Accurately characterizing the liver's mechanical properties is of paramount importance for disease diagnosis,treatment,surgical prosthetic modeling,and impact injury dummies.However,due to its inherent biological ...Accurately characterizing the liver's mechanical properties is of paramount importance for disease diagnosis,treatment,surgical prosthetic modeling,and impact injury dummies.However,due to its inherent biological soft tissue nature,the characterization of mechanical behavior varies across testing methods and sample types.In this study,we employed transmission electron microscope and Micro CT to observe the morphology of the marginal and center of rat livers and conducted macroscopic mechanical tests to characterize their elasticity and viscoelasticity.The results revealed that the central region displayed higher metabolic levels,elongated mitochondria,and an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum at the microscale.At the mesoscale,larger diameter portal veins were mainly distributed in the central region,while smaller diameter arteries were predominantly located at the periphery.At the macroscale,under a strain rate of 0.0167 s^(-1),no significant differences were observed in the elastic properties between the two regions.However,as the strain rate increased up to 0.167 s^(-1),the central region displayed higher porosity,resulting in reduced liquid loss,increased hardness,and higher viscosity compared to the periphery.Consequently,the liver demonstrated overall heterogeneity,with isotropic models suitable for the peripheral region,while more intricate models may be required to capture the complexity of the central region with its intricate vasculature.展开更多
风场预报是智能网格预报的重要支撑,提高风场预报准确率,能够为风能预报提供核心保障。在综合评估2023年汛期CMA-MESO 3 km(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model at 3 km resolution)模式在山西逐小时10 m风预报能力...风场预报是智能网格预报的重要支撑,提高风场预报准确率,能够为风能预报提供核心保障。在综合评估2023年汛期CMA-MESO 3 km(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model at 3 km resolution)模式在山西逐小时10 m风预报能力的基础上,基于自适应Kalman滤波方法,开展针对纬向风(U)、经向风(V)的客观订正,以期建立适应山西复杂地形特征的客观预报方案,促进国产模式本地化业务应用。结果表明:①全风速预报偏大,预报误差呈“单峰型”日变化,峰值出现在18:00-20:00,正偏差主要位于忻定和太原盆地以及山西南部。②U、V预报误差与预报值呈显著正相关,需考虑不同强度预报风速误差随时效变化的特征,避免订正不足或过订正。③Kalman滤波方案(KM)订正幅度小且不稳定,订正后均方根误差R MSE削减不足6%,准确率提升不足2%。④基于动态分级的改进方案(CBKM)突破KM订正瓶颈,更准确地估计系统误差并有效订正,更好再现不同地区风速日变化,平均误差M E趋近0,R MSE削减32.8%,风向、风速预报准确率分别提升8.29%、7.92%,峰值时刻订正率达83.49%。展开更多
The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analy...The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analysis scheme is proposed in this paper to investigate the soil deformation behavior under the coupling of stress and drying-wetting cycles.A new device is developed based on CT(computerized tomography)workstation to apply certain normal and shear stresses on a soil specimen during drying-wetting cycles.A series of tests are conducted on a type of loess with various coupling of stress paths and drying-wetting cycles.At macroscopic level,stress sensor and laser sensor are used to acquire stress and strain,respectively.The shear and volumetric strain increase during the first few drying-wetting cycles and then become stable.The increase of the shear stress level or confining pressure would cause higher increase rate and the value of shear strain in the process of drying-wetting cycles.At microscopic level,the grayscale value(GSV)of CT scanning image is characterized as the proportion of soil particles to voids.A fabric state parameter is proposed to characterize soil microstructures under the influence of stress and drying-wetting cycle.Test results indicate that the macroand micro-responses show high consistence and relevance.The stress and drying-wetting cycles would both induce collapse of the soil microstructure,which dominants degradation of the soil mechanical properties.The evolution of the macro-mechanical property of soil exhibits a positive linear relationship with the micro-evolution of the fabric state parameter.展开更多
Owing to their high flexibility and directional actuation capabilities,macro fiber composites(MFCs)have attracted significant attention for the active control of structures,especially in the nonlinear vibration suppre...Owing to their high flexibility and directional actuation capabilities,macro fiber composites(MFCs)have attracted significant attention for the active control of structures,especially in the nonlinear vibration suppression applications for large-scale flexible structures.In this paper,an MFC-based self-feedback system is introduced for the active control of geometrically nonlinear steady-state forced vibrations in functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite(FG-CNTRC)plates subject to transverse mechanical loads.Based on the first-order shear deformation theory and the von Kármán nonlinear strain-displacement relationship,the nonlinear