Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),assembled periodically by coordinating inorganic metal ions and organic motifs,have arisen widespread curiosity and intensive investigation owing to their tailorable electronic propertie...Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),assembled periodically by coordinating inorganic metal ions and organic motifs,have arisen widespread curiosity and intensive investigation owing to their tailorable electronic properties and well-defined topological structure.However,the majority of MOFs are intrinsically dielectric or insulative[1]and typically form as 3D bulk or powder crystals,making them incompatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)techniques.In recent years,layer-stacked two-dimensional conjugated MOFs(2D c-MOFs),composed of planar conjugated ligands and linkages[2],have demonstrated high in-plane π conjugation and weak out-of-plane van der Waals interactions,due to their long-range electron delocalization over metal ions and ligands[3].As a result,highly tunable band gaps from semiconductor to conductor,modulable porosity from micropore to macropore and versatile processability into conductive 2D thin films with controllable lateral thickness and domain size are presented,rendering charming potential for applications in(opto-)electronics compared with classic 2D metal oxide,chalcogenide and crystalline polymer materials.To improve interfacial charge-transport and precisely tune the charge extraction and band alignment of 2D c-MOFs in(opto-)electronic devices[4],developing highly efficient synthetic methods of 2D c-MOFs is of utmost importance.展开更多
The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered ...The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.展开更多
Interest in integrating design methodologies within interdisciplinary teaching has emerged as a strong method for increasing student learning and creativity, especially in integrating art and education. This study dis...Interest in integrating design methodologies within interdisciplinary teaching has emerged as a strong method for increasing student learning and creativity, especially in integrating art and education. This study discusses the theoretical underpinnings of design-based teaching methodology and its practical applications in interdisciplinary settings. It discusses current practices and emerging trends in how design thinking principles bridge the gap between artistic expression and educational pedagogy. The results highlight the importance of a collaborative learning environment, an iterative process, and project-based approaches that allow the development of skills related to creativity besides the analytical ones. The main strategies in implementing methodologies for such purposes and their impact on student engagement in learning are discussed.展开更多
Target discovery,involving target identification and validation,is the prerequisite for drug discovery and screening.Novel methodologies and technologies for the precise discovery and confirmation of drug targets are ...Target discovery,involving target identification and validation,is the prerequisite for drug discovery and screening.Novel methodologies and technologies for the precise discovery and confirmation of drug targets are powerful tools in understanding the disease,looking for a drug and elucidating the mechanism of drug treatment.Among the common target identification and confirmation methods,the modified method is time-consuming and laborious,which may reduce or change the activity of natural products.The unmodified methods developed in recent years without chemical modification have gradually become an important means of studying drug targets.A wide range of unmodified approaches have been reported,introducing and analyzing the recent emerging methodologies and technologies.This review highlights the advantages and limitations of these methods for the application of drug target discovery and presents an overview of their contributions to the target discovery of small molecule drugs.The application and future development trends of methodologies in target discovery are also prospected to provide a reference for drug target research.展开更多
The air quality directive （2008/50/EC （of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008）） requires European Member States to design appropriate AQPs （air quality plans） for zones and agglomerations w...The air quality directive （2008/50/EC （of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008）） requires European Member States to design appropriate AQPs （air quality plans） for zones and agglomerations where the air quality does not comply with the limit values and to assess possible emission reduction measures to decrease concentration levels. The Portuguese agglomeration of Porto Litoral is one of the several European Union urban areas that had to develop and implement AQPs to reduce particulate matter （PM10）. The AQPs were initially designed based on a scenario approach and using an air quality model, which was applied over the study region for the reference situation with the current PM10 emissions, and for a reduction scenario with PM10 emissions re-estimated considering the implementation of abatement measures. Aiming to cost-efficiently optimize Porto Litoral PM10 abatement measures, the assessment procedure was repeated using an optimization approach based on the RIAT ＋ （regional integrated assessment tool ＋）. Porto Litoral urban area＇s technical and non-technical measures were characterized （including associated costs） and, through the application of the air quality model to 20 emissions abatement scenarios, S-R （source-receptor） relationships were created. This paper comparatively describes the air quality plans designed to improve PM10 levels in the Porto Litoral agglomeration based on both the scenario analysis and the optimization approach.展开更多
