The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Infor...The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.展开更多
Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Bin...Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Binghamton University under the guidance of Professor Jennifer Brondell.The result shows that a majority of subjects were found to emphasize the important role of memorization as a strategy in helping students to obtain better accuracy and fluency,use language knowledge reserve,and gain more self-confidence.展开更多
Vocabulary memorization is the most basic for English learners.Schema theory and chunking theory,which are both based on psychology,provide guidance for English vocabulary memorization.This thesis analyzes and discuss...Vocabulary memorization is the most basic for English learners.Schema theory and chunking theory,which are both based on psychology,provide guidance for English vocabulary memorization.This thesis analyzes and discusses the theories respectively and explores how they are applied to learners who take English as their second language,in accordance with the characteristics of human memory process.It aims at raising learning efficiency when students are memorizing new words and expressions on the basis of their cognition ability.展开更多
This study investigates differential effects of etymological elaboration and rote memorization on idiom acquisition and retention in Chinese college EFL learners. The sample (N = 70) involved two intact groups of coll...This study investigates differential effects of etymological elaboration and rote memorization on idiom acquisition and retention in Chinese college EFL learners. The sample (N = 70) involved two intact groups of college students. Subjects in one group exposed to instruction in the form of etymological familiarity while subjects in the comparison group were asked to memorize idioms on the basis of their given meaning. Subjects were then administered two post-tests: one to assess initial idiom acquisition, and another four weeks later to assess idiom retention. Statistical analyses produced sufficient support for both the first hypothesis (that the etymological elaboration condition would acquire more idioms than the rote memorization condition), and the second hypothesis—that the etymological familiarity would exhibit superior retention rates. The finding of this study suggests that for the purpose of encouraging long-term retention, elaborating on the original usage of idioms is preferable to requiring students to learn idioms by rote.展开更多
Dear Xu Shengli,You asked me about learning English.Now I'd like to tell you how you should learn English.First,you should often read English aloud and try your best to learn important something1 by heart.So you c...Dear Xu Shengli,You asked me about learning English.Now I'd like to tell you how you should learn English.First,you should often read English aloud and try your best to learn important something1 by heart.So you can remember them easy2 and form a good habit of thinking in English.Second,you should listen a lot and communicate with others in English.With3 this way,both your listening ability and your spoken English will be improved.Third,you should keep a diary in English every day.I hope that the advice will be useful to you.展开更多
The interplay of academic atmosphere,learning motivation,and strategies inherently influences English learning.Effective vocabulary acquisition strategies significantly influence the achievements of English acquisitio...The interplay of academic atmosphere,learning motivation,and strategies inherently influences English learning.Effective vocabulary acquisition strategies significantly influence the achievements of English acquisition.Vocabulary mastery,a cornerstone of middle school English education,raises a critical question:How can vocabulary strategies optimize students’memory,understanding,and vocabulary application?This article elaborates on the importance and characteristics of vocabulary learning in Chinese junior high schools,analyzes definitions and theories of learning strategies,and proposes specific vocabulary approaches tailored to junior high school students in rural-urban fringe areas.展开更多
When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing re...When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing regression formulas along Clementi Road.Yet it is precisely these small,personal stories that breathe life into grand diplomatic milestones.In celebration of the anniversary,I spoke with Yunxin—freshly returned from her first year at the National University of Singapore(NUS)—to discover how the Lion City looks through Chinese eyes.展开更多
Last year we put forward a report to establish a state-level trial and applied for ratification by the Central Science Institute of Education and Research. It was a grand and unprecedented trial practice in Tanghe’s ...Last year we put forward a report to establish a state-level trial and applied for ratification by the Central Science Institute of Education and Research. It was a grand and unprecedented trial practice in Tanghe’s history of teaching and teaching reform. Based on a good combination of the existing teaching material, the experiment was aimed at students’ rapid grasp of language and partial settlement of some of the students’ common problems in learning English. The reason for our decision lies in the following issues.展开更多