vibration control equations of the plate with MFC sensor and actuator layers are derived by Hamilton's principle.These equations are discretized by the finite element method(FEM),and solved by the Newton-Raphson and direct iterative methods.A velocity feedback control algorithm is introduced,and the effects of the control gain and the MFC actuator position on the nonlinear vibration active control effectiveness are analyzed.Additionally,a nonlinear resonance analysis is carried out,considering the effects of carbon nanotube(CNT)volume fraction and distribution type.The results indicate that the intrinsic characteristics of the structures significantly influence the vibration behavior.Furthermore,the appropriate selections of control gain and MFC position are crucial for the effective active control of the structures.The present work provides a promising route of the active and efficient nonlinear vibration suppression for various thin-walled structures.展开更多
0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of h...0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks(Jiang et al.,2024;Zhang et al.,2023;Huang et al.,2019;Yang et al.,2017;Jia et al.,2003;Hendrix,2000).展开更多
Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings were prepared on Al−Mg laminated macro composites(LMCs)using both unipolar and bipolar waveforms in an appropriate electrolyte for both aluminum and magnesium alloys.The tech...Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings were prepared on Al−Mg laminated macro composites(LMCs)using both unipolar and bipolar waveforms in an appropriate electrolyte for both aluminum and magnesium alloys.The techniques of FESEM/EDS,grazing incident beam X-ray diffraction(GIXRD),and electrochemical methods of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)were used to characterize the coatings.The results revealed that the coatings produced using the bipolar waveform exhibited lower porosity and higher thickness than those produced using the unipolar one.The corrosion performance of the specimens’cut edge was investigated using EIS after 1,8,and 12 h of immersion in a 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution.It was observed that the coating produced using the bipolar waveform demonstrated the highest corrosion resistance after 12 h of immersion,with an estimated corrosion resistance of 5.64 kΩ·cm^(2),which was approximately 3 times higher than that of the unipolar coating.Notably,no signs of galvanic corrosion were observed in the LMCs,and only minor corrosion attacks were observed on the magnesium layer in some areas.展开更多
A massive amount of plastic waste has presented an immense management challenge.This escalating ecological damage,coupled with the detrimental effects of plastics infiltrating the marine food web,poses a significant t...A massive amount of plastic waste has presented an immense management challenge.This escalating ecological damage,coupled with the detrimental effects of plastics infiltrating the marine food web,poses a significant threat to human livelihoods.To combat this,there is a call for the development of plastic detection algorithms using remote sensing data.Here we tested a new index,referred to index_(MP),to detect clusters of floating macro plastics in the ocean using satellite imagery.The index_(MP)was applied to convolution high-pass filtered(3×3)Sentinel 2 Level 1 C images,showing the potential to reduce atmospheric interference and enhance the object edges,thereby improving the clarity of detection.In the analysis,we used three scatter plots to identify and assess plastic pixels.To differentiate the common features of plastic from non-plastic objects,the Sentinel 2 bands 5,8,and 9 were plotted against index_(MP)calculated and convolution high-pass filtered Level 1 C(CHPIC)images.The plastic pixels,clustering in the three scatter plots,showed positive‘X’,i.e.,CHPIC image value and‘Y’,i.e.,each band 5,8,and 9 reflectance values,along with a CHPIC image value exceeding 0.05.Using the index_(MP)and scatter plot analysis,we identified plastic pixels containing 14%or more plastic bottles.Detection of other types of plastics,such as fishing nets and plastic bags,required pixel proportions greater than 50%.Hence,plastic bottles were notably responsive even at a low pixel fraction.We further explored the classification of plastic and non-plastic objects by analyzing reed(plant)pixels;the differentiation between plastic and reed was conducted in the band 5 and 9 scatter plots.展开更多
