the grape harvest, and microclimate was monitored at the same time. In both white varieties Smederevka and Zilavka on the control variants weren’t used botricide treatments to distinguish between the variants that were conventionally treated against <em>B. cinerea</em>. The aim of the research was to determine how microclimatic conditions affect the development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently to create forecasting model for gray mold. The forecasting model for <em>B. cinerea</em> is based on relationship between temperature and humidity in the vines’ canopies. The aim of the research is to prevent development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently reduce the number of chemical treatments.展开更多
Community walking space is the most used space in residents’daily life,such as commuting and walking,and is also the most basic type of space for outdoor activities.The microclimatic environment of walking space not ...Community walking space is the most used space in residents’daily life,such as commuting and walking,and is also the most basic type of space for outdoor activities.The microclimatic environment of walking space not only affects the health status of residents,but also determines the service effi ciency of outdoor public space.Based on actual measurement and simulation of microclimatic environment,the status quo of walkability of microclimatic environments in six typical communities is evaluated by quantitative methods,and general problems and optimization suggestions are put forward,in order to provide new ideas for future community environment transformation.展开更多
Although the importance of forest margins in ecology is recognized, no study has been carried out in the Slătioara Secular Forest Reserve with reference to the variability of abiotic parameters along forest margins. W...Although the importance of forest margins in ecology is recognized, no study has been carried out in the Slătioara Secular Forest Reserve with reference to the variability of abiotic parameters along forest margins. With this study, we investigate to what extent microclimatic variables (air temperature—T_air, air humidity—H_air, soil temperature—T_soil, soil humidity—H_soil wind intensity (WIND) and photosynthetically active radiation intensity (PAR)) are correlated with the distance from the edge to the forest interior and the habitat type (forest interior, inner and outer edge and meadow) in the Slătioara Secular Forest Reserve. In order to measure these microenvironment variables we used the strip transect method, positioned perpendicular to the forest edge. Differences in the microenvironment variables considered in the analysis between the four habitat types were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-test post-hoc. To assess differences along transects, each of the six measurements went through a one-way ANOVA against distance to edge, followed by a Levene’s test for variances and finally a Tukey-test post-hoc. The results indicate that the values of microclimatic variables were significantly different in relation to the gradient of distance from the edge and to the habitat type (interior-exterior forest) and that edge habitats are significantly more susceptible to lower humidity, high winds, lower light and higher air temperatures than forest interior habitats. The ecological study of the edge areas in this reserve provides the basis for future research on forest dynamics and can guide conservation efforts to maintain the diversity and endemism of species in the Slătioara Secular Forest.展开更多
This paper focuses on climate comfort degree evaluated from relationships between spatial characteristics and behaviors of a winter city.It is demonstrated that the influences of climatic factors on human comfort are ...This paper focuses on climate comfort degree evaluated from relationships between spatial characteristics and behaviors of a winter city.It is demonstrated that the influences of climatic factors on human comfort are remarkably different for different spatial characteristics and functions of the sites.An evaluation method of climatic comfort is propsed,in which attaining comfort is an adaptation process,and the dynamic changes in the process are according to the user’s subjective tendency to the variations of the spatial characteristics and functions of the space.The evaluation criteria are based on both physical and psychological hierarchy needs of a person,which include the spatial form for microclimatic conditions as well as the spatial social-economic characteristics of a site.To improve the local environment of a winter city by planning measurements,the Harbin Central Pedestrian Street is taken as an example in the application of the evaluation method,and different planning optimizing strategies are proposed accordingly.The results show that the pattern of climate comfort is characterized by reflecting the socialeconomic value and individual behavior characteristics.展开更多
