Changes in trace substances in human metabolites, which are related to disease processes and health status, can serve as chemical markers for disease diagnosis and symptom monitoring. Real-time online detection is an ...Changes in trace substances in human metabolites, which are related to disease processes and health status, can serve as chemical markers for disease diagnosis and symptom monitoring. Real-time online detection is an inevitable trend for the future of health monitoring, and the construction of chips for detection faces major challenges. The response of sensors often fails to meet the requirements for chipbased detection of trace substances due to the low efficiency of interfacial heterogeneous reactions, necessitating a rational design approach for micro-and nano-structures to improve sensor performance with respect to sensitivity and detection limits. This review focuses on the influence of micro-and nanostructures that used in chip on sensing. Firstly, this review categorizes sensors into chemiresistors, electrochemical sensors, fluorescence sensors, and surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) sensors based on their sensing principle, which have significant applications in disease diagnosis. Subsequently, commencing from the application requirements in the field of sensing, this review focuses on the different structures of nanoparticle(NP) assemblies, including wire, layered, core-shell, hollow, concave and deformable structures. These structures change in the size, shape, and morphology of conventional structures to achieve characteristics such as ordered alignment, high specific surface area, space limitation,vertical diffusion, and swaying behavior with fluid, thereby addressing issues such as poor signal transmission efficiency, inadequate adsorption and capture capacity, and slow mass transfer speed during sensing. Finally, the design direction of micro-and nano-structures, and possible obstacles and solutions to promote chip-based detection have been discussed. It is hope that this article will inspire the exploration of interface micro-and nano-structures modulated sensing methods.展开更多
Fueled by the increasing imperative for sustainable energy solutions and the burgeoning emphasis on health awareness,self-powered techniques have undergone notable strides in advancement.Triboelectric nanogenerators(T...Fueled by the increasing imperative for sustainable energy solutions and the burgeoning emphasis on health awareness,self-powered techniques have undergone notable strides in advancement.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)stand out as a prominent device capitalizing on the principles of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to generate electricity or electrical signals.In efforts to augment the electrical output performance of TENGs and broaden their range of applications,researchers have endeavored to refine materials,surface morphology,and structural design.Among them,physical morphological modifications play a pivotal role in enhancing the electrical properties of TENGs by increasing the contact surface area,which can be achieved by building micro-/nano-structures on the surface or inside the friction material.In this review,we summarize the common morphologies of TENGs,categorize the morphologies into surface and internal structures,and elucidate their roles in enhancing the electric output performance of devices.Moreover,we systematically classify the methodologies employed for morphological preparation into physical and chemical approaches,thereby furnishing a comprehensive survey of the diverse techniques.Subsequently,typical applications of TENGs with special morphology divided by energy harvesting and self-powered sensors are presented.Finally,an overview of the challenges and future trajectories pertinent to TENGs is conducted.Through this endeavor,the aim of this article is to catalyze the evolution of further strategies for enhancing performance of TENGs.展开更多
Modulating the activation state and degree of macrophages still remains as a challenge for the topographical design of Ti-based implants.In this work,micro/nano-structured coatings were prepared on Ti substrates by mi...Modulating the activation state and degree of macrophages still remains as a challenge for the topographical design of Ti-based implants.In this work,micro/nano-structured coatings were prepared on Ti substrates by micro-arc oxidation(MAO)and subsequent hydrothermal(HT)treatment.By varying the HT conditions,plate-like nano-structures with an average length of 80,440 or 780 nm were obtained on MAO-prepared micro-topographical surfaces.Depending on the dimensional features of nano-plates,the specimens were noted as Micro,Micro/Nano-180,Micro/Nano-440 and Micro/Nano-780,respectively.The in vitro results showed that the activation state and degree of macrophages could be effectively modulated by the micro/nano-structured surfaces with various dimensional features.Compared to the Micro surface,the Micro/Nano-180 surface activated both M1 and M2 phenotype in macrophages,while the Micro/Nano-440 and Micro/Nano-780 surfaces polarized macrophages to their M1 phenotype.The activation degree of M1 macrophages followed the trend:Micro<Micro/Nano-180<Micro/Nano-440<Micro/Nano-780.However,the osteogenic potential of the activated macrophages in response to various surfaces were in the order:Micro≈Micro/Nano-780<Micro/Nano-180<Micro/Nano-440.Together,the findings presented in this work indicate that engineering nano-structures with controllable dimensional features is a promising strategy to modulate macrophage activation state and degree.In addition,it is essential to determine the appropriate activation degree of M1 macrophages for enhanced osteogenesis.展开更多