Vector winds play a crucial role in weather and climate,as well as the effective utilization of wind energy resources.However,limited research has been conducted on treating the wind field as a vector field in the eva...Vector winds play a crucial role in weather and climate,as well as the effective utilization of wind energy resources.However,limited research has been conducted on treating the wind field as a vector field in the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models.In this study,the authors treat vector winds as a whole by employing a vector field evaluation method,and evaluate the mesoscale model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA-MESO)and ECMWF forecast,with reference to ERA5 reanalysis,in terms of multiple aspects of vector winds over eastern China in 2022.The results show that the ECMWF forecast is superior to CMA-MESO in predicting the spatial distribution and intensity of 10-m vector winds.Both models overestimate the wind speed in East China,and CMA-MESO overestimates the wind speed to a greater extent.The forecasting skill of the vector wind field in both models decreases with increasing lead time.The forecasting skill of CMA-MESO fluctuates more and decreases faster than that of the ECMWF forecast.There is a significant negative correlation between the model vector wind forecasting skill and terrain height.This study provides a scientific evaluation of the local application of vector wind forecasts of the CMA-MESO model and ECMWF forecast.展开更多
重构GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球、区域一体化变分同化系统中的极小化控制变量,提升中、小尺度同化分析能力,为中国气象局业务区域数值预报系统CMA-MESO提供千米尺度适用的同化方案。新方案用纬向...重构GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)全球、区域一体化变分同化系统中的极小化控制变量,提升中、小尺度同化分析能力,为中国气象局业务区域数值预报系统CMA-MESO提供千米尺度适用的同化方案。新方案用纬向风速(u)和经向风速(v)替代原有流函数和势函数作为新的风场控制变量,采用温度和地面气压(T,ps)替代原有非平衡无量纲气压作为新的质量场控制变量,同时不再考虑准地转平衡约束,而是采用连续方程弱约束保证分析平衡。背景误差参数统计和数值试验结果表明,采用重构后的极小化控制变量,观测信息传播更加局地,分析结构更加合理,避免了原方案在中、小尺度应用时存在的虚假相关问题。连续方程弱约束的引入,限制了同化分析中辐合、辐散的不合理增长,帮助新方案在分析更加局地的同时保证分析平衡。为期1个月的连续同化循环和预报试验结果表明,新方案可以减小风场和质量场分析误差,CMAMESO系统地面降水和10 m风场的预报评分显著提升。展开更多
Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant r...Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.展开更多
Methods that can efficiently model the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior can be beneficial in rock engineering. The suitability of equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique based upon particle methods is investig...Methods that can efficiently model the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior can be beneficial in rock engineering. The suitability of equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique based upon particle methods is investigated. The ERM methodology is first validated by comparing calculated and experimental data of lab triaxial compression test on a set of cylindrical rock mass samples, each containing a single joint oriented in various dip angles. The simulated results are then used to study the stress-strain nonlinearity and failure mechanism as a function of the joint dip angle and confining stress. The anisotropy and size effects are also investigated by using multi-scale cubic ERM models subjected to triaxial compression test. The deformation and failure behavior are found to be influenced by joint degradation, the micro-crack formation in the intact rock, the interaction between two joints, and the interactions of micro-cracks and joints.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2241273,12172034,U20A20390,and 11827803)the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.7212205)+1 种基金the 111 project(Grant No.B13003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Accurately characterizing the liver's mechanical properties is of paramount importance for disease diagnosis,treatment,surgical prosthetic modeling,and impact injury dummies.However,due to its inherent biological soft tissue nature,the characterization of mechanical behavior varies across testing methods and sample types.In this study,we employed transmission electron microscope and Micro CT to observe the morphology of the marginal and center of rat livers and conducted macroscopic mechanical tests to characterize their elasticity and viscoelasticity.The results revealed that the central region displayed higher metabolic levels,elongated mitochondria,and an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum at the microscale.At the mesoscale,larger diameter portal veins were mainly distributed in the central region,while smaller diameter arteries were predominantly located at the periphery.At the macroscale,under a strain rate of 0.0167 s^(-1),no significant differences were observed in the elastic properties between the two regions.However,as the strain rate increased up to 0.167 s^(-1),the central region displayed higher porosity,resulting in reduced liquid loss,increased hardness,and higher viscosity compared to the periphery.Consequently,the liver demonstrated overall heterogeneity,with isotropic models suitable for the peripheral region,while more intricate models may be required to capture the complexity of the central region with its intricate vasculature.
