Developing lower-cost and higher-effective catalyst to support hydrogen(H_(2))production by electrochemical water-splitting has been recognized as a preferred strategy to drive the clean energy utilization.As a credib...Developing lower-cost and higher-effective catalyst to support hydrogen(H_(2))production by electrochemical water-splitting has been recognized as a preferred strategy to drive the clean energy utilization.As a credible technology for the synthesis of functional materials,electrodeposition has attracted widespread attention,especially suitable for non-noble transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs).Recently,lots of researchers have been devoted to this hot research direction with plentiful achievements,however,a comprehensive review towards this area is still missing.Hence,we summarize the past research progress,presents the technical characteristics of electrodeposition from the viewpoint of fundamental theory and influence factors for the electrochemical deposition behavior,and introduce its application in various of TMCs with versatile nanostructures and compositions.Except a deeper and more comprehensive cognition of electrodeposition,we further discuss the catalyst’s optimized hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance as well as overall water splitting that combined with the synthetic process.Finally,we conclude the technical advantages towards electrodeposition,propose challenge and future research directions in this promising field.This timely review aims to promote a deeper understanding of effective catalysts obtained via electrodeposition strategy,and provide new guidance for the design and synthesis of future catalysts for hydrogen production.展开更多
Amorphous metal-based catalysts(AMCs)have sparked intense research interests in the field of electrocatalysis elicited by their hallmark features such as unlimited volume and morphology,manipulated electronic structur...Amorphous metal-based catalysts(AMCs)have sparked intense research interests in the field of electrocatalysis elicited by their hallmark features such as unlimited volume and morphology,manipulated electronic structures,enriched defects,and unsaturated surface atom coordination.Nevertheless,the manipulation of the amorphous phase in metal-based catalysts is so far impractical,and thus their electrocatalytic mechanism yet remains ambiguous.In this review,the latest advances in AMCs are systematically reviewed,covering amorphous-phase engineering strategy,structure manipulation,and amorphization of various material categories for electrocatalysis.Specifically,a series of applications of AMCs in electrocatalysis for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are summarized based on the classification criteria of substances.Finally,we put forward current challenges that have not yet been clarified in the field of AMCs,and propose possible solutions,particularly from the perspective of the evolution of electron microscopy.It is expected to promote the understanding of the amorphization-catalysis relationship and provide a guideline for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.展开更多
The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalyti...The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)RR)has been widely studied for its advantages of being eco-friendly,easy to operate,and controllable under environmental conditions with renewable energy as the driving force.Transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have been widely used in electrocatalysis due to their abundant reserves,low costs,easy-to-regulate electronic structure and considerable electrochemical activity.In addition,TMCs have been extensively studied in terms of the kinetics of the nitrate reduction reaction,the moderate adsorption energy of nitrogen-containing species and the active hydrogen supply capacity.Based on this,this review firstly discusses the mechanism as well as analyzes the two main reduction products(N_(2)and NH_(3))of eNO_(3)RR,and reveals the basic guidelines for the design of efficient nitrate catalysts from the perspective of the reaction mechanism.Secondly,this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the direction of eNO_(3RR)with four types of TMCs,Fe,Co,Ni and Cu,and unveils the interfacial modulation strategies of Fe,Co,Ni and Cu catalysts for the activity,reaction pathway and stability.Finally,reasonable suggestions and opportunities are proposed for the challenges and future development of eNO_(3)RR.This review provides far-reaching implications for exploring cost-effective TMCs to replace high-cost noble metal catalysts(NMCs)for eNO_(3)RR.展开更多
Ammonia plays an essential role in human production and life as a raw material for chemical fertilizers.The nitrate electroreduction to ammonia reaction(NO_(3)RR)has garnered attention due to its advantages over the H...Ammonia plays an essential role in human production and life as a raw material for chemical fertilizers.The nitrate electroreduction to ammonia reaction(NO_(3)RR)has garnered attention due to its advantages over the Haber-Bosch process and electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.Therefore,it represents a promising approach to safeguard the ecological environment by enabling the cycling of nitrogen species.This review begins by discussing the theoretical insights of the NO_(3)RR.It then summarizes recent advances in catalyst design and construction strategies,including alloying,structure engineering,surface engineering,and heterostructure engineering.Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are presented.This review aims to guide for enhancing the efficiency of electrocatalysts in the NO_(3)RR,and offers insights for converting NO_(3)-to NH_(3).展开更多
Nanoporous metal-based catalysts with the specific bicontinuous interconnected ligaments/pores network exhibit highly active performances in application for energy conversion, which represent a broader trend in the de...Nanoporous metal-based catalysts with the specific bicontinuous interconnected ligaments/pores network exhibit highly active performances in application for energy conversion, which represent a broader trend in the design of catalyst materials. These promising nanomaterials commendably provide highly conductive porous morphologies with reduced contact resistances, large electrochemical surface areas with enhanced catalytic efficiency, and controllable synthesis for regulating the performances. Thus, we highlight recent designs of nanoporous metals, alloys, transition metal compounds and hierarchical structures mainly employed in catalysis process. We discuss applied strategies to utilize characteristics of nanoporous metals in the energetic field of catalytic reactions. Moreover, development and evolution of novel controllable synthesis methods are applied in preparation of nanoporous non-noble metals and transition metal compounds. Finally, we present some outlooks and perspectives on the nanoporous metal catalyst and suggest ways for achieving alternative materials in catalysis applications.展开更多
