The design and implementation of mechanical domestic water meters in current industrial organization and intellectual properties have been registered as an invention to solve the problems of current meters. The device...The design and implementation of mechanical domestic water meters in current industrial organization and intellectual properties have been registered as an invention to solve the problems of current meters. The device operation includes inquiry of printing, subscription connection and disconnection in an emergency. This system includes a software and hardware parts on the users and the control center connecting with two-way mobile phone. Central control software sends the message through the wireless telecommunication lines to the user’s software, requesting the desired information and also provides the commands needed to be sent through the same. The same information can also be submitted to the control center. Through the same way, some of advantages of this method are as follows: installing on existing meters, cheap cost of inquiry call meter, the possibility of declaring illegal manipulation to the control center, the exchange of information using information encoding, and manipulating digital meters applying minor changes.展开更多
Currently a large effort is being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency prog...Currently a large effort is being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency programs that can be managed by the household owners. This paper presents a simple yet functional non-intrusive method for electric power measurement that can be applied in energy efficiency programs, in order to provide a better knowledge of the energy consumption of the appliances in a home.展开更多
To implement the access and backhaul networks for Smart Metering (SM) systems various technologies are combined with the existing communications infrastructure. This paper deals with data transmission in SM systems, f...To implement the access and backhaul networks for Smart Metering (SM) systems various technologies are combined with the existing communications infrastructure. This paper deals with data transmission in SM systems, focusing on how the existing cellular networks infrastructure is employed to implement SM access communication networks. The analysis aims at analyzing the role of the cellular communications infrastructure taking into account the spatial distribution and installation points of the smart meters, the urban and topological characteristics of the SM deployment areas and the common practice so far followed by the utilities. It is demonstrated that cellular communications, either exclusively or combined with power line communications, enable immediate and scalable deployment of SM access communication networks at low installation cost, thus constituting the basic option for the implementation of smart metering.展开更多
The massive development of internet of things(IoT)technologies is gaining momentum across all areas of their possible deployment—spanning from Industry 4.0 to eHealth,smart city,agriculture or waste management.This o...The massive development of internet of things(IoT)technologies is gaining momentum across all areas of their possible deployment—spanning from Industry 4.0 to eHealth,smart city,agriculture or waste management.This ongoing development is further pushed forward by the gradual deployment of 5G networks.With 5G capable smart devices,it will be possible to transfer more data with shorter latency thereby resulting in exciting new use cases such as Massive IoT.Massive-IoT(low-power wide area network-LPWAN)enables improved network coverage,long device operational lifetime and a high density of connections.Despite all the advantages of massive-IoT technology,there are certain cases where the original concept cannot be used.Among them are dangerous explosive environments or issues caused by subsurface deployment(operation during winter months or dense greenery).This article presents the concept of a hybrid solution of IoT LoRaWAN(long range wide area network)/IRC-VLC(infrared communication,visible light communication)technology,which combines advantages of both technologies according to the deployment scenario.展开更多
Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure sw...Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control is proposed combined with the independent metering control technology.The configuration principle of the system is given,the mathematical model of this system is established,and the control strategy of the system under 4 different working quadrants is put forward.Finally,the control performance and energy saving characteristics of the system are tested.The test results show that the switching of high and low pressure power supply has a certain effect on the response of step position and ramp position under impedance working condition.The displacement curves show slow climbing or abrupt change of ramp position,and the position accuracy is less than 1 mm.The multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control can recover and store energy under the transcendence working conditions.The control accuracy is about 1 mm,and the energy recovery rate is about 70%~80%.展开更多
Aiming at the shortcomings of the separate meter in and separate meter out?hydraulic system, a new type of independent metering control system is proposed by referring to the principle of load-sensing system. The valv...Aiming at the shortcomings of the separate meter in and separate meter out?hydraulic system, a new type of independent metering control system is proposed by referring to the principle of load-sensing system. The valve group unit in the system is designed, and the AMESim/Matlab cosimulation model of the component and system is established. The actuator speed control, energy consumption and anti-flow saturation characteristics of the system are discussed. The simulation result shows that the system proposed in this article can achieve?better performances.展开更多