A novel oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)die steel was fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot consolidation.Annealing and quench-tempering treatments both obtained an ultra-fine grain structure(mean size:310-330 n...A novel oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)die steel was fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot consolidation.Annealing and quench-tempering treatments both obtained an ultra-fine grain structure(mean size:310-330 nm)with an ultra-high density of ultra-fine Y-Al-O nano-oxides(number density:~(1-1.5)×10^(23)m^(−3),mean size:5.1-7.2 nm).Prolonged thermal exposure further induced the new,highly dense precipitation of ultra-fine Y-Zr-O nano-oxides.Both nano-oxides tended to be wrapped up with a B2-NiAl nano-shells.Although the quench-tempered sample showed much higher room-temperature strength(yield strength=1393±40 MPa and ultimate tensile strength=1774±11 MPa)and slightly lower elongation(elongation=13.6%±0.6%)than the annealed sample(YS=988±7 MPa,UTS=1490±12 MPa,and EL=15.2%±1.1%),both samples exhibited better strength-ductility synergy at room temperature and much higher thermal stabilities at high temperatures(600-700℃)than all those conventional hot-work die steels,which makes the new ODS steel highly promising for advanced hot-work mold and die applications at high temperatures above 600℃.展开更多
In the present work, osteoblast behavior on a hierarchical micro-/nano-structured titanium surface was investigated. A hi- erarchical hybrid micro-/nano-structured titanium surface topography was produced via Electrol...In the present work, osteoblast behavior on a hierarchical micro-/nano-structured titanium surface was investigated. A hi- erarchical hybrid micro-/nano-structured titanium surface topography was produced via Electrolytic Etching （EE）. MG-63 cells were cultured on disks for 2 h to 7 days. The osteoblast response to the hierarchical hybrid micro-/nano-structured titanium surface was evaluated through the osteoblast cell morphology, attachment and proliferation. For comparison, MG-63 cells were also cultured on Sandblasted and Acid-etched （SEA） as well as Machined （M） surfaces respectively. The results show signifi- cant differences in the adhesion rates and proliferation levels of MG-63 cells on EE, SLA, and M surfaces. Both adhesion rate and proliferation level on EE surface are higher than those on SLA and M surfaces. Therefore, we may expect that, comparing with SLA and M surfaces, bone growth on EE surface could be accelerated and bone formation could be promoted at an early stage, which could be applied in the clinical practices for immediate and early-stage loadings.展开更多
The investigation on the oxidation behaviour of Si1-xGex alloys （x=0.05, 0.15, and 0.25） is carried out. It is found for the first time that on the oxide film a germanium nano-cap with a thickness of 1.8-2.8nm and a...The investigation on the oxidation behaviour of Si1-xGex alloys （x=0.05, 0.15, and 0.25） is carried out. It is found for the first time that on the oxide film a germanium nano-cap with a thickness of 1.8-2.8nm and a few Ge nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 5.5 nm to 10 nm are formed by the low-temperatu.re laser-assisted dry oxidation of Si1-xGex substrate. A new scanning method on the decline cross-section of the multiple-layer sample is adopted to measure the layer thickness and the composition. Some new peaks in photoluminescence （PL） spectra are discovered, which could be related to the nano-cap and the nano-particles of germanium. A suitable model and several new calculating formulae with the unrestricted Hartree-Fock-Roothaan （UHFR） method and quantum confinement analysis are proposed to interpret the PL spectra and the nano-structure mechanism in the oxide.展开更多
BACKGROUND To assess the effectiveness of Shugan Jieyu capsules on peripheral blood miR-124,miR-132,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in patients with mild to moderate depression following coronary art...BACKGROUND To assess the effectiveness of Shugan Jieyu capsules on peripheral blood miR-124,miR-132,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in patients with mild to moderate depression following coronary artery intervention[percuta-neous coronary intervention(PCI)]for coronary heart disease.Patients with mild-to-moderate depression of the liver-qi stagnation type after PCI for coronary heart disease at the 305th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army were enrolled from June 2022 to November 2023 and randomly assigned to two groups:Experimental(treated with Shugan Jieyu capsules)and control(tr-eated with escitalopram oxalate tablets).This study compared the antidepressant effects of these treatments using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAMD-17)scores,metabolic equivalents,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,BDNF,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels,miR-124 and miR-132 levels,distribution of immune-related lymphocyte subsets,and traditional Chinese me-dicine syndrome scores before and after 6 weeks of treatment.RESULTS No significant difference was observed in any index between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).After treatment,the total efficacy rates were 93.33%and 90.00%in the experimental and control groups,respectively.Experimental group had significantly lower scores for the main and secondary syndromes compared to the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the metabolic equivalents between the two groups be-fore and after treatment(P>0.05).The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,high-sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein,and miR-132 were significantly lower,whereas those of miR-124,BDNF,CD3+T lymphocytes,CD3+CD4+T helper lymphocytes,and CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+cells were significantly higher in the experimental group com-pared to the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions during experimental group was signi-ficantly lower than that in control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Shugan Jieyu capsules have good efficacy in patients with mild-to-moderate depression after PCI,and its me-chanism may contribute to the regulation of miR-124,miR-132,BDNF levels,and lymphoid immune cells.展开更多
Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenom...Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenomena and nano-structure products, arc plasma characteristics in water were analyzed theoretically. Two growth regions and relevant growth modes were proposed to interpret the formation mechanisms of nano-structures by arc discharge in water. Furthermore, liquid nitrogen and cross magnetic field was applied to change the arcing state respectively, and new carbon nano-structures were obtained. Their formation mechanisms were also analyzed correspondingly.展开更多