Catalyst with high performance has drawn increasing attention recently due to its significant advantages in chemical reactions such as speeding up the reaction,lowering the reaction temperature or pressure,and proceed...Catalyst with high performance has drawn increasing attention recently due to its significant advantages in chemical reactions such as speeding up the reaction,lowering the reaction temperature or pressure,and proceeding without itself being consumed.Despite the superior catalytic performance of precious metal catalysts,transition metal oxides offer a promising route for substitution of precious metals in catalysis arising from their low cost,intrinsic activity and sufficient stability.Mullite-type oxide SmMn_(2)O_(5) exhibits a unique crystal structure containing double crystalline fields,and nowadays is used widely as the catalyst in different chemical reactions,including the reactions of vehicle emissions reduction and oxygen evolution reaction,gas sensors,and metal-air batteries,promoting attention in catalytic perfor-mance enhancement.To our knowledge,there is no review article covering the comprehensive informa-tion of SmMn2 O 5 and its applications.Here we review the recent progress in understanding of the crys-tal structure of SmMn_(2)O_(5) and its basic physical properties.We then summarize the catalytic sources of SmMn_(2)O_(5) and reaction mechanisms,while the strategies to improve catalytic performance of SmMn_(2)O_(5) are further presented.Finally,we provide a perspective on how to make further progress in catalytic applications.展开更多
The continued increase in population and the industrial revolution have led to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration. Consequently, developing and implementing effective solutions to reduce C...The continued increase in population and the industrial revolution have led to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration. Consequently, developing and implementing effective solutions to reduce CO_(2) emissions is a global priority. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is strongly believed to be a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based technologies for the production of value-added chemicals. So far, the implementation of CO_(2)RR is hindered by associated electrochemical reactions, such as low selectivity, hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), and additional overpotential induced in some cases. As a result, it is necessary to conduct a timely evaluation of the state-of-the-art strategies in CO_(2)RR, with a focus on the engineering of the electrocatalytic systems. Catalyst morphology is one factor that plays a critical role in overcoming these drawbacks and significantly contributes to enhancing product selectivity and Faradaic efficiency(FE). This review article summarizes the recent advances in the rational design of electrocatalysts with various morphologies and the influence of these morphologies on CO_(2)RR. To compare literature findings in a meaningful way, the article focuses on results reported under a well-defined period and considers the first three rows of the d-block metal catalysts. The discussion typically covers the design of nanostructured catalysts and the molecular-level understanding of morphology-performance relationship in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability during CO_(2) electrolysis. Among others, it would be convenient to recommend a comprehensive discussion on the morphologies of single metals and heterostructures, with a detailed emphasis on their impact on CO_(2) conversion.展开更多
Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen e...Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Transition metal-based catalysts have garnered significant research interest as promising alternatives to noble-metal catalysts,owing to their low cost,tunable composition,and noble-metal-like catalytic activity.Nevertheless,systematic reviews on their application as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting(OWS)are still limited.This review comprehensively outlines the principal categories of bifunctional transition metal electrocatalysts derived from electrospun nanofibers(NFs),including metals,oxides,phosphides,sulfides,and carbides.Key strategies for enhancing their catalytic performance are systematically summarized,such as heterointerface engineering,heteroatom doping,metal-nonmetal-metal bridging architectures,and single-atom site design.Finally,current challenges and future research directions are discussed,aiming to provide insightful perspectives for the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts for OWS.展开更多
The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challen...The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challenges.Metal-based nanomedicines possess unique physicochemical properties that enable their interaction with living organisms,thereby inducing complex biological responses.These nanomaterials have been extensively used to enhance the contrast and sensitivity of cancer imaging and to amplify the distinction between cancerous and healthy tissues.Moreover,these nanomaterials can effectively combat a wide spectrum of cancers through various methods,including drug delivery,radiotherapy,photothermal therapy(PTT),photodynamic therapy(PDT),sonodynamic therapy(SDT),biocatalytic therapy,ion interference therapy(IIT),and immunotherapy.Currently,there is still a need for a comprehensive summary on the metal-based nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Herein,we present a systematic and complete overview of action mechanisms and the applications of metal-based nanomaterials in cancer theranostics.A summary of common strategies for synthesizing and modifying metal-based nanomedicines is presented,and their biosafety is analyzed.Then,the latest developments in their applications for cancer imaging and anticancer treatment are provided.Finally,the key technical challenges and reasonable perspectives of metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics in clinical applications are discussed.展开更多
The Li-CO_(2)battery has been highly rated as an intriguing technique for balancing the carbon cycle for years,but it is still significantly challenged by the obstacles such as limited reversibility,sluggish kinetics,...The Li-CO_(2)battery has been highly rated as an intriguing technique for balancing the carbon cycle for years,but it is still significantly challenged by the obstacles such as limited reversibility,sluggish kinetics,and poor energy efficiency.Hence,the design and development of advance catalysts that can enhance the kinetics and reversibility of the CO_(2)electrochemical cycling reactions are considered the imperative tasks.Transition metal-based catalysts are widely considered appealing owing to their unfilled dorbitals,rich and adjustable valences,as well as processibility.In this review,the working mechanism and the key issues of the CO_(2)electrochemical cycling reaction are discussed first.Then the strategies for composition and structure design of different type of transition metal-based catalysts are highlighted,including their benefits,limitations,and the ways to implement these strategies.Finally,based on the pioneering research,the perspectives on the challenges and key points for the future development of cathode catalyst are proposed.展开更多