This study presents the results of the preliminary tests performed using a kerma-area product (KAP) meter in order to verify its usefulness as a monitor chamber in a clinical X ray system, which will be used in ioniza...This study presents the results of the preliminary tests performed using a kerma-area product (KAP) meter in order to verify its usefulness as a monitor chamber in a clinical X ray system, which will be used in ionization chambers’ quality control program. The tests performed were repeatability, surface measurement uniformity, linearity with tube current, measurement variation changing the distance and field size, KAP chamber radiation attenuation, and energy dependence. The KAP meter has presented a good repeatability (a maximum variation of 0.4%);its surface has a homogeneous response (a maximum variation of 1.0% among the different irradiated regions);the response is linear with the tube current and the variation of the PKA along the distance is less than 3.43%. On the other hand, the results obtained for chamber attenuation and energy dependence show that some corrections must be applied when the measurements are made. The results have shown a good performance of the KAP meter, confirming that it is possible to use this instrument as a monitor chamber. However, it is important to highlight that some correction factors for energy dependence and chamber radiation attenuation must be considered.展开更多
In recent years, semiconductor survey meters have been developed and are in increasing demand worldwide. This study determined if it is possible to use the X-ray system installed in each medical facility to calculate ...In recent years, semiconductor survey meters have been developed and are in increasing demand worldwide. This study determined if it is possible to use the X-ray system installed in each medical facility to calculate the time constant of a semiconductor survey meter and confirm the meter’s function. An additional filter was attached to the medical X-ray system to satisfy the standards of N-60 to N-120, more copper plates were added as needed, and the first and second half-value layers were calculated to enable comparisons of the facility’s X-ray system quality with the N-60 to N-120 quality values. Next, we used a medical X-ray system to measure the leakage dose and calculate the time constant of the survey meter. The functionality of the meter was then checked and compared with the energy characteristics of the meter. The experimental results showed that it was possible to use a medical X-ray system to reproduce the N-60 to N-120 radiation quality values and to calculate the time constant from the measured results, assuming actual leakage dosimetry for that radiation quality. We also found that the calibration factor was equivalent to that of the energy characteristics of the survey meter.展开更多
With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distri...With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distribution networks demands voltage visibility and control at all voltage levels. Distribution system state estimations, however, have traditionally been less prioritized due to the lack of enough measurement points while being the major role player in knowing the real-time system states of active distribution networks. The advent of smart meters at LV loads, on the other hand, is giving relief to this shortcoming. This study explores the potential of bottom up load flow analysis based on customer level Automatic Meter Reading (AMRs) to compute short time forecasts of demands and distribution network system states. A state estimation frame-work, which makes use of available AMR data, is proposed and discussed.展开更多
With the increasing development of urban housing construction and the rapid expansion of the number of inhabitants and independent electric energy meter, a variety of tariff systems are launched, meter reading meterin...With the increasing development of urban housing construction and the rapid expansion of the number of inhabitants and independent electric energy meter, a variety of tariff systems are launched, meter reading metering becomes increasingly complex, and the traditional manual meter reading is already hard to adapt to new changes. This thesis studies the design of a centralized meter reading system. This program applies PLC technology for information transfer, which guarantees the stability of system carrier communication. This system is composed of electric energy meter, collector, concentrator and other hardware, as well as communication and management software of collection copies system. It is characterized by functions of power data collection, centralization, remote transmission, distance control, electricity analysis, line loss calculation, integrated query, and time-sharing billing. Its promotion and application will necessarily provide important technical means for power supply, property and urban utilities to improve their modernized and automatic management level.展开更多
There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R4...There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R46 contents to provide a reference of the integrity comparison between the accuracy system and technical parameter system. The comparison result shows that the watt-hour meter accuracy technical indicators system of OIML R46 is more integrated. First reason is that it determines all the accuracy （basic error） defining rules just by using the technical parameter I efficiently; secondly, it can solve the contradiction that no error regulation of the range from starting current to minimum current in the process of providing, handing over and checking watt-hour meter products＇ qualities efficiently. Please pay close attention to the R46 official version which will be released soon, as it is still in the Committee Draft （CD6） stage currently.展开更多
In view of limitalions function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It suppor...In view of limitalions function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It supports multi rate, step rate and power factor influence factor of electricity metering method, and can realize the real-time clock, timing backup data, monitoring the temperature and humidity of the environment and other functions, has the ability to forecast the next period of time energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of electrical appliances. Combined with the PC software, the backup data of smart meters to report, detailed list, and the data curve method is presented to the user, and facilitate to analysis of user. The whole embedded in smart meters and the host computer system provides a good human-computer interface, can realize the user personalized service configuration and software calibration function.展开更多
