Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physi...Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physiology and metabolism of the host animal. A range of microbial structural components and metabolites directly interact with host intestinal cells and tissues to influence nutrient uptake and epithelial health. Endocrine, neuronal and lymphoid cells in the gut also integrate signals from these microbial factors to influence systemic responses. Dysregulation of these host-microbe interactions is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction. This is a two-way process and understanding the factors that tip host-microbiome homeostasis over to dysbiosis requires greater appreciation of the host feedbacks that contribute to regulation of microbial community composition. To date, numerous studies have employed taxonomic profiling approaches to explore the links between microbial composition and host outcomes(especially obesity and its comorbidities), but inconsistent host-microbe associations have been reported. Available data indicates multiple factors have contributed to discrepancies between studies. These include the high level of functional redundancy in host-microbiome interactions combined with individual variation in microbiome composition; differences in study design, diet composition and host system between studies; and inherent limitations to the resolution of r RNA-based community profiling. Accounting for these factors allows for recognition of the common microbial and host factors driving community composition and development of dysbiosis on high fat diets. New therapeutic intervention options are now emerging.展开更多
The flagellin-sensing mechanism is one of the most extensively studied topics in plant defense systems.This widespread interest arises from the ability of flagellin to trigger robust and extensive responses,establishi...The flagellin-sensing mechanism is one of the most extensively studied topics in plant defense systems.This widespread interest arises from the ability of flagellin to trigger robust and extensive responses,establishing it as a cornerstone for research into other defense mechanisms.Plants recognize bacterial flagellin epitopes through plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors,initiating pattern-triggered immunity as the frontline defense against bacterial pathogens.In this review,we comprehensively summarize flagellin-sensing mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in plants.We compare the flagellin-sensing mechanisms of plants and mammals,focusing on epitope processing and recognition.We present detailed downstream signaling events,from receptor complex formation to transcriptional reprogramming.Furthermore,we highlight the evolutionary arms race between plants and bacteria and incorporate emerging insights into how flagellin-triggered responses are modulated by receptor networking,phytocytokines,and environmental factors.These findings suggest that flagellin-mediated immune responses are highly dynamic and context dependent.By synthesizing current knowledge and recent discoveries,this review provides updated perspectives on plant–microbe interactions and aims to inspire future research in plant immunity.展开更多
Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethyleneinducing xylanase(E...Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethyleneinducing xylanase(EIX)-like protein, VdEIX3, from V. dahliae, which exhibits immunity-inducing activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vitro-purified VdEIX3 can induce strong oxidative burst, activate the expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance against oomycete and fungal pathogens in N. benthamiana. VdEIX3 orthologs of other Verticillium pathogens also induce cell death in N. benthamiana, which form a new type of EIX protein family that is distinct from the known EIX proteins. A leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, NbEIX2, regulates the perception of VdEIX3 in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that VdEIX3 is a novel EIX-like protein that can be recognized by N. benthamiana NbEIX2, and also suggest that NbEIX2 is a promising receptor-like protein that is potentially applicable to transgenic breeding for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt diseases.展开更多
Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in plant defense against phytopathogens downstream of immune receptor complexes. The amplitude and duration of MAPK activation must be strictly contro...Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in plant defense against phytopathogens downstream of immune receptor complexes. The amplitude and duration of MAPK activation must be strictly controlled, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified Arabidopsis CPL1(C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 1)as a negative regulator of microbe-associated molecular pattern(MAMP)-triggered immunity via a forward-genetic screen. Disruption of CPL1 significantly enhanced plant resistance to Pseudomonas pathogens induced by the bacterial peptide fg22. Furthermore, fg22-induced MPK3/MPK4/MPK6 phosphorylation was dramatically elevated in cpl1 mutants but severely impaired in CPL1 overexpression lines, suggesting that CPL1 might interfere with fg22-induced MAPK activation. Indeed, CPL1 directly interacted with MPK3 and MPK6, as well as the upstream MKK4 and MKK5. A firefy luciferase-based complementation assay indicated that the interaction between MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6 was significantly reduced in the presence of CPL1. These results suggest that CPL1 plays a novel regulatory role in suppressing MAMP-induced MAPK cascade activation and MAMP-triggered immunity to bacterial pathogens.展开更多
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)are well known to act in plant growth,development,and defense responses.Plant LRR-RLKs locate on cell surface to sense and initiate responsive signals to a variety of...Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)are well known to act in plant growth,development,and defense responses.Plant LRR-RLKs locate on cell surface to sense and initiate responsive signals to a variety of extracellular stimuli,such as microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs)released from microorganisms.LRR-RLKs are also present in microbes and function in microbial growth and development,but their roles in communicating with hosts are largely unknown.A recent study published in Nature Communications uncovered that a microbial LRR-RLK,PsRLK6,is required for oospore development in the sexual reproduction of Phytophthora sojae,an oomycete pathogen that causes root and stem rot in soybean.Meanwhile,PsRLK6 is recognized as a novel type of MAMP by an unknown plant LRR receptor-like protein and triggers immune responses in soybean,tomato,and Nicotiana benthamiana.The findings reveal dual roles of a pathogen LRR-RLK in determining both life through sexual reproduction and death through triggering plant immunity.展开更多
文摘Gut microbes comprise a high density, biologically active community that lies at the interface of an animal with its nutritional environment. Consequently their activity profoundly influences many aspects of the physiology and metabolism of the host animal. A range of microbial structural components and metabolites directly interact with host intestinal cells and tissues to influence nutrient uptake and epithelial health. Endocrine, neuronal and lymphoid cells in the gut also integrate signals from these microbial factors to influence systemic responses. Dysregulation of these host-microbe interactions is now recognised as a major risk factor in the development of metabolic dysfunction. This is a two-way process and understanding the factors that tip host-microbiome homeostasis over to dysbiosis requires greater appreciation of the host feedbacks that contribute to regulation of microbial community composition. To date, numerous studies have employed taxonomic profiling approaches to explore the links between microbial composition and host outcomes(especially obesity and its comorbidities), but inconsistent host-microbe associations have been reported. Available data indicates multiple factors have contributed to discrepancies between studies. These include the high level of functional redundancy in host-microbiome interactions combined with individual variation in microbiome composition; differences in study design, diet composition and host system between studies; and inherent limitations to the resolution of r RNA-based community profiling. Accounting for these factors allows for recognition of the common microbial and host factors driving community composition and development of dysbiosis on high fat diets. New therapeutic intervention options are now emerging.