Designing high-performance electrocatalysts is one of the key challenges in the development of microbial electrochemical hydrogen production.Transition metal-based(TM-based)electrocatalysts are introduced as an astoni...Designing high-performance electrocatalysts is one of the key challenges in the development of microbial electrochemical hydrogen production.Transition metal-based(TM-based)electrocatalysts are introduced as an astonishing alternative for future catalysts by addressing several disadvantages,like the high cost and low performance of noble metal and metal-free electrocatalysts,respectively.In this critical review,a comprehensive analysis of the major development of all families of TMbased catalysts from the beginning development of microbial electrolysis cells in the last 15 years is presented.Importantly,pivotal design parameters such as selecting efficient synthesis methods based on the type of material,main criteria during each synthesizing method,and the pros and cons of various procedures are highlighted and compared.Moreover,procedures for tuning and tailoring the structures,advanced strategies to promote active sites,and the potential for implementing novel unexplored TM-based hybrid structures suggested.Furthermore,consideration for large-scale application of TM-based catalysts for future mass production,including life cycle assessment,cost assessment,economic analysis,and recently pilot-scale studies were highlighted.Of great importance,the potential of utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced computational methods such as active learning,microkinetic modeling,and physics-informed machine learning in designing high-performance electrodes in successful practices was elucidated.Finally,a conceptual framework for future studies and remaining challenges on different aspects of TM-based electrocatalysts in microbial electrolysis cells is proposed.展开更多
Selective semihydrogenation of acetylene in raw olefin streams to ethylene is a key industrial reaction to produce polymer-grade feeds for the manufacture of corresponding polymers.The currently used process in indust...Selective semihydrogenation of acetylene in raw olefin streams to ethylene is a key industrial reaction to produce polymer-grade feeds for the manufacture of corresponding polymers.The currently used process in industry is the thermocatalytic acetylene semihydrogenation with pressurized hydrogen and Pd-based catalysts at relatively high temperatures.The high cost of Pd urgently desires the design of non-noble metal-based catalysts.However,non-noble metal-based catalysts commonly require much higher reaction temperatures than Pd-based catalysts because of their poor intrinsic activity.Therefore,aiming at increasing economic efficiency and sustainability,various strategies are explored for developing non-noble metal-based catalysts for thermocatalytic and green acetylene semihydrogenation processes.In this review,we systematically summarize the recent advances in catalytic technology from thermocatalysis to sustainable alternatives,as well as corresponding regulation strategies for designing high-performance non-noble metal-based catalysts.The crucial factors affecting catalytic performance are discussed,and the fundamental structure-performance correlation of catalysts is outlined.Meanwhile,we emphasize current challenging issues and future perspectives for acetylene semihydrogenation.This review will not only promote the rapid exploration of non-noble metal-based catalysts for acetylene semihydrogenation,but also advance the development of sustainable processes like electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.展开更多
Light olefins are important platform feedstocks in the petrochemical industry,and the ongoing global economic development has driven sustained growth in demand for these compounds.The dehydrogenation of alkanes,derive...Light olefins are important platform feedstocks in the petrochemical industry,and the ongoing global economic development has driven sustained growth in demand for these compounds.The dehydrogenation of alkanes,derived from shale gas,serves as an alternative olefins production route.Concurrently,the target of realizing carbon neutrality promotes the comprehensive utilization of greenhouse gas.The integrated process of light alkanes dehydrogenation and carbon dioxide reduction(CO_(2)-ODH)can produce light olefins and realize resource utilization of CO_(2),which has gained wide popularity.With the introduction of CO_(2),coke deposition and metal reduction encountered in alkanes dehydrogenation reactions can be effectively suppressed.CO_(2)-assisted alkanes dehydrogenation can also reduce the risk of potential explosion hazard associated with O_(2)-oxidative dehydrogenation reactions.Recent investigations into various metal-based catalysts including mono-and bi-metallic alloys and oxides have displayed promising performances due to their unique properties.This paper provides the comprehensive review and critical analysis of advancements in the CO_(2)-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes(C2-C4)on metal-based catalysts developed in recent years.Moreover,it offers a comparative summary of the structural properties,catalytic activities,and reaction mechanisms over various active sites,providing valuable insights for the future design of dehydrogenation catalysts.展开更多
Noble metal-based high-entropy alloy nanoparticles(NM-HEA NPs) have exhibited brilliant catalytic performance toward electrocatalytic energy conversion and attracted increasing attention. The near-equimolar mixed elem...Noble metal-based high-entropy alloy nanoparticles(NM-HEA NPs) have exhibited brilliant catalytic performance toward electrocatalytic energy conversion and attracted increasing attention. The near-equimolar mixed elements of NM-HEA NPs may result in the unique properties including cocktail effect, high entropy effect and lattice distortion effect, which are beneficial for improving the catalytic performance and reducing the amount of noble metal. Herein, several advanced NM-HEA NPs as electrocatalysts for energy conversion are systematically summarized. The preparation methods of NM-HEA NPs are evaluated as well as the catalytic properties and mechanism are discussed classified by electrocatalytic reactions. Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are carefully discussed. This review provides an overview on recent advances of NM-HEA electrocatalysts for energy conversion and draws more attention in this infant research field.展开更多
