Industrial projects can be viewed as complex sociotechnical systems(e.g.,human agents interacting with technology)where cause-and-effect relationships do not necessarily occur in time-and-space proximity.For this work...Industrial projects can be viewed as complex sociotechnical systems(e.g.,human agents interacting with technology)where cause-and-effect relationships do not necessarily occur in time-and-space proximity.For this work,metanetwork(e.g.,a network of networks)analysis was applied to emergent behavior-centric intangible risks(BCIRs)in a portfolio of projects in the energy sector.A user-friendly framework is proposed to identify and quantitatively assess BCIRs,along with the conditions that initiate them throughout the project development cycle.The underlying hypothesis is a structured approach to identifying,assessing,and proactively addressing BCIRs that have the potential to improve a project team’s ability to meet its objectives.While we build upon Rasmussen’s dynamic safety model and address the need for a framework to assess causal factors that influence behaviors in the context of an energy-sector project,we do this with a view to a future where technology(e.g.,artificial intelligence(AI),automation,robotics,etc.)will play an ever-increasing role.The proposed framework is presented as tested in a live project portfolio setting where organizational modifications were identified,simulated,and implemented.One particular dimension of the analysis,the issue of authority without responsibility,is also discussed.The results of this empirical assessment were further validated by an industry panel of subject-matter experts(SMEs).展开更多
Background The topology of the plant-pollinator network can be explained by the species’abundance and their random interactions.Plant-pollinator networks can be studied in the context of a landscape,because each patc...Background The topology of the plant-pollinator network can be explained by the species’abundance and their random interactions.Plant-pollinator networks can be studied in the context of a landscape,because each patch can accommodate a certain local network.Local populations of pollinators in the landscape can be connected through migration and then constitute a metanetwork that is known as a combination of spatial and ecological networks.In this regard,habitat fragmentation can affect the topology of plant-pollinator metanetworks through changes in the species abundance and limiting their interactions.However,it is not clear what pattern(fragmented or aggregated)of the landscape structure can accommodate networks with a higher degree of specialization.Methods we created simulated landscapes with different forest proportions scenarios(from 5%to 50%of the total landscape)and degrees of fragmentation.Then,for each landscape,we limited the proportion of pollinators to the forest patch.We assumed that plants and pollinators are randomly distributed around the landscape and interact randomly.We used landscape metrics to measure different aspects of landscape structure and bipartite metrics for calculating the degree of specialization in plant-pollinator networks.Results The statistical relationship between bipartite and landscape metrics showed that the relationship between the topology of plant-pollinator networks and the landscape structure is affected by the forest amount in the landscape and the degree of forest fragmentation.We also found that according to the nestedness and H2(a measure of specialization)metrics,fragmented landscapes contain more general plant-pollinator networks.Conclusions Our findings suggest that fragmented landscapes,characterized by scattered forest patches,can promote higher levels of interaction between limited pollinators and diverse flowers,leading to more general plant-pollinator networks.展开更多
文摘Industrial projects can be viewed as complex sociotechnical systems(e.g.,human agents interacting with technology)where cause-and-effect relationships do not necessarily occur in time-and-space proximity.For this work,metanetwork(e.g.,a network of networks)analysis was applied to emergent behavior-centric intangible risks(BCIRs)in a portfolio of projects in the energy sector.A user-friendly framework is proposed to identify and quantitatively assess BCIRs,along with the conditions that initiate them throughout the project development cycle.The underlying hypothesis is a structured approach to identifying,assessing,and proactively addressing BCIRs that have the potential to improve a project team’s ability to meet its objectives.While we build upon Rasmussen’s dynamic safety model and address the need for a framework to assess causal factors that influence behaviors in the context of an energy-sector project,we do this with a view to a future where technology(e.g.,artificial intelligence(AI),automation,robotics,etc.)will play an ever-increasing role.The proposed framework is presented as tested in a live project portfolio setting where organizational modifications were identified,simulated,and implemented.One particular dimension of the analysis,the issue of authority without responsibility,is also discussed.The results of this empirical assessment were further validated by an industry panel of subject-matter experts(SMEs).
基金supported by RDA agenda research PJ01574604the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(Grant no.:NRF-018R1A6A1A03024).
文摘Background The topology of the plant-pollinator network can be explained by the species’abundance and their random interactions.Plant-pollinator networks can be studied in the context of a landscape,because each patch can accommodate a certain local network.Local populations of pollinators in the landscape can be connected through migration and then constitute a metanetwork that is known as a combination of spatial and ecological networks.In this regard,habitat fragmentation can affect the topology of plant-pollinator metanetworks through changes in the species abundance and limiting their interactions.However,it is not clear what pattern(fragmented or aggregated)of the landscape structure can accommodate networks with a higher degree of specialization.Methods we created simulated landscapes with different forest proportions scenarios(from 5%to 50%of the total landscape)and degrees of fragmentation.Then,for each landscape,we limited the proportion of pollinators to the forest patch.We assumed that plants and pollinators are randomly distributed around the landscape and interact randomly.We used landscape metrics to measure different aspects of landscape structure and bipartite metrics for calculating the degree of specialization in plant-pollinator networks.Results The statistical relationship between bipartite and landscape metrics showed that the relationship between the topology of plant-pollinator networks and the landscape structure is affected by the forest amount in the landscape and the degree of forest fragmentation.We also found that according to the nestedness and H2(a measure of specialization)metrics,fragmented landscapes contain more general plant-pollinator networks.Conclusions Our findings suggest that fragmented landscapes,characterized by scattered forest patches,can promote higher levels of interaction between limited pollinators and diverse flowers,leading to more general plant-pollinator networks.