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass...Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass productivity. This mini-review provides a synthesis of recent findings concerning their effects on soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, organic carbon content, soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, soil fauna, and their impacts on plant ecophysiology, growth, and production. The results indicate that MNPs may markedly impede soil aggregation ability, increase porosity, decrease soil bulk density, enhance water retention capacity, influence soil pH and electrical conductivity, and escalate soil water evaporation. Exposure to MNPs may predominantly induce changes in soil microbial composition, reducing the diversity and complexity of microbial communities and microbial activity while enhancing soil organic carbon stability, influencing soil nutrient dynamics, and stimulating organic carbon decomposition and denitrification processes, leading to elevated soil respiration and methane emissions, and potentially decreasing soil nitrous oxide emission. Additionally, MNPs may adversely affect soil fauna, diminish seed germination rates, promote plant root growth, yet impair plant photosynthetic efficacy and biomass productivity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts and mechanistic foundations of MNPs. Future research avenues are suggested to further explore the impacts and economic implications.展开更多
Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here...Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here,we develop a high-performance regenerated cellulose separator with nano-cracked structures for SCs via a binary solvent of superbase-derived ionic liquid and dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).The unique nano-cracks with an average width of 7.45 nm arise from the acceleration of cellulose molecular reassembly by DMSO-regulated hydrogen bonding,which endows the separator with high porosity(70.2%)and excellent electrolyte retention(329%).The outstanding thermal stability(273℃)and mechanical strength(70 MPa)enable the separator to maintain its structural integrity under high temperatures and external forces.With these benefits,the SC utilizing the cellulose separator enables a high specific capacitance of 93.6 F g^(−1) at 1.0 A g^(−1) and a remarkable capacitance retention of 99.5%after 10,000 cycles compared with the commercial NKK-MPF30AC and NKK-TF4030.The robust and high-wettability cellulose separator holds promise as a superior alternative to commercial separators for advanced SCs with enhanced performance and improved safety.展开更多
Micro-/mesopore structures in carbon anode are highly desirable for increasing active sites and accelerating ion migration,favoring high capacity and rate performance.However,some structure-performance relationships s...Micro-/mesopore structures in carbon anode are highly desirable for increasing active sites and accelerating ion migration,favoring high capacity and rate performance.However,some structure-performance relationships still need to be clarified,and an in-depth understanding of how pore size and volume affect capacity and rate performance has rarely been mentioned.Herein,a series of carbon nanosheets with different micro-/mesopore sizes and volumes are precisely prepared.Detailed experimental analyses demonstrate that micropore volume rather than size is tightly responsible for capacity,resulting from its“accommodation effect”for ions.Conversely,mesopore size instead of volume is closely related to rate performance,which can be ascribed to its“channels effect”for ions.Capacity and rate performance first increase and then decrease with increasing micropore volume and mesopore size.In this work,the sample featured with the optimal micropore volume(1.6 cm^(3)·g^(-1))and mesopore size(2.55 nm)delivers the highest capacity(453 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and excellent rate performance(235.1 mAh·g^(-1)at 2 A·g^(-1)).This work provides a new insight into the understanding of micro-/mesopore parameters and their effect on capacity and rate performance.展开更多
In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby ...In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that：（1）both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.（2）An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featured by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro-and micro-properties can be attributed to different sedimentation environments.展开更多
The nano-structural Al-doped ZnO thin films of different morphologies deposited on glass substrate were successfully fabricated at substrate temperature of 350 ℃ by an inexpensive spray pyrolysis method. The structur...The nano-structural Al-doped ZnO thin films of different morphologies deposited on glass substrate were successfully fabricated at substrate temperature of 350 ℃ by an inexpensive spray pyrolysis method. The structural, electrical, optical and photoluminescence properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction study revealed the crystalline wurtzite （hexagonal） structure of the films with nano-grains. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） micrographs indicated the formation of a large variety of nano-structures during film growth. The spectral absorption of the films occurred at the absorption edge of -410 nm. In the present study, the optical band gap energy 3.28 eV of ZnO decreased gradually to 3.05 eV for 4 mol% of AI doping. The deep level activation energy decreased and carrier concentrations increased substantially with increasing doping. Exciting with the energy 3.543 eV （A=350 nm）, a narrow and a broad characteristic photoluminescence peaks that correspond to the near band edge （NBE） and deep level emissions （DLE）, respectively emerged.展开更多
Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,micro...Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,microdroplet self-removal,and liquid–liquid interface reaction applications.However,developing a facile and efficient method to fabricate these versatile surfaces remains an enormous challenge.In this paper,a strategy for the fabrication of liquid manipulating surfaces with patternable and controllable wettability on Polyimide(PI)film based on femtosecond laser thermal accumulation engineering is proposed.Because of its controllable micro-/nanostructures and chemical composition through adjusting the local thermal accumulation,the wettability of PI film can be tuned from superhydrophilicity(~3.6°)to superhydrophobicity(~151.6°).Furthermore,three diverse surfaces with patternable and heterogeneous wettability were constructed and various applications were successfully realized,including water transport,droplet arrays,and liquid wells.This work may provide a facile strategy for achieving patternable and controllable wettability efficiently and developing multifunctional liquid steering surfaces.展开更多
Electrochemiluminescence(ECL) is a kind of luminescent phenomenon caused by electrochemical reactions. Based on the advantages of ECL including low background, high sensitivity, strong spatiotemporal controllability a...Electrochemiluminescence(ECL) is a kind of luminescent phenomenon caused by electrochemical reactions. Based on the advantages of ECL including low background, high sensitivity, strong spatiotemporal controllability and simple operation, ECL imaging is able to visualize the ECL process,which can additionally achieve high throughput, fast and visual analysis. With the development of optical imaging technique, ECL imaging at micro-or nanoscale has been successfully applied in immunoassay,cell imaging, biochemical analysis, single-nanoparticle detection and study of mechanisms and kinetics of reactions, which has attracted extensive attention. In this review, the basic principles and apparatus of ECL imaging were briefly introduced at first. Then several latest and representative applications of ECL imaging based on nanomaterials and micro-/nanostructures were overviewed. Finally, the superiorities and challenges in ECL imaging for further development were discussed.展开更多
Treatment of petroleum spills and organic solvent pollution in general is an important issue; several techniques are under development to remove oil from water. The use of absorbents is one of the most common techniqu...Treatment of petroleum spills and organic solvent pollution in general is an important issue; several techniques are under development to remove oil from water. The use of absorbents is one of the most common techniques to tackle this problem. These absorbents can be classified based on their characteristics of recyclability into irreversible and reversible ones. In this review, we discuss the application of several materials as oil absorbents, according to their classification and characteristics such as hydrophobicity, surface area and oil absorption capacity. Also, the fabrication methods for some materials are presented and analyzed.展开更多
In this paper, the cement paste and the mortar were tested using the PF-QNM technique. It is shown that the PF-QNM technique is very powerful to characterize the mechanical properties of micro-and nanostructures in th...In this paper, the cement paste and the mortar were tested using the PF-QNM technique. It is shown that the PF-QNM technique is very powerful to characterize the mechanical properties of micro-and nanostructures in the cement-based materials. It does not have strict requirements for test environment and it does not damage the surface of the material. High-resolution images can be obtained very easily, and they can be analyzed statistically. The test results show that PF-QNM analysis can test not only the mechanical properties of the cement paste, but also investigate the interfacial regions in the cement-based material, including the variation in the mechanical properties of interface regions and the extension of the interfacial regions. During the test, care must be taken to choose the size of test area;indeed, a test area too small is not representative but too large leads to lack of stability. The recommended side is a square with a length of in the range 10-30 μm.展开更多
Efficient synthesis of transition metal hydroxides on conductive substrate is essential for enhancing their merits in industrialization of energy storage field.However,most of the synthetic routes at present mainly re...Efficient synthesis of transition metal hydroxides on conductive substrate is essential for enhancing their merits in industrialization of energy storage field.However,most of the synthetic routes at present mainly rely on traditional bottom-up method,which involves tedious steps,time-consuming treatments,or additional alkaline media,and is unfavorable for high-efficiency production.Herein,we present a facile,ultrafast and general avenue to synthesize transition metal hydroxides on carbon substrate within 13 s by Joule-heating method.With high reaction kinetics caused by the instantaneous high temperature,seven kinds of transition metal-layered hydroxides(TM-LDHs)are formed on carbon cloth.Therein,the fastest synthesis rate reaches~0.46 cm^(2)s^(-1).Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate the nucleation energy barriers and potential mechanism for the formation of metal-based hydroxides on carbon substrates.This efficient approach avoids the use of extra agents,multiple steps,and long production time and endows the LDHs@carbon cloth with outstanding flexibility and machinability,showing practical advantages in both common and micro-zinc ion-based energy storage devices.To prove its utility,as a cathode in rechargeable aqueous alkaline Zn(micro-)battery,the NiCo LDH@carbon cloth exhibits a high energy density,superior to most transition metal LDH materials reported so far.展开更多
Partially graphitic micro- and mesoporous carbon microspheres （GMMCMs） were synthesized using hydrotbermal emulsion polymerization followed by KOH activation and catalytic graphitization. The resulting GMMCMs show m...Partially graphitic micro- and mesoporous carbon microspheres （GMMCMs） were synthesized using hydrotbermal emulsion polymerization followed by KOH activation and catalytic graphitization. The resulting GMMCMs show micro- and mesopores with a specific surface area of 1113 m2/g, regular spherical shape with diameters of 0.5-1.0 μm and a partially graphitic structure with a low internal resistance of 0.34 Ω. The graphitic carbons as electrode for supercapacitor exhibit a fast ion-transport and rapid charge-discharge feature, and a high-rate electrochemical performance. The typical GMMCM electrode shows a specific capacitance of 220 F/g at 1.0 A/g, and 185 F/g under a high current density of 20.0 A/g in a 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21925405)。
