The Pearl River Delta(PRD),a tornado hotspot,forms a distinct trumpet-shaped coastline that concaves toward the South China Sea.During the summer monsoon season,low-level southwesterlies over the PRD’s sea surface te...The Pearl River Delta(PRD),a tornado hotspot,forms a distinct trumpet-shaped coastline that concaves toward the South China Sea.During the summer monsoon season,low-level southwesterlies over the PRD’s sea surface tend to be turned toward the west coast,constituting a convergent wind field along with the landward-side southwesterlies,which influences regional convective weather.This two-part study explores the roles of this unique land–sea contrast of the trumpet-shaped coastline in the formation of a tornadic mesovortex within monsoonal flows in this region.Part I primarily presents observational analyses of pre-storm environments and storm evolutions.The rotating storm developed in a lowshear environment(not ideal for a supercell)under the interactions of three air masses under the influence of the land–sea contrast,monsoon,and storm cold outflows.This intersection zone(or“triple point”)is typically characterized by local enhancements of ambient vertical vorticity and convergence.Based on a rapid-scan X-band phased-array radar,finger-like echoes were recognized shortly after the gust front intruded on the triple point.Developed over the triple point,they rapidly wrapped up with a well-defined low-level mesovortex.It is thus presumed that the triple point may have played roles in the mesovortex genesis,which will be demonstrated in Part II with multiple sensitivity numerical simulations.The findings also suggest that when storms pass over the boundary intersection zone in the PRD,the expected possibility of a rotating storm occurring is relatively high,even in a low-shear environment.Improved knowledge of such environments provides additional guidance to assess the regional tornado risk.展开更多
As demonstrated in the first part of this study(Part I),wind-shift boundaries routinely form along the west coast of the Pearl River Delta due to the land-sea contrast of a“trumpet”shape coastline in the summer mons...As demonstrated in the first part of this study(Part I),wind-shift boundaries routinely form along the west coast of the Pearl River Delta due to the land-sea contrast of a“trumpet”shape coastline in the summer monsoon season.Through multiple numerical simulations,this article(Part II)aims to examine the roles of the trumpet-shaped coastline in the mesovortex genesis during the 1 June 2020 tornadic event.The modeling reproduced two mesovortices that are in close proximity in time and space to the realistic mesovortices.In addition to the modeled mesovortex over the triple point where strong ambient vertical vorticity was located,another mesovortex originated from an enhanced discrete vortex along an airmass boundary via shear instability.On the fine-scale storm morphology,finger-like echoes preceding hook echoes were also reproduced around the triple point.Results from sensitivity experiments suggest that the unique topography plays an essential role in modifying the vorticity budget during the mesovortex formation.While there is a high likelihood of an upcoming storm evolving into a rotating storm over the triple point,the simulation's accuracy is sensitive to the local environmental details and storm dynamics.The strengths of cold pool surges from upstream storms may influence the stretching of low-level vertically oriented vortex and thus the wrap-up of finger-like echoes.These findings suggest that the trumpet-shaped coastline is an important component of mesovortex production during the active monsoon season.It is hoped that this study will increase the situational awareness for forecasters regarding regional non-mesocyclone tornadic environments.展开更多
2012年7月21日22:00-23:00重庆盘龙出现了180.9 mm·h-1的极端强降水,这在西南低涡暴雨中比较罕见的。通过对雷达资料的分析,发现此次极端强降水过程中有近于中气旋强度的中涡旋形成和发展。为了研究中低层增温对强降水中涡旋形成...2012年7月21日22:00-23:00重庆盘龙出现了180.9 mm·h-1的极端强降水,这在西南低涡暴雨中比较罕见的。通过对雷达资料的分析,发现此次极端强降水过程中有近于中气旋强度的中涡旋形成和发展。为了研究中低层增温对强降水中涡旋形成的作用,利用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW,结合雷达资料同化的ARPS-3DVAR方法和复杂云分析方案,并对中低层进行中心增温同化敏感性实验,对上述过程中出现的近于中气旋强度的强降水中涡旋进行了数值模拟。结果表明:全球预报系统GFS(Global Forecasting System)预报场同化雷达反射率因子和径向风资料之后,能较好地模拟出西南低涡东侧准线性对流系统(Qusi-Linear Convective System,QLCSs)、强降水落区、强降水中心、盘龙附近的β中尺度气旋式环流以及镶嵌在其中的γ中尺度涡旋(即中涡旋);850 h Pa和700 h Pa经过中心增温同化后能增强中涡旋的强度,当700 h Pa中心增温2℃同化后能模拟出与盘龙附近相似的近于中气旋强度的中涡旋。同时,此次强降水中涡旋形成的机制为中低层异常高的温湿条件导致异常强的对流不稳定性,上升运动快速发展,中低层水汽通量辐合迅速增强,大量水汽凝结并急剧释放潜热,高温高湿气柱随上升运动迅速增长导致增温中心附近位势高度急剧下降,水平位势梯度加大,风速增大,中涡旋迅速发展增强到中气旋的强度。表明中低层垂直风切变偏弱的环境中中低层异常高的温湿条件是形成强上升运动,促进近于中气旋强度的中涡旋形成的重要条件。展开更多
基金supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(Grant No.2020B0301030004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42275006 and 42030604)+1 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Grant No.2023A1515011705)the Science and Technology Research Project for Society of Foshan(Grant No.2120001008761).