文摘风场预报是智能网格预报的重要支撑,提高风场预报准确率,能够为风能预报提供核心保障。在综合评估2023年汛期CMA-MESO 3 km(China Meteorological Administration Mesoscale Model at 3 km resolution)模式在山西逐小时10 m风预报能力的基础上,基于自适应Kalman滤波方法,开展针对纬向风(U)、经向风(V)的客观订正,以期建立适应山西复杂地形特征的客观预报方案,促进国产模式本地化业务应用。结果表明:①全风速预报偏大,预报误差呈“单峰型”日变化,峰值出现在18:00-20:00,正偏差主要位于忻定和太原盆地以及山西南部。②U、V预报误差与预报值呈显著正相关,需考虑不同强度预报风速误差随时效变化的特征,避免订正不足或过订正。③Kalman滤波方案(KM)订正幅度小且不稳定,订正后均方根误差R MSE削减不足6%,准确率提升不足2%。④基于动态分级的改进方案(CBKM)突破KM订正瓶颈,更准确地估计系统误差并有效订正,更好再现不同地区风速日变化,平均误差M E趋近0,R MSE削减32.8%,风向、风速预报准确率分别提升8.29%、7.92%,峰值时刻订正率达83.49%。
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3007001)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.8244053)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2024M754065).
文摘The mechanical behavior of cohesive soil is sensitized to drying-wetting cycles under confinements.However,the hydromechanical coupling effect has not been considered in current constitutive models.A macro-micro analysis scheme is proposed in this paper to investigate the soil deformation behavior under the coupling of stress and drying-wetting cycles.A new device is developed based on CT(computerized tomography)workstation to apply certain normal and shear stresses on a soil specimen during drying-wetting cycles.A series of tests are conducted on a type of loess with various coupling of stress paths and drying-wetting cycles.At macroscopic level,stress sensor and laser sensor are used to acquire stress and strain,respectively.The shear and volumetric strain increase during the first few drying-wetting cycles and then become stable.The increase of the shear stress level or confining pressure would cause higher increase rate and the value of shear strain in the process of drying-wetting cycles.At microscopic level,the grayscale value(GSV)of CT scanning image is characterized as the proportion of soil particles to voids.A fabric state parameter is proposed to characterize soil microstructures under the influence of stress and drying-wetting cycle.Test results indicate that the macroand micro-responses show high consistence and relevance.The stress and drying-wetting cycles would both induce collapse of the soil microstructure,which dominants degradation of the soil mechanical properties.The evolution of the macro-mechanical property of soil exhibits a positive linear relationship with the micro-evolution of the fabric state parameter.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12072003 and 12372003)Beijing Natural Science Foundation of China(No.1222001)。
文摘Owing to their high flexibility and directional actuation capabilities,macro fiber composites(MFCs)have attracted significant attention for the active control of structures,especially in the nonlinear vibration suppression applications for large-scale flexible structures.In this paper,an MFC-based self-feedback system is introduced for the active control of geometrically nonlinear steady-state forced vibrations in functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite(FG-CNTRC)plates subject to transverse mechanical loads.Based on the first-order shear deformation theory and the von Kármán nonlinear strain-displacement relationship,the nonlinear vibration control equations of the plate with MFC sensor and actuator layers are derived by Hamilton's principle.These equations are discretized by the finite element method(FEM),and solved by the Newton-Raphson and direct iterative methods.A velocity feedback control algorithm is introduced,and the effects of the control gain and the MFC actuator position on the nonlinear vibration active control effectiveness are analyzed.Additionally,a nonlinear resonance analysis is carried out,considering the effects of carbon nanotube(CNT)volume fraction and distribution type.The results indicate that the intrinsic characteristics of the structures significantly influence the vibration behavior.Furthermore,the appropriate selections of control gain and MFC position are crucial for the effective active control of the structures.The present work provides a promising route of the active and efficient nonlinear vibration suppression for various thin-walled structures.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2019YFA0708601)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.4231101056)the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Basic Research Fund(No.JKYZD202402)。
文摘0 INTRODUTION The Kuqa Depression,situated along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin,holds substantial geological significance due to its intricate sedimentary burial history,tectonic history,and the evolution of hydrocarbon source rocks(Jiang et al.,2024;Zhang et al.,2023;Huang et al.,2019;Yang et al.,2017;Jia et al.,2003;Hendrix,2000).