The aim of this paper is to collect information about dairy cow＇s behaviour connected to different environmental conditions. During summer 2009 and winter 2010 experimental trials were arranged to verify the behaviou...The aim of this paper is to collect information about dairy cow＇s behaviour connected to different environmental conditions. During summer 2009 and winter 2010 experimental trials were arranged to verify the behaviour of dairy cows in a farm located in Po Plain （Italy）. The barn was provided with an air-water cooling system, based on the use of fans and sprinklers placed only in the feeding alley. Two different trials were carried out. The first experiment was targeted on verifying the use of the cubicles by the cows in relation to the availability of the cooling system only in feeding area. The second trial aimed at testing the effectiveness of zone cooling systems placed in the front of cubicles. For this purpose three cubicles in the barn were provided with cooling systems, based on the input of high velocity conditioned air streams. The results clearly remark that the behaviour of the animals is greatly influenced by the environmental conditions. With high temperatures the use of the cubicles is deeply reduced and the animals prefer to stay in feeding area, thus benefiting from the cooling effect of water sprinkled by the showers and of the air streams created by the fans. With air temperatures increasing from 21℃ to 33 ℃ the cows reduce the staying in the cubicles, which gets down from 540 to 32% （r2 = 0.2608）. As regards the efficacy of zone cooling system in the cubicles, the results are not particularly encouraging. The cows continue to use the cubicles without changing the behaviour in relation to the presence of conditioned air flow.展开更多
In the framework of the Santiago of Compostela Cathedral program, a multidisciplinary investigation of the porch of the glory was carried out between 2009 and 2011 to identify the main environmental risks and to devel...In the framework of the Santiago of Compostela Cathedral program, a multidisciplinary investigation of the porch of the glory was carried out between 2009 and 2011 to identify the main environmental risks and to develop a preventive conservation planto be integrated in the general management strategy of the Cathedral. The study included historic and archivist research, structural studies, mineralogical analyses, biological sampling, cleaning tests and microclimatic monitoring. The main weathering factors and the related damage processes were identified. Results have shown that the main responsible for the observed damage was the infiltration of rainwater through the roof, due to cracks in the structure of the Cathedral. Other environmental factors having a remarkable impact on the state of conservation of the polychrome and its substrate were the solar radiation, the thermo-hygrometric cycles, the particle deposition and the biological growth. Solutions were suggested to improve the environmental conditions, thus reducing further damage.展开更多
Crop coverage(CC)is an important parameter to represent crop growth characteristics,and the ahead forecasting of CC is helpful to track crop growth trends and guide agricultural management decisions.In this study,a no...Crop coverage(CC)is an important parameter to represent crop growth characteristics,and the ahead forecasting of CC is helpful to track crop growth trends and guide agricultural management decisions.In this study,a novel CNN-LSTM model that combined the advantages of convolutional neural network(CNN)in feature extraction and long short-term memory(LSTM)in time series processing was proposed for multi-day ahead forecasting of maize CC.Considering the influence of climate change on maize growth,five microclimatic factors were combined with historical maize CC estimated from field images as the input variables of the forecasting model.The field experimental data of four observation points for more than three years were used to evaluate the performance of CNN-LSTM at the forecasting horizon of three to seven days ahead and compared the forecasting results to CNN and LSTM.The results demonstrated that CNN-LSTM obtained the lowest RMSE and the highest R2 at all forecasting horizons.Subsequently,the performance of CNN-LSTM under univariate(historical maize CC)and multivariate(historical maize CC+microclimatic factors)input was compared,and the results indicated that additional microclimatic factors were effective in improving the forecasting performance.Furthermore,the 3-day ahead forecasting results of CNN-LSTM in different growth stages of maize were also analyzed,and the results showed that the highest forecasting accuracy was obtained in the seven leaves stage.Therefore,CNN-LSTM can be considered a useful tool to forecast maize CC.展开更多
文摘The temperature and humidity of the microclimatic zone of summer fabrics in the course of sweating — evaporating — drying were measured with an apparatus specially made for the purpose. It is pointed out that temperature and humidity changes in quantitative perspiration evaporation process in the microclimatic zone can express the dynamic heat-moisture comfortability. Characteristic values include temperature decline speed, temperature rising speed, humidity rising speed, humidity balance value, and humidity decline speed. Fabrics with good air permeability are beneficial to improving comfortability of summer fabrics, while temperature rising speed and humidity decline speed in the microclimatic zone of thick and heavy fabrics with good hygroscopicity are relatively slow. Through comparing fabrics dynamic heat-moisture curves obtained respectively with Microclimatic Method and Heat Loss Method, the two methods are identical essentially.
