The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia cham...The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia champaca, Morus alba, and Tectona grandis） of Multipurpose trees and shrubs （MPTs） grown in the agroforestry arboretum were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate composition, cell wall constituents, total tannins, major （Ca and P） and trace minerals （Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co）, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility （IVDMD and IVOMD） and metabolisable energy （ME） values. There were significant （P〈0.01） variations among MPTs for all parameters studied. The average values of （92.02±0.30）%, （16.00±0.74）%, （3.05±0.13）%, （18.97±1.07）%, （54.00±1.12）% and （7.98 ± 0.30）% （DM basis） were observed for OM （organic matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, CF （crude fibre）, NFE （nitrogen-free extract） and total ash, respectively. Leguminous trees had high CP compared to nonleguminous ones （18.30% vs 13.70%）. The mean values for cell wall constituents viz., NDF （neutral detergent fibre）, ADF （acid detergent fibre）, hemi cellulose, cellulose and ADL （acid detergent lignin） were found to be （52.48±1.05）%, （31.72±0.97）%, （20.76±0.88）%, （16.97±0.70）% and （9.57±0.62）%, respectively. The total tannin contents averaged （4.22±0.32）%. The ratio of Ca to P was quite wider. The levels of Fe and Mn were adequate to rich in all the MPTs while many of the tree species possessed P, Cu, Zn and Co level below the critical limits for the animals. The average IVDMD and IVOMD values were found to be （48.96±1.30）% and （50.69±1.36）%, respectively. The ME value averaged （6.95i-0.11） MJ·kg-1 DM. The CP content had significant positive correlation with IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val- ues while NDF, ADF, ADL and total tannins showed negative correlations with these three parameters. Based on the results, Leucaena Leucocephala could be considered as good quality fodder as it had the highest level of IVDMD/IVOMD （65.20%/67.66%） and ME （7.95 MJ·kg-1 DM） while G. maculata, M. alba, A. indica, D. sissoo and S. saman were of medium type and rest of poor quality.展开更多
Inter individual differences in the metabolism of antimalarials could be due to polymorphism of NAT2 gene. The authors determined the genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） of NAT2 gene and it...Inter individual differences in the metabolism of antimalarials could be due to polymorphism of NAT2 gene. The authors determined the genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） of NAT2 gene and it＇s implication in antimalarial treatment during a vitamin A and zinc supplementation intervention in children aged 6 to 24 months. Children were deparasitized with artesunate-amodiaquine （ASAQ）-toddler 50/135 mg. Pharmacovigilance was done for 40 days, adverse events recorded and blood was spotted on filter paper for DNA extraction by chelex method. PCR-RFLP was performed with restriction enzymes KpnI, TaqI, and BamHl for detection of SNPs of NAT2. Allelic frequencies and phenotypes were compared between participants with or without adverse drug events. The prevalence of fast, slow and intermediate acetylators was 55%, 30% and 11% respectively. There was a significant association （P = 0.035） between NAT2 slow acetylators （and susceptibility to develop skin rash. No significant difference was observed between fast and slow acetylators and susceptibility to develop fever, anorexia, cough and common cold. Slow acetylators were more susceptible, （P = 0.011） to develop any adverse event The NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype was the most predominant and individuals with this phenotype were more significantly susceptible to develop adverse events to ASAQ.展开更多
While angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)is traditionally known for its ability to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance through the renin‒angiotensin system,ACE also plays a pivotal role in immune activation[1].Ma...While angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)is traditionally known for its ability to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance through the renin‒angiotensin system,ACE also plays a pivotal role in immune activation[1].Macrophages in which ACE is overexpressed display enhanced inflammatory responses,as evidenced by increased antitumor and antibacterial activity[2].This increase in inflammation coincides with increased lipid metabolism and ATP production[3,4].The mechanisms by which ACE enhances cellular metabolism and inflammation remain unknown.In this issue of Cellular and Molecular Immunology,Saito et al.[5]provide compelling evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα)is central to the observed enhanced immune capabilities of macrophages overexpressing ACE.展开更多