Animal protein foods are undoubtedly among the most concentrated source of essential amino acids (AA) for the human diet. However, their high prices and diseases associated to their excessive consumption have fomented...Animal protein foods are undoubtedly among the most concentrated source of essential amino acids (AA) for the human diet. However, their high prices and diseases associated to their excessive consumption have fomented the consumption of other alternative sources of animal proteins such as those from marine or aquatic species. Sonora is a well recognized producer of animal foods in Mexico, both terrestrial and aquatic. In this study, the protein quality evaluation of these animal food sources, highly produced and consumed in Sonora, is proposed, using in-vitro methodologies. Four different species, from each aquatic and terrestrial origin, were selected. Samples of lean muscle were used in all cases. Various in-vitro methodologies for protein quality evaluation were selected, alternatives to the animal bioassays: % digestibility, Total amino acid analyses (HPLC), PDCAAS, computerized PER calculations (C-PER and DC-PER) and total collagen contents. % in-vitro digestibility presented significant differences among samples from terrestrial species, but muscle from aquatic species did not showed significant differences. All sources of proteins, both aquatic and terrestrial proved to be rich sources of essential amino acids. PDCAAS was unable to establish significant differences in protein quality among sources of protein from different origin. Both methods C-PER and DC-PER were more exact in their results and were able to detect significant differences among samples of different origin. An important finding was the great difference in the total collagen content between aquatic and terrestrial sources of proteins, where terrestrial muscle proteins had almost 10-time more collagen than aquatic protein sources. However, these collagen contents did not seem to have a significant influence in the protein quality of these animal proteins. These muscle proteins, from both aquatic and terrestrial species, confirmed to have a high protein quality and some of the in-vitro methodologies used in this study represent a valuable alternative to the animal bioassays.展开更多
Grammar teaching recently faces lots of problems not only in the teaching methods but also in its position it deserves. Through analyzing the importance and the confronting problems of grammar teaching in middle schoo...Grammar teaching recently faces lots of problems not only in the teaching methods but also in its position it deserves. Through analyzing the importance and the confronting problems of grammar teaching in middle schools, the paper will do the further research on the methodologies in the transitional time and will surely conclude the theories that can direct teaching process.展开更多
A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an ...A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an awareness of the epistemological framework appears to be necessary. The aim of this article is to present the main epistemological paradigms and their coherent correspondence with respective ontologies and corresponding methodologies. This article supports and describes four paradigms or epistemological traditions: logic empiricism, constructivism, conceptualism or Aristotelian tradition, and phenomenology. Understanding the diverse possible epistemologies as well as the coherence with methodologies is a necessary step for presenting well-informed research. Knowledge building requires comparison, replication, generalization or integration of results in theories, and all these processes need the critical instance of the epistemological and methodological coherence. Additionally some concrete examples of methodologies have been detailed to illustrate the diversity of available ways of knowledge building in education. The Review of Educational Theory, as a new journal that aims to create a scientific community, will increase the research quality by enhancing the epistemological and methodological awareness of their pieces of research.展开更多
This white paper explores three popular development methodologies for network softwarization: DevOps, NetOps, and Verification. The paper compares and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provid...This white paper explores three popular development methodologies for network softwarization: DevOps, NetOps, and Verification. The paper compares and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provides recommendations for organizations looking to adopt network softwarization.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct research on the prevention methodologies and environmental protection countermeasures for oil pollution based on latest techniques from China and abroad. Petroleum and petrochemical industry ...In this paper, we conduct research on the prevention methodologies and environmental protection countermeasures for oil pollution based on latest techniques from China and abroad. Petroleum and petrochemical industry will also be able to have serious water pollution. Against oil pollution increasingly serious phenomenon, about how to control oil pollution has also carried on the thorough research and accumulated in the process of specific management experiences and lessons. We conduct theoretical analysis between the state-of-the-art methods of environmental protection countermeasures with examples, We firmly believe that more advances will occur in the future.展开更多