A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer ...A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst as well as a side tube in the interspaces of two layers for supplementing 02. The reaction performance of oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） in the dual-bed reactor system is evaluated. The effects of the reaction parameters such as feed CH4/O2 ratio, reaction temperature and side tube feed 02 flowrate on the catalytic performance are investigated. The results indicate that the suggested mode of dual-bed reactor exhibits an excellent performance for OCM. CH4 conversion of 33.2%, C2H4 selectivity of 46.5% and C2 yield of 22.5% could be obtained, which have been increased by 6.4%, 4.1% and 5.5%, respectively, as compared with 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a single-bed reactor and increased by 10.7%, 31.9% and 17.7%, respectively, as compared with 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor. The effective promotion of OCM performance in the reactor would supply a valuable reference for the industrialization of OCM process.展开更多
The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain t...The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.展开更多
Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules(e.g.,water,urea,methanol,hydrazine,and glycerol)has gained growing scientific interest in the fields of electrochemical energy conversion/storage and environmental remediat...Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules(e.g.,water,urea,methanol,hydrazine,and glycerol)has gained growing scientific interest in the fields of electrochemical energy conversion/storage and environmental remediation.Designing cost-effective catalysts for the electrooxidation of small molecules(ESM)is thus crucial for improving reaction efficiency.Recently,earth-abundant amorphous transition metal(TM)-based nanomaterials have aroused souring interest owing to their earth-abundance,flexible structures,and excellent electrochemical activities.Hundreds of amorphous TM-based nanomaterials have been designed and used as promising ESM catalysts.Herein,recent advances in the design of amorphous TM-based ESM catalysts are comprehensively reviewed.The features(e.g.,large specific surface area,flexible electronic structure,and facile structure reconstruction)of amorphous TM-based ESM catalysts are first analyzed.Afterward,the design of various TM-based catalysts with advanced strategies(e.g.,nanostructure design,component regulation,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure construction)is fully scrutinized,and the catalysts’structure-performance correlation is emphasized.Future perspectives in the development of cost-effective amorphous TM-based catalysts are then outlined.This review is expected to provide practical strategies for the design of next-generation amorphous electrocatalysts.展开更多
Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2) RR) offers a practical solution to current global greenhouse effect by converting excessive CO_(2) into value-added chemicals or fuels. Noble metal-based nanomaterials...Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2) RR) offers a practical solution to current global greenhouse effect by converting excessive CO_(2) into value-added chemicals or fuels. Noble metal-based nanomaterials have been considered as efficient catalysts for the CO_(2) RR owing to their high catalytic activity, long-term stability and superior selectivity to targeted products. On the other hand, they are usually loaded on different support materials in order to minimize their usage and maximize the utilization because of high price and limited reserve. The strong metal-support interaction (MSI) between the metal and substrate plays an important role in affecting the CO_(2) RR performance. In this review, we mainly focus on different types of support materials (e.g., oxides, carbons, ligands, alloys and metal carbides) interacting with noble metal as electrocatalysts for CO_(2) RR. Moreover, the positive effects about MSI for boosting the CO_(2) RR performance via regulating the adsorption strength, electronic structure, coordination environment and binding energy are presented. Lastly, emerging challenges and future opportunities on noble metal electrocatalysts with strong MSI are discussed.展开更多
Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)have a simple structure and excellent pollutant treatment and power generation performance.However,the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)at the MFC cathode limit power genera...Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)have a simple structure and excellent pollutant treatment and power generation performance.However,the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)at the MFC cathode limit power generation.The electrochemical performance of MFCs can be improved through electrocatalysis.Thus far,metal-based catalysts have shown astonishing results in the field of electrocatalysis,enabling MFC devices to demonstrate power generation capabilities comparable to those of Pt,thus showing enormous potential.This article reviews the research progress of meta-based MFC cathode ORR catalysts,including the ORR reaction mechanism of MFC,different types of catalysts,and preparation strategies.The catalytic effects of different catalysts in MFC are compared and summarized.Before discussing the practical application and expanded manufacturing of catalysts,we summarize the key challenges that must be addressed when using metal-based catalysts in MFC,with the aim of providing a scientific direction for the future development of advanced materials.展开更多
基金supported by the National Scientific Foundation of China(Grant No.21878061)。
文摘Developing lower-cost and higher-effective catalyst to support hydrogen(H_(2))production by electrochemical water-splitting has been recognized as a preferred strategy to drive the clean energy utilization.As a credible technology for the synthesis of functional materials,electrodeposition has attracted widespread attention,especially suitable for non-noble transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs).Recently,lots of researchers have been devoted to this hot research direction with plentiful achievements,however,a comprehensive review towards this area is still missing.Hence,we summarize the past research progress,presents the technical characteristics of electrodeposition from the viewpoint of fundamental theory and influence factors for the electrochemical deposition behavior,and introduce its application in various of TMCs with versatile nanostructures and compositions.Except a deeper and more comprehensive cognition of electrodeposition,we further discuss the catalyst’s optimized hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),oxygen evolution reaction(OER)performance as well as overall water splitting that combined with the synthetic process.Finally,we conclude the technical advantages towards electrodeposition,propose challenge and future research directions in this promising field.This timely review aims to promote a deeper understanding of effective catalysts obtained via electrodeposition strategy,and provide new guidance for the design and synthesis of future catalysts for hydrogen production.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52001222,52075361,and U21A20174)the Key National Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of Shanxi Province(No.202104041101008)+5 种基金the Major Science and Technology Project of Shanxi Province(No.20201102003)the Key Research and Development Projects in Shanxi Province(No.201903D421030)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Nos.201701D221073 and 201901D111107)the Program for the Innovative Talents of Higher Education Institutions of Shanxi(PTIT)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(STIP,No.2019L025)the Special Foundation for Youth San Jin scholars。