With the deepened transformation of China＇s power system, the stability and reliability of power utilization have been dramatically improved, but meter reading data acquisition does not keep pace with the times. With...With the deepened transformation of China＇s power system, the stability and reliability of power utilization have been dramatically improved, but meter reading data acquisition does not keep pace with the times. With the continuous maturity of low-voltage power line communication （PLC）, this leads us to see hopes of using PLC technology to realize remote meter reading. In this paper, based on current PLC technology and combining domestic and foreign successful cases, a beneficial exploration and research is conducted from the composition and establishment of software and the design of software and protocol.展开更多
Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the...Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the energy transition.This study proposes an innovative multi-step clustering procedure to segment customers based on load-shape patterns at the daily and intra-daily time horizons.Smart meter data is split between daily and hourly normalized time series to assess monthly,weekly,daily,and hourly seasonality patterns separately.The dimensionality reduction implicit in the splitting allows a direct approach to clustering raw daily energy time series data.The intraday clustering procedure sequentially identifies representative hourly day-unit profiles for each customer and the entire population.For the first time,a step function approach is applied to reduce time series dimensionality.Customer attributes embedded in surveys are employed to build external clustering validation metrics using Cramer’s V correlation factors and to identify statistically significant determinants of load-shape in energy usage.In addition,a time series features engineering approach is used to extract 16 relevant demand flexibility indicators that characterize customers and corresponding clusters along four different axes:available Energy(E),Temporal patterns(T),Consistency(C),and Variability(V).The methodology is implemented on a real-world electricity consumption dataset of 325 Small and Medium-sized Enterprise(SME)customers,identifying 4 daily and 6 hourly easy-to-interpret,well-defined clusters.The application of the methodology includes selecting key parameters via grid search and a thorough comparison of clustering distances and methods to ensure the robustness of the results.Further research can test the scalability of the methodology to larger datasets from various customer segments(households and large commercial)and locations with different weather and socioeconomic conditions.展开更多
Kick and loss are two complicated incidents that affect the construction safety in oil and gas well drilling.The commonly-used kick/loss monitoring methods are disadvantageous with monitoring lag and low metering prec...Kick and loss are two complicated incidents that affect the construction safety in oil and gas well drilling.The commonly-used kick/loss monitoring methods are disadvantageous with monitoring lag and low metering precision,which may cause well collapse,pipe sticking and well blowouts due to untimely detection and improper treatment.In this paper,a new type of kick/loss monitoring and metering system was designed based upon a comparative analysis of several kick/loss monitoring methods commonly used on rig sites.This new system has the functions of early monitoring and alarm,kick/loss velocity metering,total loss metering and automatic filling,and its feasibility was verified through laboratory experiments.And the following research results were obtained.First,the monitoring tank of this new system is divided into two chambers,i.e.,a main chamber and a secondary chamber.The return of drilling fluid partially flows back to the shale shaker through the main chamber,and the rest overflows into the secondary chamber.Second,the internal cross section area of the secondary chamber is small,which increases the response sensitivity to liquid level change,so kick/loss can be detected in time.Third,the water head of the outlet pipeline of the main chamber remains constant and the outlet flow is stable,so kick/loss velocity and total kick/loss can be calculated quantitatively based on the change of liquid level in the secondary chamber.And the monitoring error of kick/loss velocity is less than 8%.Fourth,in the process of tripping out,the drilling fluid in the monitoring tank flows into the wellbore under the action of self weight to keep the full liquid level of the wellbore all the time.As a result,lagged filling and partial filling are eliminated.In conclusion,this new kick/loss monitoring system is economical and practical,and giving a full play to the advantages of ground survey and alarm timely and accurately.展开更多
Renewable energy, particularly solar energy, offers a clean and alternative energy source to meet the energy demand for sustainable development in the world. Due to its profitability and viability, PV net-metering sch...Renewable energy, particularly solar energy, offers a clean and alternative energy source to meet the energy demand for sustainable development in the world. Due to its profitability and viability, PV net-metering scheme has been adopted in many countries. The feasibility of implementation PV rooftop system with net metering in residential, commercial, governmental and industrial sectors in Iraq is demonstrated in this study. A financial model has been developed to investigate the feasibility parameters <i>NPV</i>, <i>IRR</i> and annual savings of 24 kWp PV system. The results showed that increasing the capacity of the PV system in residential and commercial buildings will lead to a profitable investment return and the breakeven point that may make the PV net-metering projects feasible is very close to the tariff applied for the commercial sector (10.29 $c/kWh). In the governmental sector, the tariff needs to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase by 35.1% to reach breakeven. However, for such net-metering scheme</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to be attractive and feasible on a wide scale, it is crucial to back it with financial support through soft loans and grants.展开更多