Safety is essential when building a strong transportation system.As a key development direction in the global railway system,the intelligent railway has safety at its core,making safety a top priority while pursuing t...Safety is essential when building a strong transportation system.As a key development direction in the global railway system,the intelligent railway has safety at its core,making safety a top priority while pursuing the goals of efficiency,convenience,economy,and environmental friendliness.This paper describes the state of the art and proposes a system architecture for intelligent railway systems.It also focuses on the development of railway safety technology at home and abroad,and proposes the active safety method and technology system based on advanced theoretical methods such as the in-depth integration of cyber–physical systems(CPS),data-driven models,and intelligent computing.Finally,several typical applications are demonstrated to verify the advancement and feasibility of active safety technology in intelligent railway systems.展开更多
In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms ar...In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine,oral cavity,vagina,etc.Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host,while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind.Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system,which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes.This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes,the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes.Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields,such as microbial phenotypic classification,mutant screening,metabolic pathways,microbial metabolic engineering,fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization,microbial environmental pollution,and so on.However,there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens.This review summarizes the main methodologies,including sample preparation,identification of metabolites,data processing,and analysis.Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described.This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects:probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time;hence,these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria,which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health,including the human gut,oral cavity,food,and nutrition-related microorganisms.Then,the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.展开更多
Purpose: To evaluate the effects of methodological variation of biophysical therapies on wound healing outcomes, as a preliminary study to develop a composite wound healing device. Methods: A literature search was foc...Purpose: To evaluate the effects of methodological variation of biophysical therapies on wound healing outcomes, as a preliminary study to develop a composite wound healing device. Methods: A literature search was focused on the variable devices, sys-tem configurations, input parameters, and treatment durations of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), electrical stimulation (ES), and low-level light therapy (LLLT) from 2011 to July 2016. Results: In NPWT, lower vacuum pressures of ?50 and ?80 mmHg achieved similar tissue perfusion outcomes as earlier recommendations of ?125 mmHg, while there is no established regimen with respect to continuous, square wave, or triangular NP waveform due to inconsistent results. Use of wound filler may contribute to improved tissue granulation when compared to topical NP. An ES configuration of high-voltage pulsed current with the stimulation electrode placed in the wound bed best resembles the endogenous skin current, which guides cellular migration. However, no studies have established optimal stimulation parameters. For LLLT, laser and LED proved similarly effective. Although red light has been almost exclusively used in human pressure ulcer treatment, studies comparing blue, green, and red wavelengths more consistently show biological effects using green light. Conclu-sions: Variation in the application of mechanical, electrical, and radiant energies may be used to modulate wound healing pathways. To 2012, no studies have examined use of these biophysical modalities in combination. Further methodological studies with a systems approach would help define optimal treatment protocols for improved wound healing outcomes in clinical practice.展开更多
Agile software design and development methodologies have been gaining rigorous attention in the software engineering research community since their early introduction in the mid-nineties in addition to being highly ad...Agile software design and development methodologies have been gaining rigorous attention in the software engineering research community since their early introduction in the mid-nineties in addition to being highly adopted by the software development industry. In the last 15 years, an excessive number of research studies have been conducted on agile methods, a great number of notable methods have been proposed and various surveys have been presented by many researchers. In this study, the authors intend to conduct a literature survey study of the surveys of the different agile methodologies ranging from January 2000 to December 2015 using an intuitive research methodology called “Compare and Review” (CR). Furthermore, these survey papers were classified into four major categories according to their area of study. Additionally, the newly proposed agile methodologies that have not been addressed yet in any other literature review were reviewed and compared in terms of where the changes that they proposed lay on the SDLC.展开更多