文摘Amorphous metal-based catalysts(AMCs)have sparked intense research interests in the field of electrocatalysis elicited by their hallmark features such as unlimited volume and morphology,manipulated electronic structures,enriched defects,and unsaturated surface atom coordination.Nevertheless,the manipulation of the amorphous phase in metal-based catalysts is so far impractical,and thus their electrocatalytic mechanism yet remains ambiguous.In this review,the latest advances in AMCs are systematically reviewed,covering amorphous-phase engineering strategy,structure manipulation,and amorphization of various material categories for electrocatalysis.Specifically,a series of applications of AMCs in electrocatalysis for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)are summarized based on the classification criteria of substances.Finally,we put forward current challenges that have not yet been clarified in the field of AMCs,and propose possible solutions,particularly from the perspective of the evolution of electron microscopy.It is expected to promote the understanding of the amorphization-catalysis relationship and provide a guideline for designing high-performance electrocatalysts.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52172291 and 52122312)“Dawn”Program of Shanghai Education Commission,China(No.22SG31)。
文摘The accumulation of excessive nitrate in the atmosphere not only jeopardizes human health but also disrupts the balance of the nitrogen cycle in the ecosystem.Among various nitrate removal technologies,electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction(eNO_(3)RR)has been widely studied for its advantages of being eco-friendly,easy to operate,and controllable under environmental conditions with renewable energy as the driving force.Transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have been widely used in electrocatalysis due to their abundant reserves,low costs,easy-to-regulate electronic structure and considerable electrochemical activity.In addition,TMCs have been extensively studied in terms of the kinetics of the nitrate reduction reaction,the moderate adsorption energy of nitrogen-containing species and the active hydrogen supply capacity.Based on this,this review firstly discusses the mechanism as well as analyzes the two main reduction products(N_(2)and NH_(3))of eNO_(3)RR,and reveals the basic guidelines for the design of efficient nitrate catalysts from the perspective of the reaction mechanism.Secondly,this review mainly focuses on the recent advances in the direction of eNO_(3RR)with four types of TMCs,Fe,Co,Ni and Cu,and unveils the interfacial modulation strategies of Fe,Co,Ni and Cu catalysts for the activity,reaction pathway and stability.Finally,reasonable suggestions and opportunities are proposed for the challenges and future development of eNO_(3)RR.This review provides far-reaching implications for exploring cost-effective TMCs to replace high-cost noble metal catalysts(NMCs)for eNO_(3)RR.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22202151)Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202203021212243)。
文摘Ammonia plays an essential role in human production and life as a raw material for chemical fertilizers.The nitrate electroreduction to ammonia reaction(NO_(3)RR)has garnered attention due to its advantages over the Haber-Bosch process and electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.Therefore,it represents a promising approach to safeguard the ecological environment by enabling the cycling of nitrogen species.This review begins by discussing the theoretical insights of the NO_(3)RR.It then summarizes recent advances in catalyst design and construction strategies,including alloying,structure engineering,surface engineering,and heterostructure engineering.Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are presented.This review aims to guide for enhancing the efficiency of electrocatalysts in the NO_(3)RR,and offers insights for converting NO_(3)-to NH_(3).
基金We wish to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51631004)JLU Science and Technology Innovative Research Team (No. 2017TD-09)the fund of "Worldclass Universities and World-class Disciplines" and the computing resources of High Performance Computing Centers of Jilin University and Jinan, China.
文摘Nanoporous metal-based catalysts with the specific bicontinuous interconnected ligaments/pores network exhibit highly active performances in application for energy conversion, which represent a broader trend in the design of catalyst materials. These promising nanomaterials commendably provide highly conductive porous morphologies with reduced contact resistances, large electrochemical surface areas with enhanced catalytic efficiency, and controllable synthesis for regulating the performances. Thus, we highlight recent designs of nanoporous metals, alloys, transition metal compounds and hierarchical structures mainly employed in catalysis process. We discuss applied strategies to utilize characteristics of nanoporous metals in the energetic field of catalytic reactions. Moreover, development and evolution of novel controllable synthesis methods are applied in preparation of nanoporous non-noble metals and transition metal compounds. Finally, we present some outlooks and perspectives on the nanoporous metal catalyst and suggest ways for achieving alternative materials in catalysis applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072134,U1910209,51972128,52272205)Hubei Province(Nos.2021BCA149,2021CFA072,2022BAA087).
文摘Catalyst with high performance has drawn increasing attention recently due to its significant advantages in chemical reactions such as speeding up the reaction,lowering the reaction temperature or pressure,and proceeding without itself being consumed.Despite the superior catalytic performance of precious metal catalysts,transition metal oxides offer a promising route for substitution of precious metals in catalysis arising from their low cost,intrinsic activity and sufficient stability.Mullite-type oxide SmMn_(2)O_(5) exhibits a unique crystal structure containing double crystalline fields,and nowadays is used widely as the catalyst in different chemical reactions,including the reactions of vehicle emissions reduction and oxygen evolution reaction,gas sensors,and metal-air batteries,promoting attention in catalytic perfor-mance enhancement.To our knowledge,there is no review article covering the comprehensive informa-tion of SmMn2 O 5 and its applications.Here we review the recent progress in understanding of the crys-tal structure of SmMn_(2)O_(5) and its basic physical properties.We then summarize the catalytic sources of SmMn_(2)O_(5) and reaction mechanisms,while the strategies to improve catalytic performance of SmMn_(2)O_(5) are further presented.Finally,we provide a perspective on how to make further progress in catalytic applications.