文摘Changes in trace substances in human metabolites, which are related to disease processes and health status, can serve as chemical markers for disease diagnosis and symptom monitoring. Real-time online detection is an inevitable trend for the future of health monitoring, and the construction of chips for detection faces major challenges. The response of sensors often fails to meet the requirements for chipbased detection of trace substances due to the low efficiency of interfacial heterogeneous reactions, necessitating a rational design approach for micro-and nano-structures to improve sensor performance with respect to sensitivity and detection limits. This review focuses on the influence of micro-and nanostructures that used in chip on sensing. Firstly, this review categorizes sensors into chemiresistors, electrochemical sensors, fluorescence sensors, and surface enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) sensors based on their sensing principle, which have significant applications in disease diagnosis. Subsequently, commencing from the application requirements in the field of sensing, this review focuses on the different structures of nanoparticle(NP) assemblies, including wire, layered, core-shell, hollow, concave and deformable structures. These structures change in the size, shape, and morphology of conventional structures to achieve characteristics such as ordered alignment, high specific surface area, space limitation,vertical diffusion, and swaying behavior with fluid, thereby addressing issues such as poor signal transmission efficiency, inadequate adsorption and capture capacity, and slow mass transfer speed during sensing. Finally, the design direction of micro-and nano-structures, and possible obstacles and solutions to promote chip-based detection have been discussed. It is hope that this article will inspire the exploration of interface micro-and nano-structures modulated sensing methods.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2024A1515010639)PolyU Postdoc Matching Fund Scheme(No.1-W327),PolyU Grant(No.1-CE0H)+3 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.ZDSYS20220606100406016)Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonics and Biophotonics(No.ZDSYS20210623092006020)National Key Laboratory of Green and Long-Life Road Engineering in Extreme Environment(Shenzhen)(No.868-000003010103)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52208272)。
文摘Fueled by the increasing imperative for sustainable energy solutions and the burgeoning emphasis on health awareness,self-powered techniques have undergone notable strides in advancement.Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)stand out as a prominent device capitalizing on the principles of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to generate electricity or electrical signals.In efforts to augment the electrical output performance of TENGs and broaden their range of applications,researchers have endeavored to refine materials,surface morphology,and structural design.Among them,physical morphological modifications play a pivotal role in enhancing the electrical properties of TENGs by increasing the contact surface area,which can be achieved by building micro-/nano-structures on the surface or inside the friction material.In this review,we summarize the common morphologies of TENGs,categorize the morphologies into surface and internal structures,and elucidate their roles in enhancing the electric output performance of devices.Moreover,we systematically classify the methodologies employed for morphological preparation into physical and chemical approaches,thereby furnishing a comprehensive survey of the diverse techniques.Subsequently,typical applications of TENGs with special morphology divided by energy harvesting and self-powered sensors are presented.Finally,an overview of the challenges and future trajectories pertinent to TENGs is conducted.Through this endeavor,the aim of this article is to catalyze the evolution of further strategies for enhancing performance of TENGs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51771233,52071346 and 51604104)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M633164)+1 种基金Innovation-oriented Advanced Technology and Industrial Technology Program Project of Hunan Province(Grant No.2020SK2017)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2019A1515110736)。
文摘Modulating the activation state and degree of macrophages still remains as a challenge for the topographical design of Ti-based implants.In this work,micro/nano-structured coatings were prepared on Ti substrates by micro-arc oxidation(MAO)and subsequent hydrothermal(HT)treatment.By varying the HT conditions,plate-like nano-structures with an average length of 80,440 or 780 nm were obtained on MAO-prepared micro-topographical surfaces.Depending on the dimensional features of nano-plates,the specimens were noted as Micro,Micro/Nano-180,Micro/Nano-440 and Micro/Nano-780,respectively.The in vitro results showed that the activation state and degree of macrophages could be effectively modulated by the micro/nano-structured surfaces with various dimensional features.Compared to the Micro surface,the Micro/Nano-180 surface activated both M1 and M2 phenotype in macrophages,while the Micro/Nano-440 and Micro/Nano-780 surfaces polarized macrophages to their M1 phenotype.The activation degree of M1 macrophages followed the trend:Micro<Micro/Nano-180<Micro/Nano-440<Micro/Nano-780.However,the osteogenic potential of the activated macrophages in response to various surfaces were in the order:Micro≈Micro/Nano-780<Micro/Nano-180<Micro/Nano-440.Together,the findings presented in this work indicate that engineering nano-structures with controllable dimensional features is a promising strategy to modulate macrophage activation state and degree.In addition,it is essential to determine the appropriate activation degree of M1 macrophages for enhanced osteogenesis.
基金support from the National MCF Energy R&D Program of China(No.2018YFE0306100).