Biological methodologies (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span ...Biological methodologies (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were tested on </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Venturia inaequalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to assay sensitivity of populations treated with the SDHI penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad and fluopyram that showed a field poor control in an experimental Centre. In comparison, sensible populations were tested. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trials, the poorly controlled populations presented moderate increases of EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and RF values in all three years in which tests were carried out. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trials in glasshouse showed that the activity of SDHI fungicides on field poorly controlled populations was highly reduced. These populations can be defined as “resistant” as the high loss of sensitivity and activity were repeatedly assessed in field and glasshouse. Trials showed that these reductions were manifested by curative applications and not by preventive ones, as already ascertained for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">V. inaequalis </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">populations resistant to AP and DMI fungicides. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The cross-resistance of resistant populations to the three SDHIs was highly positive among them. In bibliography, there are only researches of cross-resistance among SDHIs starting from isolates resistant to boscalid, with results of different sensitivities and cross-resistance. These results with populations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">V. inaequalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resistant to the three SDHI offer practical evaluations in cross-resistance.展开更多
This paper is to reiterate the importance of culture acquisition in learning English by comparing such four language teaching methodologies as curriculum, teaching materials, teaching approaches and assessment between...This paper is to reiterate the importance of culture acquisition in learning English by comparing such four language teaching methodologies as curriculum, teaching materials, teaching approaches and assessment between China and Western countries. Then it points out that EFL education reform in China, in the sense of culture teaching, has a long way to go. The paper finds that the real application for English teaching is how to practice the culture infusion in English teaching.展开更多
In this paper, we conduct research on the progress of environmental remediation methodologies under the conditions of oil and heavy metal pollution. The main repair contaminated soil measures include chemical, physica...In this paper, we conduct research on the progress of environmental remediation methodologies under the conditions of oil and heavy metal pollution. The main repair contaminated soil measures include chemical, physical and chemical measures, biological repair measures and agricultural ecological measures, engineering measures, etc. Selection principle is to adjust measures to local conditions, at the same time, take the technical, economic and effects of factors such as accessibility. After comparing the mentioned techniques, we conclude that the bioremediation method holds the best effectiveness for us to make contribution to the environmental protection. In final part, we give the conclusion and sct up the prospect.展开更多
We reviewed works on radical borylation reactions since 2020 from two aspects.1.Borylation from alkyl or aryl radicals:This approach involves the generation of alkyl or aryl radicals from various precursors such as ha...We reviewed works on radical borylation reactions since 2020 from two aspects.1.Borylation from alkyl or aryl radicals:This approach involves the generation of alkyl or aryl radicals from various precursors such as halides and carboxylic acids,followed by their reaction with diboron reagents to form boron esters.2.Borylation from boron-centered radicals:This approach involves generating boron-centered radicals,which then react with substrates to achieve borylation.展开更多
Dear Editor,Growing clinical evidence shows that brain disorders are heterogeneous in phenotype,genetics,and neuropathology[1].Diagnosis and treatment tend to be affected by symptom presentation and the heterogeneity ...Dear Editor,Growing clinical evidence shows that brain disorders are heterogeneous in phenotype,genetics,and neuropathology[1].Diagnosis and treatment tend to be affected by symptom presentation and the heterogeneity of pathology,potentially hindering clinical trials in the development of medical treatment.Brain-based subtyping studies utilize magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and data-driven methods to discover the subtypes of diseases,providing a new perspective on disease heterogeneity.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22201086,22471084,92261204,21925104,and 22431005).
文摘Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs),assembled periodically by coordinating inorganic metal ions and organic motifs,have arisen widespread curiosity and intensive investigation owing to their tailorable electronic properties and well-defined topological structure.However,the majority of MOFs are intrinsically dielectric or insulative[1]and typically form as 3D bulk or powder crystals,making them incompatible with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor(CMOS)techniques.In recent years,layer-stacked two-dimensional conjugated MOFs(2D c-MOFs),composed of planar conjugated ligands and linkages[2],have demonstrated high in-plane π conjugation and weak out-of-plane van der Waals interactions,due to their long-range electron delocalization over metal ions and ligands[3].As a result,highly tunable band gaps from semiconductor to conductor,modulable porosity from micropore to macropore and versatile processability into conductive 2D thin films with controllable lateral thickness and domain size are presented,rendering charming potential for applications in(opto-)electronics compared with classic 2D metal oxide,chalcogenide and crystalline polymer materials.To improve interfacial charge-transport and precisely tune the charge extraction and band alignment of 2D c-MOFs in(opto-)electronic devices[4],developing highly efficient synthetic methods of 2D c-MOFs is of utmost importance.