文摘One of the most important plant diseases in viticulture is gray mold caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em> Pers. Fr., the anamorph of an ascomycete fungus (<em>Botryotinia fuckeliana</em> Whetzel). Locality Smilica, Kavadarci, Republic of North Macedonia, was the place where experimental fields with white varieties Smedervka and Zilavka were continuously observed. Working hypothesis was to follow development of the disease after increasing glucose over 11% until the time of the grape harvest, and microclimate was monitored at the same time. In both white varieties Smederevka and Zilavka on the control variants weren’t used botricide treatments to distinguish between the variants that were conventionally treated against <em>B. cinerea</em>. The aim of the research was to determine how microclimatic conditions affect the development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently to create forecasting model for gray mold. The forecasting model for <em>B. cinerea</em> is based on relationship between temperature and humidity in the vines’ canopies. The aim of the research is to prevent development of <em>B. cinerea</em> and consequently reduce the number of chemical treatments.
基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8202017)2018 Beijing Municipal University Academic Human Resources Development—Youth Talent Support Program(PXM2018212-000043)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31570699).
文摘Community walking space is the most used space in residents’daily life,such as commuting and walking,and is also the most basic type of space for outdoor activities.The microclimatic environment of walking space not only affects the health status of residents,but also determines the service effi ciency of outdoor public space.Based on actual measurement and simulation of microclimatic environment,the status quo of walkability of microclimatic environments in six typical communities is evaluated by quantitative methods,and general problems and optimization suggestions are put forward,in order to provide new ideas for future community environment transformation.
文摘Although the importance of forest margins in ecology is recognized, no study has been carried out in the Slătioara Secular Forest Reserve with reference to the variability of abiotic parameters along forest margins. With this study, we investigate to what extent microclimatic variables (air temperature—T_air, air humidity—H_air, soil temperature—T_soil, soil humidity—H_soil wind intensity (WIND) and photosynthetically active radiation intensity (PAR)) are correlated with the distance from the edge to the forest interior and the habitat type (forest interior, inner and outer edge and meadow) in the Slătioara Secular Forest Reserve. In order to measure these microenvironment variables we used the strip transect method, positioned perpendicular to the forest edge. Differences in the microenvironment variables considered in the analysis between the four habitat types were assessed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-test post-hoc. To assess differences along transects, each of the six measurements went through a one-way ANOVA against distance to edge, followed by a Levene’s test for variances and finally a Tukey-test post-hoc. The results indicate that the values of microclimatic variables were significantly different in relation to the gradient of distance from the edge and to the habitat type (interior-exterior forest) and that edge habitats are significantly more susceptible to lower humidity, high winds, lower light and higher air temperatures than forest interior habitats. The ecological study of the edge areas in this reserve provides the basis for future research on forest dynamics and can guide conservation efforts to maintain the diversity and endemism of species in the Slătioara Secular Forest.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51278140)the New-Century Training Program Foundation for Talents from the Ministry of Education of China(Grant No.NCET-11-0803)
文摘This paper focuses on climate comfort degree evaluated from relationships between spatial characteristics and behaviors of a winter city.It is demonstrated that the influences of climatic factors on human comfort are remarkably different for different spatial characteristics and functions of the sites.An evaluation method of climatic comfort is propsed,in which attaining comfort is an adaptation process,and the dynamic changes in the process are according to the user’s subjective tendency to the variations of the spatial characteristics and functions of the space.The evaluation criteria are based on both physical and psychological hierarchy needs of a person,which include the spatial form for microclimatic conditions as well as the spatial social-economic characteristics of a site.To improve the local environment of a winter city by planning measurements,the Harbin Central Pedestrian Street is taken as an example in the application of the evaluation method,and different planning optimizing strategies are proposed accordingly.The results show that the pattern of climate comfort is characterized by reflecting the socialeconomic value and individual behavior characteristics.