文摘A novel oxide-dispersion-strengthened(ODS)die steel was fabricated by mechanical alloying and hot consolidation.Annealing and quench-tempering treatments both obtained an ultra-fine grain structure(mean size:310-330 nm)with an ultra-high density of ultra-fine Y-Al-O nano-oxides(number density:~(1-1.5)×10^(23)m^(−3),mean size:5.1-7.2 nm).Prolonged thermal exposure further induced the new,highly dense precipitation of ultra-fine Y-Zr-O nano-oxides.Both nano-oxides tended to be wrapped up with a B2-NiAl nano-shells.Although the quench-tempered sample showed much higher room-temperature strength(yield strength=1393±40 MPa and ultimate tensile strength=1774±11 MPa)and slightly lower elongation(elongation=13.6%±0.6%)than the annealed sample(YS=988±7 MPa,UTS=1490±12 MPa,and EL=15.2%±1.1%),both samples exhibited better strength-ductility synergy at room temperature and much higher thermal stabilities at high temperatures(600-700℃)than all those conventional hot-work die steels,which makes the new ODS steel highly promising for advanced hot-work mold and die applications at high temperatures above 600℃.
文摘In the present work, osteoblast behavior on a hierarchical micro-/nano-structured titanium surface was investigated. A hi- erarchical hybrid micro-/nano-structured titanium surface topography was produced via Electrolytic Etching （EE）. MG-63 cells were cultured on disks for 2 h to 7 days. The osteoblast response to the hierarchical hybrid micro-/nano-structured titanium surface was evaluated through the osteoblast cell morphology, attachment and proliferation. For comparison, MG-63 cells were also cultured on Sandblasted and Acid-etched （SEA） as well as Machined （M） surfaces respectively. The results show signifi- cant differences in the adhesion rates and proliferation levels of MG-63 cells on EE, SLA, and M surfaces. Both adhesion rate and proliferation level on EE surface are higher than those on SLA and M surfaces. Therefore, we may expect that, comparing with SLA and M surfaces, bone growth on EE surface could be accelerated and bone formation could be promoted at an early stage, which could be applied in the clinical practices for immediate and early-stage loadings.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province, China （Grant No 3067（2004））.
文摘The investigation on the oxidation behaviour of Si1-xGex alloys （x=0.05, 0.15, and 0.25） is carried out. It is found for the first time that on the oxide film a germanium nano-cap with a thickness of 1.8-2.8nm and a few Ge nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 5.5 nm to 10 nm are formed by the low-temperatu.re laser-assisted dry oxidation of Si1-xGex substrate. A new scanning method on the decline cross-section of the multiple-layer sample is adopted to measure the layer thickness and the composition. Some new peaks in photoluminescence （PL） spectra are discovered, which could be related to the nano-cap and the nano-particles of germanium. A suitable model and several new calculating formulae with the unrestricted Hartree-Fock-Roothaan （UHFR） method and quantum confinement analysis are proposed to interpret the PL spectra and the nano-structure mechanism in the oxide.
基金the 305 Hospital Independent Scientific Research Fund,2024,No.24ZZJJLW-022.
文摘BACKGROUND To assess the effectiveness of Shugan Jieyu capsules on peripheral blood miR-124,miR-132,and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)levels in patients with mild to moderate depression following coronary artery intervention[percuta-neous coronary intervention(PCI)]for coronary heart disease.Patients with mild-to-moderate depression of the liver-qi stagnation type after PCI for coronary heart disease at the 305th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army were enrolled from June 2022 to November 2023 and randomly assigned to two groups:Experimental(treated with Shugan Jieyu capsules)and control(tr-eated with escitalopram oxalate tablets).This study compared the antidepressant effects of these treatments using 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HAMD-17)scores,metabolic equivalents,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,BDNF,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels,miR-124 and miR-132 levels,distribution of immune-related lymphocyte subsets,and traditional Chinese me-dicine syndrome scores before and after 6 weeks of treatment.RESULTS No significant difference was observed in any index between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05).After treatment,the total efficacy rates were 93.33%and 90.00%in the experimental and control groups,respectively.Experimental group had significantly lower scores for the main and secondary syndromes compared to the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the metabolic equivalents between the two groups be-fore and after treatment(P>0.05).The levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,high-sensitivity C-reactive pro-tein,and miR-132 were significantly lower,whereas those of miR-124,BDNF,CD3+T lymphocytes,CD3+CD4+T helper lymphocytes,and CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+cells were significantly higher in the experimental group com-pared to the control group(P<0.05).The incidence of adverse reactions during experimental group was signi-ficantly lower than that in control group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Shugan Jieyu capsules have good efficacy in patients with mild-to-moderate depression after PCI,and its me-chanism may contribute to the regulation of miR-124,miR-132,BDNF levels,and lymphoid immune cells.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50377030)
文摘Graphite electrodes were used for the direct current （DC） arc discharge in water. And high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） was used to investigate the products. Based on the experimental phenomena and nano-structure products, arc plasma characteristics in water were analyzed theoretically. Two growth regions and relevant growth modes were proposed to interpret the formation mechanisms of nano-structures by arc discharge in water. Furthermore, liquid nitrogen and cross magnetic field was applied to change the arcing state respectively, and new carbon nano-structures were obtained. Their formation mechanisms were also analyzed correspondingly.