文摘The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia champaca, Morus alba, and Tectona grandis） of Multipurpose trees and shrubs （MPTs） grown in the agroforestry arboretum were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate composition, cell wall constituents, total tannins, major （Ca and P） and trace minerals （Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co）, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility （IVDMD and IVOMD） and metabolisable energy （ME） values. There were significant （P〈0.01） variations among MPTs for all parameters studied. The average values of （92.02±0.30）%, （16.00±0.74）%, （3.05±0.13）%, （18.97±1.07）%, （54.00±1.12）% and （7.98 ± 0.30）% （DM basis） were observed for OM （organic matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, CF （crude fibre）, NFE （nitrogen-free extract） and total ash, respectively. Leguminous trees had high CP compared to nonleguminous ones （18.30% vs 13.70%）. The mean values for cell wall constituents viz., NDF （neutral detergent fibre）, ADF （acid detergent fibre）, hemi cellulose, cellulose and ADL （acid detergent lignin） were found to be （52.48±1.05）%, （31.72±0.97）%, （20.76±0.88）%, （16.97±0.70）% and （9.57±0.62）%, respectively. The total tannin contents averaged （4.22±0.32）%. The ratio of Ca to P was quite wider. The levels of Fe and Mn were adequate to rich in all the MPTs while many of the tree species possessed P, Cu, Zn and Co level below the critical limits for the animals. The average IVDMD and IVOMD values were found to be （48.96±1.30）% and （50.69±1.36）%, respectively. The ME value averaged （6.95i-0.11） MJ·kg-1 DM. The CP content had significant positive correlation with IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val- ues while NDF, ADF, ADL and total tannins showed negative correlations with these three parameters. Based on the results, Leucaena Leucocephala could be considered as good quality fodder as it had the highest level of IVDMD/IVOMD （65.20%/67.66%） and ME （7.95 MJ·kg-1 DM） while G. maculata, M. alba, A. indica, D. sissoo and S. saman were of medium type and rest of poor quality.
文摘Inter individual differences in the metabolism of antimalarials could be due to polymorphism of NAT2 gene. The authors determined the genotypic frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） of NAT2 gene and it＇s implication in antimalarial treatment during a vitamin A and zinc supplementation intervention in children aged 6 to 24 months. Children were deparasitized with artesunate-amodiaquine （ASAQ）-toddler 50/135 mg. Pharmacovigilance was done for 40 days, adverse events recorded and blood was spotted on filter paper for DNA extraction by chelex method. PCR-RFLP was performed with restriction enzymes KpnI, TaqI, and BamHl for detection of SNPs of NAT2. Allelic frequencies and phenotypes were compared between participants with or without adverse drug events. The prevalence of fast, slow and intermediate acetylators was 55%, 30% and 11% respectively. There was a significant association （P = 0.035） between NAT2 slow acetylators （and susceptibility to develop skin rash. No significant difference was observed between fast and slow acetylators and susceptibility to develop fever, anorexia, cough and common cold. Slow acetylators were more susceptible, （P = 0.011） to develop any adverse event The NAT2 slow acetylator phenotype was the most predominant and individuals with this phenotype were more significantly susceptible to develop adverse events to ASAQ.
文摘While angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)is traditionally known for its ability to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance through the renin‒angiotensin system,ACE also plays a pivotal role in immune activation[1].Macrophages in which ACE is overexpressed display enhanced inflammatory responses,as evidenced by increased antitumor and antibacterial activity[2].This increase in inflammation coincides with increased lipid metabolism and ATP production[3,4].The mechanisms by which ACE enhances cellular metabolism and inflammation remain unknown.In this issue of Cellular and Molecular Immunology,Saito et al.[5]provide compelling evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα(PPARα)is central to the observed enhanced immune capabilities of macrophages overexpressing ACE.