文摘The continued increase in population and the industrial revolution have led to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration. Consequently, developing and implementing effective solutions to reduce CO_(2) emissions is a global priority. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is strongly believed to be a promising alternative to fossil fuel-based technologies for the production of value-added chemicals. So far, the implementation of CO_(2)RR is hindered by associated electrochemical reactions, such as low selectivity, hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), and additional overpotential induced in some cases. As a result, it is necessary to conduct a timely evaluation of the state-of-the-art strategies in CO_(2)RR, with a focus on the engineering of the electrocatalytic systems. Catalyst morphology is one factor that plays a critical role in overcoming these drawbacks and significantly contributes to enhancing product selectivity and Faradaic efficiency(FE). This review article summarizes the recent advances in the rational design of electrocatalysts with various morphologies and the influence of these morphologies on CO_(2)RR. To compare literature findings in a meaningful way, the article focuses on results reported under a well-defined period and considers the first three rows of the d-block metal catalysts. The discussion typically covers the design of nanostructured catalysts and the molecular-level understanding of morphology-performance relationship in terms of activity, selectivity, and stability during CO_(2) electrolysis. Among others, it would be convenient to recommend a comprehensive discussion on the morphologies of single metals and heterostructures, with a detailed emphasis on their impact on CO_(2) conversion.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52273056)the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province,China(No.YDZJ202501ZYTS305)。
文摘Electrochemical water splitting represents a sustainable technology for hydrogen(H_(2))production.However,its large-scale implementation is hindered by the high overpotentials required for both the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Transition metal-based catalysts have garnered significant research interest as promising alternatives to noble-metal catalysts,owing to their low cost,tunable composition,and noble-metal-like catalytic activity.Nevertheless,systematic reviews on their application as bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting(OWS)are still limited.This review comprehensively outlines the principal categories of bifunctional transition metal electrocatalysts derived from electrospun nanofibers(NFs),including metals,oxides,phosphides,sulfides,and carbides.Key strategies for enhancing their catalytic performance are systematically summarized,such as heterointerface engineering,heteroatom doping,metal-nonmetal-metal bridging architectures,and single-atom site design.Finally,current challenges and future research directions are discussed,aiming to provide insightful perspectives for the rational design of high-performance electrocatalysts for OWS.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071981)the Program of Youth Science and Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship Outstanding Talents(Team)of Jilin Province,China(20230508063RC)+3 种基金the Excellent Youth Training Foundation of Jilin University,China(419080520665)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Funding Program of Jilin Province,Chinathe Health Special Project of the Finance Department of Jilin Province,Chinathe Graduate Innovation Fund of Jilin University,China(2025CX297)。
文摘The heterogeneity and invasiveness of cancer cells pose serious challenges in cancer diagnosis and treatment.Advancements and innovations in metal-based nanomedicines provide novel avenues for addressing these challenges.Metal-based nanomedicines possess unique physicochemical properties that enable their interaction with living organisms,thereby inducing complex biological responses.These nanomaterials have been extensively used to enhance the contrast and sensitivity of cancer imaging and to amplify the distinction between cancerous and healthy tissues.Moreover,these nanomaterials can effectively combat a wide spectrum of cancers through various methods,including drug delivery,radiotherapy,photothermal therapy(PTT),photodynamic therapy(PDT),sonodynamic therapy(SDT),biocatalytic therapy,ion interference therapy(IIT),and immunotherapy.Currently,there is still a need for a comprehensive summary on the metal-based nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment.Herein,we present a systematic and complete overview of action mechanisms and the applications of metal-based nanomaterials in cancer theranostics.A summary of common strategies for synthesizing and modifying metal-based nanomedicines is presented,and their biosafety is analyzed.Then,the latest developments in their applications for cancer imaging and anticancer treatment are provided.Finally,the key technical challenges and reasonable perspectives of metal-based nanomedicines for cancer theranostics in clinical applications are discussed.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52201254,52234001,52074177)the National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3900905)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QE012,ZR2020MB090,ZR2023ME155,ZR2023ME085)the Scientific Research Foundation for New Talents in University of Jinan(XRC2406)the project of “20 Items of University”of Jinan(202228046)the Introducing Major Universities and Research Institutions to Jointly Build Innovative Carrier Project of Jining City(2023DYDS022)。
文摘The Li-CO_(2)battery has been highly rated as an intriguing technique for balancing the carbon cycle for years,but it is still significantly challenged by the obstacles such as limited reversibility,sluggish kinetics,and poor energy efficiency.Hence,the design and development of advance catalysts that can enhance the kinetics and reversibility of the CO_(2)electrochemical cycling reactions are considered the imperative tasks.Transition metal-based catalysts are widely considered appealing owing to their unfilled dorbitals,rich and adjustable valences,as well as processibility.In this review,the working mechanism and the key issues of the CO_(2)electrochemical cycling reaction are discussed first.Then the strategies for composition and structure design of different type of transition metal-based catalysts are highlighted,including their benefits,limitations,and the ways to implement these strategies.Finally,based on the pioneering research,the perspectives on the challenges and key points for the future development of cathode catalyst are proposed.