文摘The Pearl River Delta(PRD),a tornado hotspot,forms a distinct trumpet-shaped coastline that concaves toward the South China Sea.During the summer monsoon season,low-level southwesterlies over the PRD’s sea surface tend to be turned toward the west coast,constituting a convergent wind field along with the landward-side southwesterlies,which influences regional convective weather.This two-part study explores the roles of this unique land–sea contrast of the trumpet-shaped coastline in the formation of a tornadic mesovortex within monsoonal flows in this region.Part I primarily presents observational analyses of pre-storm environments and storm evolutions.The rotating storm developed in a lowshear environment(not ideal for a supercell)under the interactions of three air masses under the influence of the land–sea contrast,monsoon,and storm cold outflows.This intersection zone(or“triple point”)is typically characterized by local enhancements of ambient vertical vorticity and convergence.Based on a rapid-scan X-band phased-array radar,finger-like echoes were recognized shortly after the gust front intruded on the triple point.Developed over the triple point,they rapidly wrapped up with a well-defined low-level mesovortex.It is thus presumed that the triple point may have played roles in the mesovortex genesis,which will be demonstrated in Part II with multiple sensitivity numerical simulations.The findings also suggest that when storms pass over the boundary intersection zone in the PRD,the expected possibility of a rotating storm occurring is relatively high,even in a low-shear environment.Improved knowledge of such environments provides additional guidance to assess the regional tornado risk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2242203,42275006,and 42030604)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515011705)the Science and Technology Research Project for Society of Foshan(2120001008761).
文摘As demonstrated in the first part of this study(Part I),wind-shift boundaries routinely form along the west coast of the Pearl River Delta due to the land-sea contrast of a“trumpet”shape coastline in the summer monsoon season.Through multiple numerical simulations,this article(Part II)aims to examine the roles of the trumpet-shaped coastline in the mesovortex genesis during the 1 June 2020 tornadic event.The modeling reproduced two mesovortices that are in close proximity in time and space to the realistic mesovortices.In addition to the modeled mesovortex over the triple point where strong ambient vertical vorticity was located,another mesovortex originated from an enhanced discrete vortex along an airmass boundary via shear instability.On the fine-scale storm morphology,finger-like echoes preceding hook echoes were also reproduced around the triple point.Results from sensitivity experiments suggest that the unique topography plays an essential role in modifying the vorticity budget during the mesovortex formation.While there is a high likelihood of an upcoming storm evolving into a rotating storm over the triple point,the simulation's accuracy is sensitive to the local environmental details and storm dynamics.The strengths of cold pool surges from upstream storms may influence the stretching of low-level vertically oriented vortex and thus the wrap-up of finger-like echoes.These findings suggest that the trumpet-shaped coastline is an important component of mesovortex production during the active monsoon season.It is hoped that this study will increase the situational awareness for forecasters regarding regional non-mesocyclone tornadic environments.
文摘2012年7月21日22:00-23:00重庆盘龙出现了180.9 mm·h-1的极端强降水,这在西南低涡暴雨中比较罕见的。通过对雷达资料的分析,发现此次极端强降水过程中有近于中气旋强度的中涡旋形成和发展。为了研究中低层增温对强降水中涡旋形成的作用,利用中尺度数值模式WRF-ARW,结合雷达资料同化的ARPS-3DVAR方法和复杂云分析方案,并对中低层进行中心增温同化敏感性实验,对上述过程中出现的近于中气旋强度的强降水中涡旋进行了数值模拟。结果表明:全球预报系统GFS(Global Forecasting System)预报场同化雷达反射率因子和径向风资料之后,能较好地模拟出西南低涡东侧准线性对流系统(Qusi-Linear Convective System,QLCSs)、强降水落区、强降水中心、盘龙附近的β中尺度气旋式环流以及镶嵌在其中的γ中尺度涡旋(即中涡旋);850 h Pa和700 h Pa经过中心增温同化后能增强中涡旋的强度,当700 h Pa中心增温2℃同化后能模拟出与盘龙附近相似的近于中气旋强度的中涡旋。同时,此次强降水中涡旋形成的机制为中低层异常高的温湿条件导致异常强的对流不稳定性,上升运动快速发展,中低层水汽通量辐合迅速增强,大量水汽凝结并急剧释放潜热,高温高湿气柱随上升运动迅速增长导致增温中心附近位势高度急剧下降,水平位势梯度加大,风速增大,中涡旋迅速发展增强到中气旋的强度。表明中低层垂直风切变偏弱的环境中中低层异常高的温湿条件是形成强上升运动,促进近于中气旋强度的中涡旋形成的重要条件。