Recent advancements in smart-meter technology are transforming traditional power systems into intelligent smart grids.It offers substantial benefits across social,environmental,and economic dimensions.To effectively r...Recent advancements in smart-meter technology are transforming traditional power systems into intelligent smart grids.It offers substantial benefits across social,environmental,and economic dimensions.To effectively realize these advantages,a fine-grained collection and analysis of smart meter data is essential.However,the high dimensionality and volume of such time-series present significant challenges,including increased computational load,data transmission overhead,latency,and complexity in real-time analysis.This study proposes a novel,computationally efficient framework for feature extraction and selection tailored to smart meter time-series data.The approach begins with an extensive offline analysis,where features are derived from multiple domains—time,frequency,and statistical—to capture diverse signal characteristics.Various feature sets are fused and evaluated using robust machine learning classifiers to identify the most informative combinations for automated appliance categorization.The bestperforming fused features set undergoes further refinement using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)to identify the most discriminative features.The mathematical models,used to compute the selected features,are optimized to extract them with computational efficiency during online processing.Moreover,a notable dimension reduction is secured which facilitates data storage,transmission,and post processing.Onward,a specifically designed LogitBoost(LB)based ensemble of Random Forest base learners is used for an automated classification.The proposed solution demonstrates a high classification accuracy(97.93%)for the case of nine-class problem and dimension reduction(17.33-fold)with minimal front-end computational requirements,making it well-suited for real-world applications in smart grid environments.展开更多
Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper...Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper maintenance of survey meters are important in order to ascertain their accuracy and reliability. This study provides a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the calibration behaviour, durability, and fault trends of 160 survey meters, spanning ten different models. They were calibrated at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) in Nigeria over a decade (2012-2023) using an X-Ray Beam Irradiator Model X80-225K and Cs-137 irradiator (OB6) with a PTW reference spherical chamber traceable to the IAEA SSDL in Seibersdorf, Austria. The calibration stability of each model was evaluated, revealing that models like Instrument A and Instrument B demonstrated high reliability with calibration factors close to the ideal value of 1, while models like Instrument C exhibited higher variability, suggesting less consistent performance for dose rate monitoring. Fault analysis showed that the most common issues were related to the battery compartment, indicating a need for improved handling practices. Correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant correlation between calibration factor and age of survey meter across the analysed models. The study concludes that regular calibration, proper handling, and user training are crucial for maintaining the accuracy and longevity of radiation detectors.展开更多
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the price and composition of blood glucose meters and blood glucose test papers in Hubei Province,so as to improve the affordability of blood glucose monitoring for diabetes pa...The purpose of this study is to evaluate the price and composition of blood glucose meters and blood glucose test papers in Hubei Province,so as to improve the affordability of blood glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.Using the standard survey method jointly developed by the World Health Organization(WHO)and Health Action International(HAI)for drug price composition analysis,central level data was collected through literature review,policy review,and interviews with key informants.Field research was conducted in Wuhan and Yichang to trace price data at various levels of the supply chain.At the central level,data shows that China has implemented multiple policies related to the management and pricing of blood glucose meters and test strips,but has not yet introduced price restrictions for blood glucose meters and test strips;At the supply chain level,data shows that the price composition of blood glucose meters and test strips in Hubei Province is mainly composed of manufacturer prices and retail markups,followed by supply chain taxes and wholesale markups.It can be seen from this that China has established a comprehensive medical device registration,sales,quality control and management standard system through a series of policies.At present,China has not issued price policies for blood glucose meters and blood glucose test papers.Therefore,we can reduce product prices by including medical insurance,government subsidies,competitive bidding,and reducing supply chain taxes,thus improving the affordability of blood glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.展开更多
文摘The design and implementation of mechanical domestic water meters in current industrial organization and intellectual properties have been registered as an invention to solve the problems of current meters. The device operation includes inquiry of printing, subscription connection and disconnection in an emergency. This system includes a software and hardware parts on the users and the control center connecting with two-way mobile phone. Central control software sends the message through the wireless telecommunication lines to the user’s software, requesting the desired information and also provides the commands needed to be sent through the same. The same information can also be submitted to the control center. Through the same way, some of advantages of this method are as follows: installing on existing meters, cheap cost of inquiry call meter, the possibility of declaring illegal manipulation to the control center, the exchange of information using information encoding, and manipulating digital meters applying minor changes.