文摘Designing high-performance electrocatalysts is one of the key challenges in the development of microbial electrochemical hydrogen production.Transition metal-based(TM-based)electrocatalysts are introduced as an astonishing alternative for future catalysts by addressing several disadvantages,like the high cost and low performance of noble metal and metal-free electrocatalysts,respectively.In this critical review,a comprehensive analysis of the major development of all families of TMbased catalysts from the beginning development of microbial electrolysis cells in the last 15 years is presented.Importantly,pivotal design parameters such as selecting efficient synthesis methods based on the type of material,main criteria during each synthesizing method,and the pros and cons of various procedures are highlighted and compared.Moreover,procedures for tuning and tailoring the structures,advanced strategies to promote active sites,and the potential for implementing novel unexplored TM-based hybrid structures suggested.Furthermore,consideration for large-scale application of TM-based catalysts for future mass production,including life cycle assessment,cost assessment,economic analysis,and recently pilot-scale studies were highlighted.Of great importance,the potential of utilizing artificial intelligence and advanced computational methods such as active learning,microkinetic modeling,and physics-informed machine learning in designing high-performance electrodes in successful practices was elucidated.Finally,a conceptual framework for future studies and remaining challenges on different aspects of TM-based electrocatalysts in microbial electrolysis cells is proposed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22005245,52101271)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(G2022KY0606,G2020KY05306,G2022KY05111)+2 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515111017)the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(2021JQ-094)the fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M692619)
文摘Selective semihydrogenation of acetylene in raw olefin streams to ethylene is a key industrial reaction to produce polymer-grade feeds for the manufacture of corresponding polymers.The currently used process in industry is the thermocatalytic acetylene semihydrogenation with pressurized hydrogen and Pd-based catalysts at relatively high temperatures.The high cost of Pd urgently desires the design of non-noble metal-based catalysts.However,non-noble metal-based catalysts commonly require much higher reaction temperatures than Pd-based catalysts because of their poor intrinsic activity.Therefore,aiming at increasing economic efficiency and sustainability,various strategies are explored for developing non-noble metal-based catalysts for thermocatalytic and green acetylene semihydrogenation processes.In this review,we systematically summarize the recent advances in catalytic technology from thermocatalysis to sustainable alternatives,as well as corresponding regulation strategies for designing high-performance non-noble metal-based catalysts.The crucial factors affecting catalytic performance are discussed,and the fundamental structure-performance correlation of catalysts is outlined.Meanwhile,we emphasize current challenging issues and future perspectives for acetylene semihydrogenation.This review will not only promote the rapid exploration of non-noble metal-based catalysts for acetylene semihydrogenation,but also advance the development of sustainable processes like electrocatalysis and photocatalysis.
文摘Light olefins are important platform feedstocks in the petrochemical industry,and the ongoing global economic development has driven sustained growth in demand for these compounds.The dehydrogenation of alkanes,derived from shale gas,serves as an alternative olefins production route.Concurrently,the target of realizing carbon neutrality promotes the comprehensive utilization of greenhouse gas.The integrated process of light alkanes dehydrogenation and carbon dioxide reduction(CO_(2)-ODH)can produce light olefins and realize resource utilization of CO_(2),which has gained wide popularity.With the introduction of CO_(2),coke deposition and metal reduction encountered in alkanes dehydrogenation reactions can be effectively suppressed.CO_(2)-assisted alkanes dehydrogenation can also reduce the risk of potential explosion hazard associated with O_(2)-oxidative dehydrogenation reactions.Recent investigations into various metal-based catalysts including mono-and bi-metallic alloys and oxides have displayed promising performances due to their unique properties.This paper provides the comprehensive review and critical analysis of advancements in the CO_(2)-assisted oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes(C2-C4)on metal-based catalysts developed in recent years.Moreover,it offers a comparative summary of the structural properties,catalytic activities,and reaction mechanisms over various active sites,providing valuable insights for the future design of dehydrogenation catalysts.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21706074 and 21972038)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.2023000410209)+1 种基金the Key Research and Promotion Project of Henan Province(Nos.202102210261 and 202102310267)the Top-notch Personnel Fund of Henan Agricultural University(No.30500682)。
文摘Noble metal-based high-entropy alloy nanoparticles(NM-HEA NPs) have exhibited brilliant catalytic performance toward electrocatalytic energy conversion and attracted increasing attention. The near-equimolar mixed elements of NM-HEA NPs may result in the unique properties including cocktail effect, high entropy effect and lattice distortion effect, which are beneficial for improving the catalytic performance and reducing the amount of noble metal. Herein, several advanced NM-HEA NPs as electrocatalysts for energy conversion are systematically summarized. The preparation methods of NM-HEA NPs are evaluated as well as the catalytic properties and mechanism are discussed classified by electrocatalytic reactions. Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are carefully discussed. This review provides an overview on recent advances of NM-HEA electrocatalysts for energy conversion and draws more attention in this infant research field.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Project No. 2005CB221405)
文摘A novel particle/metal-based monolithic catalysts dual-bed reactor with beds-interspace supplementary oxygen is constructed comprising of the upper-layer 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst and the under-layer 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst as well as a side tube in the interspaces of two layers for supplementing 02. The reaction performance of oxidative coupling of methane （OCM） in the dual-bed reactor system is evaluated. The effects of the reaction parameters such as feed CH4/O2 ratio, reaction temperature and side tube feed 02 flowrate on the catalytic performance are investigated. The results indicate that the suggested mode of dual-bed reactor exhibits an excellent performance for OCM. CH4 conversion of 33.2%, C2H4 selectivity of 46.5% and C2 yield of 22.5% could be obtained, which have been increased by 6.4%, 4.1% and 5.5%, respectively, as compared with 5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SiO2 particle catalyst in a single-bed reactor and increased by 10.7%, 31.9% and 17.7%, respectively, as compared with 3 wt%Ce-5 wt%Na2WO4-2 wt%Mn/SBA-15/Al2O3/FeCrA1 metal-based monolithic catalyst in a single-bed reactor. The effective promotion of OCM performance in the reactor would supply a valuable reference for the industrialization of OCM process.