文摘The aim of this paper is to collect information about dairy cow＇s behaviour connected to different environmental conditions. During summer 2009 and winter 2010 experimental trials were arranged to verify the behaviour of dairy cows in a farm located in Po Plain （Italy）. The barn was provided with an air-water cooling system, based on the use of fans and sprinklers placed only in the feeding alley. Two different trials were carried out. The first experiment was targeted on verifying the use of the cubicles by the cows in relation to the availability of the cooling system only in feeding area. The second trial aimed at testing the effectiveness of zone cooling systems placed in the front of cubicles. For this purpose three cubicles in the barn were provided with cooling systems, based on the input of high velocity conditioned air streams. The results clearly remark that the behaviour of the animals is greatly influenced by the environmental conditions. With high temperatures the use of the cubicles is deeply reduced and the animals prefer to stay in feeding area, thus benefiting from the cooling effect of water sprinkled by the showers and of the air streams created by the fans. With air temperatures increasing from 21℃ to 33 ℃ the cows reduce the staying in the cubicles, which gets down from 540 to 32% （r2 = 0.2608）. As regards the efficacy of zone cooling system in the cubicles, the results are not particularly encouraging. The cows continue to use the cubicles without changing the behaviour in relation to the presence of conditioned air flow.
文摘In the framework of the Santiago of Compostela Cathedral program, a multidisciplinary investigation of the porch of the glory was carried out between 2009 and 2011 to identify the main environmental risks and to develop a preventive conservation planto be integrated in the general management strategy of the Cathedral. The study included historic and archivist research, structural studies, mineralogical analyses, biological sampling, cleaning tests and microclimatic monitoring. The main weathering factors and the related damage processes were identified. Results have shown that the main responsible for the observed damage was the infiltration of rainwater through the roof, due to cracks in the structure of the Cathedral. Other environmental factors having a remarkable impact on the state of conservation of the polychrome and its substrate were the solar radiation, the thermo-hygrometric cycles, the particle deposition and the biological growth. Solutions were suggested to improve the environmental conditions, thus reducing further damage.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61772240No.51961125102)the 111 Project(B12018).
文摘Crop coverage(CC)is an important parameter to represent crop growth characteristics,and the ahead forecasting of CC is helpful to track crop growth trends and guide agricultural management decisions.In this study,a novel CNN-LSTM model that combined the advantages of convolutional neural network(CNN)in feature extraction and long short-term memory(LSTM)in time series processing was proposed for multi-day ahead forecasting of maize CC.Considering the influence of climate change on maize growth,five microclimatic factors were combined with historical maize CC estimated from field images as the input variables of the forecasting model.The field experimental data of four observation points for more than three years were used to evaluate the performance of CNN-LSTM at the forecasting horizon of three to seven days ahead and compared the forecasting results to CNN and LSTM.The results demonstrated that CNN-LSTM obtained the lowest RMSE and the highest R2 at all forecasting horizons.Subsequently,the performance of CNN-LSTM under univariate(historical maize CC)and multivariate(historical maize CC+microclimatic factors)input was compared,and the results indicated that additional microclimatic factors were effective in improving the forecasting performance.Furthermore,the 3-day ahead forecasting results of CNN-LSTM in different growth stages of maize were also analyzed,and the results showed that the highest forecasting accuracy was obtained in the seven leaves stage.Therefore,CNN-LSTM can be considered a useful tool to forecast maize CC.