文摘The integration of academic research methodologies into design thinking processes presents a transformative approach to addressing complex challenges in group housing,fostering inclusive,sustainable,and user-centered solutions.This research explores how methodologies such as Participatory Action Research,post-occupancy evaluations,and Research through Design can be systematically embedded within design thinking to bridge the gap between academic rigor and empathy-driven,iterative design practices.By synthesizing these paradigms,the study proposes a framework for group housing design that prioritizes co-design processes,empathy-based data collection,and participatory evaluation,while emphasizing adaptability through sociocultural insights and user feedback.Case studies analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of flexible,community-driven design,while emerging technologies like IoT-enabled cohousing signal new opportunities for innovation.Challenges,including scalability,long-term validation,and reconciling user autonomy with professional expertise,are critically analyzed.Ultimately,this research advances a hybrid methodology to redefine the conceptualization,implementation,and assessment of group housing,offering actionable pathways to achieve affordable,inclusive,and context-sensitive housing solutions.
基金The 2024 Nanjing Normal University of Special Education Higher Inclusive Education Special Project Interim Report,“Research on the Digital Practice of Higher Inclusive Education Curriculum in the Era of Digital Intelligence:A Case Study of the‘Layout Design’Course”(Project Number:2024XJJG27).
文摘Interest in integrating design methodologies within interdisciplinary teaching has emerged as a strong method for increasing student learning and creativity, especially in integrating art and education. This study discusses the theoretical underpinnings of design-based teaching methodology and its practical applications in interdisciplinary settings. It discusses current practices and emerging trends in how design thinking principles bridge the gap between artistic expression and educational pedagogy. The results highlight the importance of a collaborative learning environment, an iterative process, and project-based approaches that allow the development of skills related to creativity besides the analytical ones. The main strategies in implementing methodologies for such purposes and their impact on student engagement in learning are discussed.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31870946)the Funding of Double First-rate discipline construction(No.CPU2018GF07)+1 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Open Project Program of MOE Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance(No.DQCP20/21MS01).
文摘Target discovery,involving target identification and validation,is the prerequisite for drug discovery and screening.Novel methodologies and technologies for the precise discovery and confirmation of drug targets are powerful tools in understanding the disease,looking for a drug and elucidating the mechanism of drug treatment.Among the common target identification and confirmation methods,the modified method is time-consuming and laborious,which may reduce or change the activity of natural products.The unmodified methods developed in recent years without chemical modification have gradually become an important means of studying drug targets.A wide range of unmodified approaches have been reported,introducing and analyzing the recent emerging methodologies and technologies.This review highlights the advantages and limitations of these methods for the application of drug target discovery and presents an overview of their contributions to the target discovery of small molecule drugs.The application and future development trends of methodologies in target discovery are also prospected to provide a reference for drug target research.
文摘The air quality directive （2008/50/EC （of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008）） requires European Member States to design appropriate AQPs （air quality plans） for zones and agglomerations where the air quality does not comply with the limit values and to assess possible emission reduction measures to decrease concentration levels. The Portuguese agglomeration of Porto Litoral is one of the several European Union urban areas that had to develop and implement AQPs to reduce particulate matter （PM10）. The AQPs were initially designed based on a scenario approach and using an air quality model, which was applied over the study region for the reference situation with the current PM10 emissions, and for a reduction scenario with PM10 emissions re-estimated considering the implementation of abatement measures. Aiming to cost-efficiently optimize Porto Litoral PM10 abatement measures, the assessment procedure was repeated using an optimization approach based on the RIAT ＋ （regional integrated assessment tool ＋）. Porto Litoral urban area＇s technical and non-technical measures were characterized （including associated costs） and, through the application of the air quality model to 20 emissions abatement scenarios, S-R （source-receptor） relationships were created. This paper comparatively describes the air quality plans designed to improve PM10 levels in the Porto Litoral agglomeration based on both the scenario analysis and the optimization approach.