基金BRNS,Mumbai,India(No-2013/37P/67/BRNS),MNRE,New Delhi,India(No-102/87/2011-NT),and CSIR,New Delhi,India{YSP-02(P-81-113),OLP-95}for the financial supportUGC,New Delhi,for a fellowship。
文摘The continuous increase of global atmospheric CO_(2) concentrations brutally damages our environment. A series of methods have been developed to convert CO_(2) to valuable fuels and value-added chemicals to maintain the equilibrium of carbon cycles. The electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR) is one of the promising methods to produce fuels and chemicals, and it could offer sustainable paths to decrease carbon intensity and support renewable energy. Thus, significant research efforts and highly efficient catalysts are essential for converting CO_(2) into other valuable chemicals and fuels. Transition metal-based single atoms catalysts(TM-SACs) have recently received much attention and offer outstanding electrochemical applications with high activity and selectivity opportunities. By taking advantage of both heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts, TM-SACs are the new rising star for electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to the value-added product with high selectivity. In recent years, enormous research effort has been made to synthesize different TM-SACs with different M–Nxsites and study the electrochemical conversion of CO_(2) to CO. This review has discussed the development and characterization of different TMSACs with various catalytic sites, fundamental understanding of the electrochemical process in CO_(2) RR,intrinsic catalytic activity, and molecular strategics of SACs responsible for CO_(2)RR. Furthermore, we extensively review previous studies on 1 st-row transition metals TM-SACs(Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn) and dual-atom catalysts(DACs) utilized for electrochemical CO_(2) conversions and highlight the opportunities and challenges.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21875048)Outstanding Youth Project of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(No.2020B1515020028)+2 种基金Major Scientific Project of Guangdong University(No.2017KZDXM059)Yangcheng Scholars Research Project of Guangzhou(No.201831820)Science and Technology Research Project of Guangzhou(No.202002010007)。
基金Australian Research Council,Grant/Award Number:DP220101139。
文摘Electrochemical oxidation of small molecules(e.g.,water,urea,methanol,hydrazine,and glycerol)has gained growing scientific interest in the fields of electrochemical energy conversion/storage and environmental remediation.Designing cost-effective catalysts for the electrooxidation of small molecules(ESM)is thus crucial for improving reaction efficiency.Recently,earth-abundant amorphous transition metal(TM)-based nanomaterials have aroused souring interest owing to their earth-abundance,flexible structures,and excellent electrochemical activities.Hundreds of amorphous TM-based nanomaterials have been designed and used as promising ESM catalysts.Herein,recent advances in the design of amorphous TM-based ESM catalysts are comprehensively reviewed.The features(e.g.,large specific surface area,flexible electronic structure,and facile structure reconstruction)of amorphous TM-based ESM catalysts are first analyzed.Afterward,the design of various TM-based catalysts with advanced strategies(e.g.,nanostructure design,component regulation,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure construction)is fully scrutinized,and the catalysts’structure-performance correlation is emphasized.Future perspectives in the development of cost-effective amorphous TM-based catalysts are then outlined.This review is expected to provide practical strategies for the design of next-generation amorphous electrocatalysts.
基金This work was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program(No.2018YFB1502503)and Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2020YJ0299).
文摘Electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction (CO_(2) RR) offers a practical solution to current global greenhouse effect by converting excessive CO_(2) into value-added chemicals or fuels. Noble metal-based nanomaterials have been considered as efficient catalysts for the CO_(2) RR owing to their high catalytic activity, long-term stability and superior selectivity to targeted products. On the other hand, they are usually loaded on different support materials in order to minimize their usage and maximize the utilization because of high price and limited reserve. The strong metal-support interaction (MSI) between the metal and substrate plays an important role in affecting the CO_(2) RR performance. In this review, we mainly focus on different types of support materials (e.g., oxides, carbons, ligands, alloys and metal carbides) interacting with noble metal as electrocatalysts for CO_(2) RR. Moreover, the positive effects about MSI for boosting the CO_(2) RR performance via regulating the adsorption strength, electronic structure, coordination environment and binding energy are presented. Lastly, emerging challenges and future opportunities on noble metal electrocatalysts with strong MSI are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52170019 and 51973015)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.06500100)the“Ten thousand plan”-National High-level Personnel of Special Support Program.National Environmental and Energy Science and Technology International Cooperation Base.
文摘Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)have a simple structure and excellent pollutant treatment and power generation performance.However,the slow kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)at the MFC cathode limit power generation.The electrochemical performance of MFCs can be improved through electrocatalysis.Thus far,metal-based catalysts have shown astonishing results in the field of electrocatalysis,enabling MFC devices to demonstrate power generation capabilities comparable to those of Pt,thus showing enormous potential.This article reviews the research progress of meta-based MFC cathode ORR catalysts,including the ORR reaction mechanism of MFC,different types of catalysts,and preparation strategies.The catalytic effects of different catalysts in MFC are compared and summarized.Before discussing the practical application and expanded manufacturing of catalysts,we summarize the key challenges that must be addressed when using metal-based catalysts in MFC,with the aim of providing a scientific direction for the future development of advanced materials.