文摘Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are tiny plastic particles resulting from plastic product degradation. Soil MNPs have been identified as potential influential factors affecting various soil properties and crop biomass productivity. This mini-review provides a synthesis of recent findings concerning their effects on soil physicochemical properties, microorganisms, organic carbon content, soil nutrients, greenhouse gas emissions, soil fauna, and their impacts on plant ecophysiology, growth, and production. The results indicate that MNPs may markedly impede soil aggregation ability, increase porosity, decrease soil bulk density, enhance water retention capacity, influence soil pH and electrical conductivity, and escalate soil water evaporation. Exposure to MNPs may predominantly induce changes in soil microbial composition, reducing the diversity and complexity of microbial communities and microbial activity while enhancing soil organic carbon stability, influencing soil nutrient dynamics, and stimulating organic carbon decomposition and denitrification processes, leading to elevated soil respiration and methane emissions, and potentially decreasing soil nitrous oxide emission. Additionally, MNPs may adversely affect soil fauna, diminish seed germination rates, promote plant root growth, yet impair plant photosynthetic efficacy and biomass productivity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impacts and mechanistic foundations of MNPs. Future research avenues are suggested to further explore the impacts and economic implications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20422,22178028)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(Project 111,B21022)the 5·5 Engineering Research&Innovation Team Project of Beijing Forestry University(No.BLRC2023B01)。
文摘Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here,we develop a high-performance regenerated cellulose separator with nano-cracked structures for SCs via a binary solvent of superbase-derived ionic liquid and dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).The unique nano-cracks with an average width of 7.45 nm arise from the acceleration of cellulose molecular reassembly by DMSO-regulated hydrogen bonding,which endows the separator with high porosity(70.2%)and excellent electrolyte retention(329%).The outstanding thermal stability(273℃)and mechanical strength(70 MPa)enable the separator to maintain its structural integrity under high temperatures and external forces.With these benefits,the SC utilizing the cellulose separator enables a high specific capacitance of 93.6 F g^(−1) at 1.0 A g^(−1) and a remarkable capacitance retention of 99.5%after 10,000 cycles compared with the commercial NKK-MPF30AC and NKK-TF4030.The robust and high-wettability cellulose separator holds promise as a superior alternative to commercial separators for advanced SCs with enhanced performance and improved safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52002111 and 52474318)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Nos.E2024208054,E2024208087 and B2022208006)+3 种基金the S&T Program of Hebei(Nos.242Q4402Z)the Science Foundation of University of Hebei Province(No.JZX2024025)Beijing Nova Program(No.Z211100002121082)the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB,Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IDRY-GD23-005).
文摘Micro-/mesopore structures in carbon anode are highly desirable for increasing active sites and accelerating ion migration,favoring high capacity and rate performance.However,some structure-performance relationships still need to be clarified,and an in-depth understanding of how pore size and volume affect capacity and rate performance has rarely been mentioned.Herein,a series of carbon nanosheets with different micro-/mesopore sizes and volumes are precisely prepared.Detailed experimental analyses demonstrate that micropore volume rather than size is tightly responsible for capacity,resulting from its“accommodation effect”for ions.Conversely,mesopore size instead of volume is closely related to rate performance,which can be ascribed to its“channels effect”for ions.Capacity and rate performance first increase and then decrease with increasing micropore volume and mesopore size.In this work,the sample featured with the optimal micropore volume(1.6 cm^(3)·g^(-1))and mesopore size(2.55 nm)delivers the highest capacity(453 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.5 A·g^(-1))and excellent rate performance(235.1 mAh·g^(-1)at 2 A·g^(-1)).This work provides a new insight into the understanding of micro-/mesopore parameters and their effect on capacity and rate performance.
基金supported bythe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50679057)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program,Grnat No.2006AA11Z102)+1 种基金the Shanghai Pujiang Program(Grant No.06PJ14088)the Zhuhai city Science Technology Program(Grant No.PA200310064)
文摘In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that：（1）both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.（2）An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featured by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro-and micro-properties can be attributed to different sedimentation environments.
文摘The nano-structural Al-doped ZnO thin films of different morphologies deposited on glass substrate were successfully fabricated at substrate temperature of 350 ℃ by an inexpensive spray pyrolysis method. The structural, electrical, optical and photoluminescence properties were investigated. X-ray diffraction study revealed the crystalline wurtzite （hexagonal） structure of the films with nano-grains. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） micrographs indicated the formation of a large variety of nano-structures during film growth. The spectral absorption of the films occurred at the absorption edge of -410 nm. In the present study, the optical band gap energy 3.28 eV of ZnO decreased gradually to 3.05 eV for 4 mol% of AI doping. The deep level activation energy decreased and carrier concentrations increased substantially with increasing doping. Exciting with the energy 3.543 eV （A=350 nm）, a narrow and a broad characteristic photoluminescence peaks that correspond to the near band edge （NBE） and deep level emissions （DLE）, respectively emerged.