基金supported by grants from the Institute for Basic Science(IBS-R021-D1-2025-a00)the National Research Foundation of Korea(RS-2024-00338015)to H.-S.L.and by the Startup Fund from Duke Kunshan University to E.Y.K.D.-H.Lsupported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF-2021R1A6A3A03039464).No conflict of interest is declared.
文摘The flagellin-sensing mechanism is one of the most extensively studied topics in plant defense systems.This widespread interest arises from the ability of flagellin to trigger robust and extensive responses,establishing it as a cornerstone for research into other defense mechanisms.Plants recognize bacterial flagellin epitopes through plasma-membrane-localized pattern-recognition receptors,initiating pattern-triggered immunity as the frontline defense against bacterial pathogens.In this review,we comprehensively summarize flagellin-sensing mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in plants.We compare the flagellin-sensing mechanisms of plants and mammals,focusing on epitope processing and recognition.We present detailed downstream signaling events,from receptor complex formation to transcriptional reprogramming.Furthermore,we highlight the evolutionary arms race between plants and bacteria and incorporate emerging insights into how flagellin-triggered responses are modulated by receptor networking,phytocytokines,and environmental factors.These findings suggest that flagellin-mediated immune responses are highly dynamic and context dependent.By synthesizing current knowledge and recent discoveries,this review provides updated perspectives on plant–microbe interactions and aims to inspire future research in plant immunity.
基金This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYLH201703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31625023)。
文摘Verticillium wilt diseases caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae result in devastating yield losses in many economically important crops annually. Here, we identified a novel ethyleneinducing xylanase(EIX)-like protein, VdEIX3, from V. dahliae, which exhibits immunity-inducing activity in Nicotiana benthamiana. In vitro-purified VdEIX3 can induce strong oxidative burst, activate the expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance against oomycete and fungal pathogens in N. benthamiana. VdEIX3 orthologs of other Verticillium pathogens also induce cell death in N. benthamiana, which form a new type of EIX protein family that is distinct from the known EIX proteins. A leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein, NbEIX2, regulates the perception of VdEIX3 in N. benthamiana. Our results demonstrate that VdEIX3 is a novel EIX-like protein that can be recognized by N. benthamiana NbEIX2, and also suggest that NbEIX2 is a promising receptor-like protein that is potentially applicable to transgenic breeding for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31671991 to FC)。
文摘Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) cascades play pivotal roles in plant defense against phytopathogens downstream of immune receptor complexes. The amplitude and duration of MAPK activation must be strictly controlled, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified Arabidopsis CPL1(C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 1)as a negative regulator of microbe-associated molecular pattern(MAMP)-triggered immunity via a forward-genetic screen. Disruption of CPL1 significantly enhanced plant resistance to Pseudomonas pathogens induced by the bacterial peptide fg22. Furthermore, fg22-induced MPK3/MPK4/MPK6 phosphorylation was dramatically elevated in cpl1 mutants but severely impaired in CPL1 overexpression lines, suggesting that CPL1 might interfere with fg22-induced MAPK activation. Indeed, CPL1 directly interacted with MPK3 and MPK6, as well as the upstream MKK4 and MKK5. A firefy luciferase-based complementation assay indicated that the interaction between MKK4/MKK5 and MPK3/MPK6 was significantly reduced in the presence of CPL1. These results suggest that CPL1 plays a novel regulatory role in suppressing MAMP-induced MAPK cascade activation and MAMP-triggered immunity to bacterial pathogens.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372490 to J.F.)the Sichuan Applied Fundamental Research Foundation(2022JDTD0023 to J.F.)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0174 to H.W.).
文摘Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases(LRR-RLKs)are well known to act in plant growth,development,and defense responses.Plant LRR-RLKs locate on cell surface to sense and initiate responsive signals to a variety of extracellular stimuli,such as microbe-associated molecular patterns(MAMPs)released from microorganisms.LRR-RLKs are also present in microbes and function in microbial growth and development,but their roles in communicating with hosts are largely unknown.A recent study published in Nature Communications uncovered that a microbial LRR-RLK,PsRLK6,is required for oospore development in the sexual reproduction of Phytophthora sojae,an oomycete pathogen that causes root and stem rot in soybean.Meanwhile,PsRLK6 is recognized as a novel type of MAMP by an unknown plant LRR receptor-like protein and triggers immune responses in soybean,tomato,and Nicotiana benthamiana.The findings reveal dual roles of a pathogen LRR-RLK in determining both life through sexual reproduction and death through triggering plant immunity.