文摘Currently a large effort is being done with the intention to educate people about how much energy each electrical appliance uses in their houses, since this knowledge is the fundamental basis of energy efficiency programs that can be managed by the household owners. This paper presents a simple yet functional non-intrusive method for electric power measurement that can be applied in energy efficiency programs, in order to provide a better knowledge of the energy consumption of the appliances in a home.
文摘To implement the access and backhaul networks for Smart Metering (SM) systems various technologies are combined with the existing communications infrastructure. This paper deals with data transmission in SM systems, focusing on how the existing cellular networks infrastructure is employed to implement SM access communication networks. The analysis aims at analyzing the role of the cellular communications infrastructure taking into account the spatial distribution and installation points of the smart meters, the urban and topological characteristics of the SM deployment areas and the common practice so far followed by the utilities. It is demonstrated that cellular communications, either exclusively or combined with power line communications, enable immediate and scalable deployment of SM access communication networks at low installation cost, thus constituting the basic option for the implementation of smart metering.
基金This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund in the Research Centre of Advanced Mechatronic Systems project,Project Number CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_-019/0000867 within the Operational Programme Research,Development and Education,and in part by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic under Project SP2021/32.
文摘The massive development of internet of things(IoT)technologies is gaining momentum across all areas of their possible deployment—spanning from Industry 4.0 to eHealth,smart city,agriculture or waste management.This ongoing development is further pushed forward by the gradual deployment of 5G networks.With 5G capable smart devices,it will be possible to transfer more data with shorter latency thereby resulting in exciting new use cases such as Massive IoT.Massive-IoT(low-power wide area network-LPWAN)enables improved network coverage,long device operational lifetime and a high density of connections.Despite all the advantages of massive-IoT technology,there are certain cases where the original concept cannot be used.Among them are dangerous explosive environments or issues caused by subsurface deployment(operation during winter months or dense greenery).This article presents the concept of a hybrid solution of IoT LoRaWAN(long range wide area network)/IRC-VLC(infrared communication,visible light communication)technology,which combines advantages of both technologies according to the deployment scenario.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51575471)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.E2018203028).
文摘Aiming at the problem of large energy consumption in hydraulic control system with large load and variable working conditions,based on the multi-level pressure switching control system(MPSCS),a multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control is proposed combined with the independent metering control technology.The configuration principle of the system is given,the mathematical model of this system is established,and the control strategy of the system under 4 different working quadrants is put forward.Finally,the control performance and energy saving characteristics of the system are tested.The test results show that the switching of high and low pressure power supply has a certain effect on the response of step position and ramp position under impedance working condition.The displacement curves show slow climbing or abrupt change of ramp position,and the position accuracy is less than 1 mm.The multi-level pressure switching control system based on independent metering control can recover and store energy under the transcendence working conditions.The control accuracy is about 1 mm,and the energy recovery rate is about 70%~80%.
文摘Aiming at the shortcomings of the separate meter in and separate meter out?hydraulic system, a new type of independent metering control system is proposed by referring to the principle of load-sensing system. The valve group unit in the system is designed, and the AMESim/Matlab cosimulation model of the component and system is established. The actuator speed control, energy consumption and anti-flow saturation characteristics of the system are discussed. The simulation result shows that the system proposed in this article can achieve?better performances.