文摘Animal protein foods are undoubtedly among the most concentrated source of essential amino acids (AA) for the human diet. However, their high prices and diseases associated to their excessive consumption have fomented the consumption of other alternative sources of animal proteins such as those from marine or aquatic species. Sonora is a well recognized producer of animal foods in Mexico, both terrestrial and aquatic. In this study, the protein quality evaluation of these animal food sources, highly produced and consumed in Sonora, is proposed, using in-vitro methodologies. Four different species, from each aquatic and terrestrial origin, were selected. Samples of lean muscle were used in all cases. Various in-vitro methodologies for protein quality evaluation were selected, alternatives to the animal bioassays: % digestibility, Total amino acid analyses (HPLC), PDCAAS, computerized PER calculations (C-PER and DC-PER) and total collagen contents. % in-vitro digestibility presented significant differences among samples from terrestrial species, but muscle from aquatic species did not showed significant differences. All sources of proteins, both aquatic and terrestrial proved to be rich sources of essential amino acids. PDCAAS was unable to establish significant differences in protein quality among sources of protein from different origin. Both methods C-PER and DC-PER were more exact in their results and were able to detect significant differences among samples of different origin. An important finding was the great difference in the total collagen content between aquatic and terrestrial sources of proteins, where terrestrial muscle proteins had almost 10-time more collagen than aquatic protein sources. However, these collagen contents did not seem to have a significant influence in the protein quality of these animal proteins. These muscle proteins, from both aquatic and terrestrial species, confirmed to have a high protein quality and some of the in-vitro methodologies used in this study represent a valuable alternative to the animal bioassays.
文摘Grammar teaching recently faces lots of problems not only in the teaching methods but also in its position it deserves. Through analyzing the importance and the confronting problems of grammar teaching in middle schools, the paper will do the further research on the methodologies in the transitional time and will surely conclude the theories that can direct teaching process.
文摘A diversity of methodologies can be utilized for knowledge building in social sciences, particularly in education. Nevertheless, in order to give meaning to the research findings and progressively create theories, an awareness of the epistemological framework appears to be necessary. The aim of this article is to present the main epistemological paradigms and their coherent correspondence with respective ontologies and corresponding methodologies. This article supports and describes four paradigms or epistemological traditions: logic empiricism, constructivism, conceptualism or Aristotelian tradition, and phenomenology. Understanding the diverse possible epistemologies as well as the coherence with methodologies is a necessary step for presenting well-informed research. Knowledge building requires comparison, replication, generalization or integration of results in theories, and all these processes need the critical instance of the epistemological and methodological coherence. Additionally some concrete examples of methodologies have been detailed to illustrate the diversity of available ways of knowledge building in education. The Review of Educational Theory, as a new journal that aims to create a scientific community, will increase the research quality by enhancing the epistemological and methodological awareness of their pieces of research.
文摘This white paper explores three popular development methodologies for network softwarization: DevOps, NetOps, and Verification. The paper compares and contrasts the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and provides recommendations for organizations looking to adopt network softwarization.
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on the prevention methodologies and environmental protection countermeasures for oil pollution based on latest techniques from China and abroad. Petroleum and petrochemical industry will also be able to have serious water pollution. Against oil pollution increasingly serious phenomenon, about how to control oil pollution has also carried on the thorough research and accumulated in the process of specific management experiences and lessons. We conduct theoretical analysis between the state-of-the-art methods of environmental protection countermeasures with examples, We firmly believe that more advances will occur in the future.
基金supported by the 2021 Chinese Academy of Engineering(CAE)International Top-level Forum on Engineering Science and Technology,“Safety and Governance of the High-Speed Railway”。
文摘Safety is essential when building a strong transportation system.As a key development direction in the global railway system,the intelligent railway has safety at its core,making safety a top priority while pursuing the goals of efficiency,convenience,economy,and environmental friendliness.This paper describes the state of the art and proposes a system architecture for intelligent railway systems.It also focuses on the development of railway safety technology at home and abroad,and proposes the active safety method and technology system based on advanced theoretical methods such as the in-depth integration of cyber–physical systems(CPS),data-driven models,and intelligent computing.Finally,several typical applications are demonstrated to verify the advancement and feasibility of active safety technology in intelligent railway systems.