基金This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52075557,51805553)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2021JJ20067)+1 种基金The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province(No.2021RC3011)Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University
文摘Versatile liquid manipulating surfaces combining patternable and controllable wettability have recently motivated considerable attention owing to their significant advantages in droplet-solid impacting behaviors,microdroplet self-removal,and liquid–liquid interface reaction applications.However,developing a facile and efficient method to fabricate these versatile surfaces remains an enormous challenge.In this paper,a strategy for the fabrication of liquid manipulating surfaces with patternable and controllable wettability on Polyimide(PI)film based on femtosecond laser thermal accumulation engineering is proposed.Because of its controllable micro-/nanostructures and chemical composition through adjusting the local thermal accumulation,the wettability of PI film can be tuned from superhydrophilicity(~3.6°)to superhydrophobicity(~151.6°).Furthermore,three diverse surfaces with patternable and heterogeneous wettability were constructed and various applications were successfully realized,including water transport,droplet arrays,and liquid wells.This work may provide a facile strategy for achieving patternable and controllable wettability efficiently and developing multifunctional liquid steering surfaces.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21575126 and 21874117)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No. LZ18B050001)
文摘Electrochemiluminescence(ECL) is a kind of luminescent phenomenon caused by electrochemical reactions. Based on the advantages of ECL including low background, high sensitivity, strong spatiotemporal controllability and simple operation, ECL imaging is able to visualize the ECL process,which can additionally achieve high throughput, fast and visual analysis. With the development of optical imaging technique, ECL imaging at micro-or nanoscale has been successfully applied in immunoassay,cell imaging, biochemical analysis, single-nanoparticle detection and study of mechanisms and kinetics of reactions, which has attracted extensive attention. In this review, the basic principles and apparatus of ECL imaging were briefly introduced at first. Then several latest and representative applications of ECL imaging based on nanomaterials and micro-/nanostructures were overviewed. Finally, the superiorities and challenges in ECL imaging for further development were discussed.
基金the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Monterrey city, Mexico) for financial support (Project Paicyt-2015)
文摘Treatment of petroleum spills and organic solvent pollution in general is an important issue; several techniques are under development to remove oil from water. The use of absorbents is one of the most common techniques to tackle this problem. These absorbents can be classified based on their characteristics of recyclability into irreversible and reversible ones. In this review, we discuss the application of several materials as oil absorbents, according to their classification and characteristics such as hydrophobicity, surface area and oil absorption capacity. Also, the fabrication methods for some materials are presented and analyzed.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51778582&51879235)the National Key R&D Plan(2017YFC0804809)
文摘In this paper, the cement paste and the mortar were tested using the PF-QNM technique. It is shown that the PF-QNM technique is very powerful to characterize the mechanical properties of micro-and nanostructures in the cement-based materials. It does not have strict requirements for test environment and it does not damage the surface of the material. High-resolution images can be obtained very easily, and they can be analyzed statistically. The test results show that PF-QNM analysis can test not only the mechanical properties of the cement paste, but also investigate the interfacial regions in the cement-based material, including the variation in the mechanical properties of interface regions and the extension of the interfacial regions. During the test, care must be taken to choose the size of test area;indeed, a test area too small is not representative but too large leads to lack of stability. The recommended side is a square with a length of in the range 10-30 μm.
基金the NSFC(22075019)National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB1104300)。
文摘Efficient synthesis of transition metal hydroxides on conductive substrate is essential for enhancing their merits in industrialization of energy storage field.However,most of the synthetic routes at present mainly rely on traditional bottom-up method,which involves tedious steps,time-consuming treatments,or additional alkaline media,and is unfavorable for high-efficiency production.Herein,we present a facile,ultrafast and general avenue to synthesize transition metal hydroxides on carbon substrate within 13 s by Joule-heating method.With high reaction kinetics caused by the instantaneous high temperature,seven kinds of transition metal-layered hydroxides(TM-LDHs)are formed on carbon cloth.Therein,the fastest synthesis rate reaches~0.46 cm^(2)s^(-1).Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate the nucleation energy barriers and potential mechanism for the formation of metal-based hydroxides on carbon substrates.This efficient approach avoids the use of extra agents,multiple steps,and long production time and endows the LDHs@carbon cloth with outstanding flexibility and machinability,showing practical advantages in both common and micro-zinc ion-based energy storage devices.To prove its utility,as a cathode in rechargeable aqueous alkaline Zn(micro-)battery,the NiCo LDH@carbon cloth exhibits a high energy density,superior to most transition metal LDH materials reported so far.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21207099, 21273162)Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, China (Nos. 11nm0501000, 12ZR1451100)+1 种基金Key Subject of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (No. J50102)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2011KJ023)
文摘Partially graphitic micro- and mesoporous carbon microspheres （GMMCMs） were synthesized using hydrotbermal emulsion polymerization followed by KOH activation and catalytic graphitization. The resulting GMMCMs show micro- and mesopores with a specific surface area of 1113 m2/g, regular spherical shape with diameters of 0.5-1.0 μm and a partially graphitic structure with a low internal resistance of 0.34 Ω. The graphitic carbons as electrode for supercapacitor exhibit a fast ion-transport and rapid charge-discharge feature, and a high-rate electrochemical performance. The typical GMMCM electrode shows a specific capacitance of 220 F/g at 1.0 A/g, and 185 F/g under a high current density of 20.0 A/g in a 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte.