文摘This study presents the results of the preliminary tests performed using a kerma-area product (KAP) meter in order to verify its usefulness as a monitor chamber in a clinical X ray system, which will be used in ionization chambers’ quality control program. The tests performed were repeatability, surface measurement uniformity, linearity with tube current, measurement variation changing the distance and field size, KAP chamber radiation attenuation, and energy dependence. The KAP meter has presented a good repeatability (a maximum variation of 0.4%);its surface has a homogeneous response (a maximum variation of 1.0% among the different irradiated regions);the response is linear with the tube current and the variation of the PKA along the distance is less than 3.43%. On the other hand, the results obtained for chamber attenuation and energy dependence show that some corrections must be applied when the measurements are made. The results have shown a good performance of the KAP meter, confirming that it is possible to use this instrument as a monitor chamber. However, it is important to highlight that some correction factors for energy dependence and chamber radiation attenuation must be considered.
文摘In recent years, semiconductor survey meters have been developed and are in increasing demand worldwide. This study determined if it is possible to use the X-ray system installed in each medical facility to calculate the time constant of a semiconductor survey meter and confirm the meter’s function. An additional filter was attached to the medical X-ray system to satisfy the standards of N-60 to N-120, more copper plates were added as needed, and the first and second half-value layers were calculated to enable comparisons of the facility’s X-ray system quality with the N-60 to N-120 quality values. Next, we used a medical X-ray system to measure the leakage dose and calculate the time constant of the survey meter. The functionality of the meter was then checked and compared with the energy characteristics of the meter. The experimental results showed that it was possible to use a medical X-ray system to reproduce the N-60 to N-120 radiation quality values and to calculate the time constant from the measured results, assuming actual leakage dosimetry for that radiation quality. We also found that the calibration factor was equivalent to that of the energy characteristics of the survey meter.
文摘With the expansion of distributed generation systems and demand response programs, the need to fully utilize distribution system capacity has increased. In addition, the potential bidirectional flow of power on distribution networks demands voltage visibility and control at all voltage levels. Distribution system state estimations, however, have traditionally been less prioritized due to the lack of enough measurement points while being the major role player in knowing the real-time system states of active distribution networks. The advent of smart meters at LV loads, on the other hand, is giving relief to this shortcoming. This study explores the potential of bottom up load flow analysis based on customer level Automatic Meter Reading (AMRs) to compute short time forecasts of demands and distribution network system states. A state estimation frame-work, which makes use of available AMR data, is proposed and discussed.
文摘With the increasing development of urban housing construction and the rapid expansion of the number of inhabitants and independent electric energy meter, a variety of tariff systems are launched, meter reading metering becomes increasingly complex, and the traditional manual meter reading is already hard to adapt to new changes. This thesis studies the design of a centralized meter reading system. This program applies PLC technology for information transfer, which guarantees the stability of system carrier communication. This system is composed of electric energy meter, collector, concentrator and other hardware, as well as communication and management software of collection copies system. It is characterized by functions of power data collection, centralization, remote transmission, distance control, electricity analysis, line loss calculation, integrated query, and time-sharing billing. Its promotion and application will necessarily provide important technical means for power supply, property and urban utilities to improve their modernized and automatic management level.
文摘There is an imperfection in the accuracy indicators system and the technical parameters system in IEC standards 62053-21 implemented for watt-hour meters currently. This article quoted some parts of OIML MI-003 and R46 contents to provide a reference of the integrity comparison between the accuracy system and technical parameter system. The comparison result shows that the watt-hour meter accuracy technical indicators system of OIML R46 is more integrated. First reason is that it determines all the accuracy （basic error） defining rules just by using the technical parameter I efficiently; secondly, it can solve the contradiction that no error regulation of the range from starting current to minimum current in the process of providing, handing over and checking watt-hour meter products＇ qualities efficiently. Please pay close attention to the R46 official version which will be released soon, as it is still in the Committee Draft （CD6） stage currently.
文摘In view of limitalions function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It supports multi rate, step rate and power factor influence factor of electricity metering method, and can realize the real-time clock, timing backup data, monitoring the temperature and humidity of the environment and other functions, has the ability to forecast the next period of time energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of electrical appliances. Combined with the PC software, the backup data of smart meters to report, detailed list, and the data curve method is presented to the user, and facilitate to analysis of user. The whole embedded in smart meters and the host computer system provides a good human-computer interface, can realize the user personalized service configuration and software calibration function.