基金This work was supported by the Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZHY18-021).
文摘In recent years,microbial metabolomics,a new field that has attracted wide attention,provides a map of metabolic pathways and clarifies the interaction mechanism between microorganisms and hosts.Many microorganisms are found in the human intestine,oral cavity,vagina,etc.Probiotics could maintain the good health of the host,while pathogens and an imbalance of bacterial flora lead to a series of diseases of the body and mind.Metabolomics is a science for qualitative and quantitative analysis of all metabolites in an organism or biological system,which could provide key information to understand the related metabolic pathways and associated changes.This approach analyzes the final products of cellular regulatory processes,the level of which can be regarded as the ultimate response of the biological system to genetic or environmental changes.Microbial metabolomics has been widely used in different research fields,such as microbial phenotypic classification,mutant screening,metabolic pathways,microbial metabolic engineering,fermentation engineering monitoring and optimization,microbial environmental pollution,and so on.However,there are only a few reviews on microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens.This review summarizes the main methodologies,including sample preparation,identification of metabolites,data processing,and analysis.Recent applications in microbial metabolomics of probiotics and pathogens are also described.This paper first summarized the research progress and application of microbial metabolomics from two aspects:probiotics and pathogenic bacteria.Probiotics and pathogenic bacteria do not exist independently most of the time;hence,these were reviewed in the research field of coexistence of probiotics and pathogenic bacteria,which was subdivided into important microbial research fields closely related to human health,including the human gut,oral cavity,food,and nutrition-related microorganisms.Then,the main problems and trends associated with microbial metabolomics are discussed.
文摘Purpose: To evaluate the effects of methodological variation of biophysical therapies on wound healing outcomes, as a preliminary study to develop a composite wound healing device. Methods: A literature search was focused on the variable devices, sys-tem configurations, input parameters, and treatment durations of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), electrical stimulation (ES), and low-level light therapy (LLLT) from 2011 to July 2016. Results: In NPWT, lower vacuum pressures of ?50 and ?80 mmHg achieved similar tissue perfusion outcomes as earlier recommendations of ?125 mmHg, while there is no established regimen with respect to continuous, square wave, or triangular NP waveform due to inconsistent results. Use of wound filler may contribute to improved tissue granulation when compared to topical NP. An ES configuration of high-voltage pulsed current with the stimulation electrode placed in the wound bed best resembles the endogenous skin current, which guides cellular migration. However, no studies have established optimal stimulation parameters. For LLLT, laser and LED proved similarly effective. Although red light has been almost exclusively used in human pressure ulcer treatment, studies comparing blue, green, and red wavelengths more consistently show biological effects using green light. Conclu-sions: Variation in the application of mechanical, electrical, and radiant energies may be used to modulate wound healing pathways. To 2012, no studies have examined use of these biophysical modalities in combination. Further methodological studies with a systems approach would help define optimal treatment protocols for improved wound healing outcomes in clinical practice.
文摘Agile software design and development methodologies have been gaining rigorous attention in the software engineering research community since their early introduction in the mid-nineties in addition to being highly adopted by the software development industry. In the last 15 years, an excessive number of research studies have been conducted on agile methods, a great number of notable methods have been proposed and various surveys have been presented by many researchers. In this study, the authors intend to conduct a literature survey study of the surveys of the different agile methodologies ranging from January 2000 to December 2015 using an intuitive research methodology called “Compare and Review” (CR). Furthermore, these survey papers were classified into four major categories according to their area of study. Additionally, the newly proposed agile methodologies that have not been addressed yet in any other literature review were reviewed and compared in terms of where the changes that they proposed lay on the SDLC.