文摘Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings were prepared on Al−Mg laminated macro composites(LMCs)using both unipolar and bipolar waveforms in an appropriate electrolyte for both aluminum and magnesium alloys.The techniques of FESEM/EDS,grazing incident beam X-ray diffraction(GIXRD),and electrochemical methods of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)were used to characterize the coatings.The results revealed that the coatings produced using the bipolar waveform exhibited lower porosity and higher thickness than those produced using the unipolar one.The corrosion performance of the specimens’cut edge was investigated using EIS after 1,8,and 12 h of immersion in a 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution.It was observed that the coating produced using the bipolar waveform demonstrated the highest corrosion resistance after 12 h of immersion,with an estimated corrosion resistance of 5.64 kΩ·cm^(2),which was approximately 3 times higher than that of the unipolar coating.Notably,no signs of galvanic corrosion were observed in the LMCs,and only minor corrosion attacks were observed on the magnesium layer in some areas.
基金Supported by the Guangdong Special Support Program for Key Talents Team Program(No.2019BT02H594)the PI Project of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2021GD0810)the Major Project of National Social Science Foundation of China(No.21ZDA097)。
文摘A massive amount of plastic waste has presented an immense management challenge.This escalating ecological damage,coupled with the detrimental effects of plastics infiltrating the marine food web,poses a significant threat to human livelihoods.To combat this,there is a call for the development of plastic detection algorithms using remote sensing data.Here we tested a new index,referred to index_(MP),to detect clusters of floating macro plastics in the ocean using satellite imagery.The index_(MP)was applied to convolution high-pass filtered(3×3)Sentinel 2 Level 1 C images,showing the potential to reduce atmospheric interference and enhance the object edges,thereby improving the clarity of detection.In the analysis,we used three scatter plots to identify and assess plastic pixels.To differentiate the common features of plastic from non-plastic objects,the Sentinel 2 bands 5,8,and 9 were plotted against index_(MP)calculated and convolution high-pass filtered Level 1 C(CHPIC)images.The plastic pixels,clustering in the three scatter plots,showed positive‘X’,i.e.,CHPIC image value and‘Y’,i.e.,each band 5,8,and 9 reflectance values,along with a CHPIC image value exceeding 0.05.Using the index_(MP)and scatter plot analysis,we identified plastic pixels containing 14%or more plastic bottles.Detection of other types of plastics,such as fishing nets and plastic bags,required pixel proportions greater than 50%.Hence,plastic bottles were notably responsive even at a low pixel fraction.We further explored the classification of plastic and non-plastic objects by analyzing reed(plant)pixels;the differentiation between plastic and reed was conducted in the band 5 and 9 scatter plots.
基金primarily supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2021YFC3000904]the Jiangsu Provincial Key Technology R&D Program[grant number BE2022851]National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42405035]。
文摘Vector winds play a crucial role in weather and climate,as well as the effective utilization of wind energy resources.However,limited research has been conducted on treating the wind field as a vector field in the evaluation of numerical weather prediction models.In this study,the authors treat vector winds as a whole by employing a vector field evaluation method,and evaluate the mesoscale model of the China Meteorological Administration(CMA-MESO)and ECMWF forecast,with reference to ERA5 reanalysis,in terms of multiple aspects of vector winds over eastern China in 2022.The results show that the ECMWF forecast is superior to CMA-MESO in predicting the spatial distribution and intensity of 10-m vector winds.Both models overestimate the wind speed in East China,and CMA-MESO overestimates the wind speed to a greater extent.The forecasting skill of the vector wind field in both models decreases with increasing lead time.The forecasting skill of CMA-MESO fluctuates more and decreases faster than that of the ECMWF forecast.There is a significant negative correlation between the model vector wind forecasting skill and terrain height.This study provides a scientific evaluation of the local application of vector wind forecasts of the CMA-MESO model and ECMWF forecast.
文摘Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.
基金Projects(51074014,51174014) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Methods that can efficiently model the effects of rock joints on rock mass behavior can be beneficial in rock engineering. The suitability of equivalent rock mass(ERM) technique based upon particle methods is investigated. The ERM methodology is first validated by comparing calculated and experimental data of lab triaxial compression test on a set of cylindrical rock mass samples, each containing a single joint oriented in various dip angles. The simulated results are then used to study the stress-strain nonlinearity and failure mechanism as a function of the joint dip angle and confining stress. The anisotropy and size effects are also investigated by using multi-scale cubic ERM models subjected to triaxial compression test. The deformation and failure behavior are found to be influenced by joint degradation, the micro-crack formation in the intact rock, the interaction between two joints, and the interactions of micro-cracks and joints.