文摘With the deepened transformation of China＇s power system, the stability and reliability of power utilization have been dramatically improved, but meter reading data acquisition does not keep pace with the times. With the continuous maturity of low-voltage power line communication （PLC）, this leads us to see hopes of using PLC technology to realize remote meter reading. In this paper, based on current PLC technology and combining domestic and foreign successful cases, a beneficial exploration and research is conducted from the composition and establishment of software and the design of software and protocol.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under Projects PID2022-137680OB-C32 and PID2022-139187OB-I00.
文摘Customer segmentation according to load-shape profiles using smart meter data is an increasingly important application to vital the planning and operation of energy systems and to enable citizens’participation in the energy transition.This study proposes an innovative multi-step clustering procedure to segment customers based on load-shape patterns at the daily and intra-daily time horizons.Smart meter data is split between daily and hourly normalized time series to assess monthly,weekly,daily,and hourly seasonality patterns separately.The dimensionality reduction implicit in the splitting allows a direct approach to clustering raw daily energy time series data.The intraday clustering procedure sequentially identifies representative hourly day-unit profiles for each customer and the entire population.For the first time,a step function approach is applied to reduce time series dimensionality.Customer attributes embedded in surveys are employed to build external clustering validation metrics using Cramer’s V correlation factors and to identify statistically significant determinants of load-shape in energy usage.In addition,a time series features engineering approach is used to extract 16 relevant demand flexibility indicators that characterize customers and corresponding clusters along four different axes:available Energy(E),Temporal patterns(T),Consistency(C),and Variability(V).The methodology is implemented on a real-world electricity consumption dataset of 325 Small and Medium-sized Enterprise(SME)customers,identifying 4 daily and 6 hourly easy-to-interpret,well-defined clusters.The application of the methodology includes selecting key parameters via grid search and a thorough comparison of clustering distances and methods to ensure the robustness of the results.Further research can test the scalability of the methodology to larger datasets from various customer segments(households and large commercial)and locations with different weather and socioeconomic conditions.
基金supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project"Drilling and Completion Technology for Efficient Development of Low Permeability Oil and Gas Reservoirs-Key Tools and Equipment for Drilling Speed Enhancement and Efficiency Improvement in Complex Formations"(No.:2016ZX05021-003).
文摘Kick and loss are two complicated incidents that affect the construction safety in oil and gas well drilling.The commonly-used kick/loss monitoring methods are disadvantageous with monitoring lag and low metering precision,which may cause well collapse,pipe sticking and well blowouts due to untimely detection and improper treatment.In this paper,a new type of kick/loss monitoring and metering system was designed based upon a comparative analysis of several kick/loss monitoring methods commonly used on rig sites.This new system has the functions of early monitoring and alarm,kick/loss velocity metering,total loss metering and automatic filling,and its feasibility was verified through laboratory experiments.And the following research results were obtained.First,the monitoring tank of this new system is divided into two chambers,i.e.,a main chamber and a secondary chamber.The return of drilling fluid partially flows back to the shale shaker through the main chamber,and the rest overflows into the secondary chamber.Second,the internal cross section area of the secondary chamber is small,which increases the response sensitivity to liquid level change,so kick/loss can be detected in time.Third,the water head of the outlet pipeline of the main chamber remains constant and the outlet flow is stable,so kick/loss velocity and total kick/loss can be calculated quantitatively based on the change of liquid level in the secondary chamber.And the monitoring error of kick/loss velocity is less than 8%.Fourth,in the process of tripping out,the drilling fluid in the monitoring tank flows into the wellbore under the action of self weight to keep the full liquid level of the wellbore all the time.As a result,lagged filling and partial filling are eliminated.In conclusion,this new kick/loss monitoring system is economical and practical,and giving a full play to the advantages of ground survey and alarm timely and accurately.
文摘Renewable energy, particularly solar energy, offers a clean and alternative energy source to meet the energy demand for sustainable development in the world. Due to its profitability and viability, PV net-metering scheme has been adopted in many countries. The feasibility of implementation PV rooftop system with net metering in residential, commercial, governmental and industrial sectors in Iraq is demonstrated in this study. A financial model has been developed to investigate the feasibility parameters <i>NPV</i>, <i>IRR</i> and annual savings of 24 kWp PV system. The results showed that increasing the capacity of the PV system in residential and commercial buildings will lead to a profitable investment return and the breakeven point that may make the PV net-metering projects feasible is very close to the tariff applied for the commercial sector (10.29 $c/kWh). In the governmental sector, the tariff needs to </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">increase by 35.1% to reach breakeven. However, for such net-metering scheme</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to be attractive and feasible on a wide scale, it is crucial to back it with financial support through soft loans and grants.