文摘Biological methodologies (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were tested on </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Venturia inaequalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to assay sensitivity of populations treated with the SDHI penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad and fluopyram that showed a field poor control in an experimental Centre. In comparison, sensible populations were tested. </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">I</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">n vitro</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trials, the poorly controlled populations presented moderate increases of EC</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">50</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and RF values in all three years in which tests were carried out. The </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vivo</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> trials in glasshouse showed that the activity of SDHI fungicides on field poorly controlled populations was highly reduced. These populations can be defined as “resistant” as the high loss of sensitivity and activity were repeatedly assessed in field and glasshouse. Trials showed that these reductions were manifested by curative applications and not by preventive ones, as already ascertained for </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">V. inaequalis </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">populations resistant to AP and DMI fungicides. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The cross-resistance of resistant populations to the three SDHIs was highly positive among them. In bibliography, there are only researches of cross-resistance among SDHIs starting from isolates resistant to boscalid, with results of different sensitivities and cross-resistance. These results with populations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">V. inaequalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> resistant to the three SDHI offer practical evaluations in cross-resistance.
文摘This paper is to reiterate the importance of culture acquisition in learning English by comparing such four language teaching methodologies as curriculum, teaching materials, teaching approaches and assessment between China and Western countries. Then it points out that EFL education reform in China, in the sense of culture teaching, has a long way to go. The paper finds that the real application for English teaching is how to practice the culture infusion in English teaching.
文摘In this paper, we conduct research on the progress of environmental remediation methodologies under the conditions of oil and heavy metal pollution. The main repair contaminated soil measures include chemical, physical and chemical measures, biological repair measures and agricultural ecological measures, engineering measures, etc. Selection principle is to adjust measures to local conditions, at the same time, take the technical, economic and effects of factors such as accessibility. After comparing the mentioned techniques, we conclude that the bioremediation method holds the best effectiveness for us to make contribution to the environmental protection. In final part, we give the conclusion and sct up the prospect.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22071004,21933001 and 22150013)for financial support.
文摘We reviewed works on radical borylation reactions since 2020 from two aspects.1.Borylation from alkyl or aryl radicals:This approach involves the generation of alkyl or aryl radicals from various precursors such as halides and carboxylic acids,followed by their reaction with diboron reagents to form boron esters.2.Borylation from boron-centered radicals:This approach involves generating boron-centered radicals,which then react with substrates to achieve borylation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82102018,62333002,T2425027,and 82327809)Data collection and sharing for this project were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61633018,81571062,81471120,and 81901101)+30 种基金Data collection and sharing for this project were funded by the ADNI(National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904)the Department of Defense ADNI(award number W81XWH-12-2-0012).The ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging,the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering,and through generous contributions from the following:AbbVie,Alzheimer’s AssociationAlzheimer’s Drug Discovery FoundationAraclon BiotechBioClinica,Inc.BiogenBristol-Myers Squibb Co.CereSpir,Inc.CogstateEisai Inc.Elan Pharmaceuticals,Inc.Eli Lilly and Co.EuroImmunF.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech,Inc.FujirebioG.E.HealthcareIXICO Ltd.Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research&Development,LLC.Johnson&Johnson Pharmaceutical Research&Development LLC.LumosityLundbeckMerck&Co.,Inc.Meso Scale Diagnostics,LLC.NeuroRx ResearchNeurotrack TechnologiesNovartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.Pfizer Inc.Piramal ImagingServierTakeda Pharmaceutical Co.and Transition Therapeutics.The Canadian Institutes of Health Research provides funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada.Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health(www.fnih.org).The grantee organization was the Northern California Institute for Research and Education,and the study was coordinated by the Alzheimer’s Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California.ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California.
文摘Dear Editor,Growing clinical evidence shows that brain disorders are heterogeneous in phenotype,genetics,and neuropathology[1].Diagnosis and treatment tend to be affected by symptom presentation and the heterogeneity of pathology,potentially hindering clinical trials in the development of medical treatment.Brain-based subtyping studies utilize magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)and data-driven methods to discover the subtypes of diseases,providing a new perspective on disease heterogeneity.