文摘Recent advancements in smart-meter technology are transforming traditional power systems into intelligent smart grids.It offers substantial benefits across social,environmental,and economic dimensions.To effectively realize these advantages,a fine-grained collection and analysis of smart meter data is essential.However,the high dimensionality and volume of such time-series present significant challenges,including increased computational load,data transmission overhead,latency,and complexity in real-time analysis.This study proposes a novel,computationally efficient framework for feature extraction and selection tailored to smart meter time-series data.The approach begins with an extensive offline analysis,where features are derived from multiple domains—time,frequency,and statistical—to capture diverse signal characteristics.Various feature sets are fused and evaluated using robust machine learning classifiers to identify the most informative combinations for automated appliance categorization.The bestperforming fused features set undergoes further refinement using Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)to identify the most discriminative features.The mathematical models,used to compute the selected features,are optimized to extract them with computational efficiency during online processing.Moreover,a notable dimension reduction is secured which facilitates data storage,transmission,and post processing.Onward,a specifically designed LogitBoost(LB)based ensemble of Random Forest base learners is used for an automated classification.The proposed solution demonstrates a high classification accuracy(97.93%)for the case of nine-class problem and dimension reduction(17.33-fold)with minimal front-end computational requirements,making it well-suited for real-world applications in smart grid environments.
文摘Radiation detectors, such as survey meters, are essential for ensuring radiation safety in various sectors, including healthcare, industrial processing, emergency response, etc. However, regular calibration and proper maintenance of survey meters are important in order to ascertain their accuracy and reliability. This study provides a comprehensive retrospective assessment of the calibration behaviour, durability, and fault trends of 160 survey meters, spanning ten different models. They were calibrated at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) in Nigeria over a decade (2012-2023) using an X-Ray Beam Irradiator Model X80-225K and Cs-137 irradiator (OB6) with a PTW reference spherical chamber traceable to the IAEA SSDL in Seibersdorf, Austria. The calibration stability of each model was evaluated, revealing that models like Instrument A and Instrument B demonstrated high reliability with calibration factors close to the ideal value of 1, while models like Instrument C exhibited higher variability, suggesting less consistent performance for dose rate monitoring. Fault analysis showed that the most common issues were related to the battery compartment, indicating a need for improved handling practices. Correlation analysis reveals no statistically significant correlation between calibration factor and age of survey meter across the analysed models. The study concludes that regular calibration, proper handling, and user training are crucial for maintaining the accuracy and longevity of radiation detectors.
基金Hubei Provincial Medical Institutions at all levels of basic drugs and drug bridging support policy projectsResearch on the Integrated Development of Disease Prevention and Control and Medical Services in the XPCC under the Background of Healthy China (Grant No. BTJKJ2024003)。
文摘The purpose of this study is to evaluate the price and composition of blood glucose meters and blood glucose test papers in Hubei Province,so as to improve the affordability of blood glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.Using the standard survey method jointly developed by the World Health Organization(WHO)and Health Action International(HAI)for drug price composition analysis,central level data was collected through literature review,policy review,and interviews with key informants.Field research was conducted in Wuhan and Yichang to trace price data at various levels of the supply chain.At the central level,data shows that China has implemented multiple policies related to the management and pricing of blood glucose meters and test strips,but has not yet introduced price restrictions for blood glucose meters and test strips;At the supply chain level,data shows that the price composition of blood glucose meters and test strips in Hubei Province is mainly composed of manufacturer prices and retail markups,followed by supply chain taxes and wholesale markups.It can be seen from this that China has established a comprehensive medical device registration,sales,quality control and management standard system through a series of policies.At present,China has not issued price policies for blood glucose meters and blood glucose test papers.Therefore,we can reduce product prices by including medical insurance,government subsidies,competitive bidding,and reducing supply chain taxes,thus improving the affordability of blood glucose monitoring for diabetes patients.