The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Infor...The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. This inadvertent leakage of sensitive information typically occurs when the models are subjected to black-box attacks. To address the growing concerns of safeguarding private and sensitive information while simultaneously preserving its utility, we analyze the performance of Targeted Catastrophic Forgetting (TCF). TCF involves preserving targeted pieces of sensitive information within datasets through an iterative pipeline which significantly reduces the likelihood of such information being leaked or reproduced by the model during black-box attacks, such as the autocompletion attack in our case. The experiments conducted using TCF evidently demonstrate its capability to reduce the extraction of PII while still preserving the context and utility of the target application.展开更多
To put more information into a difference scheme of a differential equation for making an accurate prediction, a new kind of time integration scheme, known as the retrospective (RT) scheme, is proposed on the basis of...To put more information into a difference scheme of a differential equation for making an accurate prediction, a new kind of time integration scheme, known as the retrospective (RT) scheme, is proposed on the basis of the memorial dynamics. Stability criteria of the scheme for an advection equation in certain conditions are derived mathematically. The computations for the advection equation have been conducted with its RT scheme. It is shown that the accuracy of the scheme is much higher than that of the leapfrog (LF) difference scheme.展开更多
Based on empirical research and qualitative analysis, this paper aims to explore the effects of interlingual strategies on L2 vocabulary teaching. The results show that, during L2 vocabulary teaching process, the prop...Based on empirical research and qualitative analysis, this paper aims to explore the effects of interlingual strategies on L2 vocabulary teaching. The results show that, during L2 vocabulary teaching process, the proper application of interlingual strategies can effectively facilitate the memorization of new words, and the bilingual method （both English explanation and Chinese translation） is welcomed by most subjects. Therefore, using L1 as a means of semantization or as a tool for checking and validating L2 learners＇ understanding of word meaning should not be completely rejected, especially for adult Chinese EFL learners.展开更多
Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that colleg...Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that college students are worrying about their words power very much, eager to find an efficient and effective way. Hence, various modes of word memorizing methods are collected and a brief classification and remark are available. By an overall analysis of those methods, a new approach compromised by different kinds of methods turns out. This new approach completely abides by the philosophy of pragmatism, and every idea with practical use will be introduced to it, e.g. psychology of language and so on.展开更多
Different teaching philosophies derive from different cultural background.There are many differences between American and Chinese teaching philosophies because of their different cultural background.Under the guidance...Different teaching philosophies derive from different cultural background.There are many differences between American and Chinese teaching philosophies because of their different cultural background.Under the guidance of different philosophies,there are different teaching styles between American and Chinese Classroom teaching.展开更多
Traditional ways of English learning such as memorizing a certain couple of words and reciting from the word list seem much easier than developing a useful vocabulary for L2 learners. However, learners complain that t...Traditional ways of English learning such as memorizing a certain couple of words and reciting from the word list seem much easier than developing a useful vocabulary for L2 learners. However, learners complain that they have suffered from couples of difficulties as the words are easy to be forgotten. Compare with the ways of mechanical memorizing, it argues that providing L2 learners with the development of useful lexical knowledge such as semantic information and morphological structure is more effective in the process of language acquisition. Moreover, developing a useful lexical knowledge is far more complicated for English learners.展开更多
Hypnosis is more and more used in many fields in modern society. The article suggests hypotheses and some problems about the use of hypnosis in foreign language teaching from 7 aspects： application of hypnosis in att...Hypnosis is more and more used in many fields in modern society. The article suggests hypotheses and some problems about the use of hypnosis in foreign language teaching from 7 aspects： application of hypnosis in attention; application of hypnosis in keeping best study state; application of hypnosis in English teaching; application of hypnosis in avoiding mother tongue influence; application of hypnosis in memorizing; application of hypnosis in inputting knowledge; application of hypnosis in mentality hint.展开更多
Many aposematic insect species advertise their toxicity to potential predators using olfactory and auditory signals, in addition to visual signals, to produce a multimodal warning display. The olfactory signals in the...Many aposematic insect species advertise their toxicity to potential predators using olfactory and auditory signals, in addition to visual signals, to produce a multimodal warning display. The olfactory signals in these displays may have interesting effects, such as eliciting innate avoidance against novel colored prey, or improving learning and memory of defended prey. However, little is known about the effects of such ancillary signals when they are auditory rather than olfactory. The few studies that have investigated this question have provided conflicting results. The current study sought to clarify and extend understanding of the effects of prey auditory signals on avian predator responses. The domestic chick Gallus gallus domesticus was used as a model avian predator to examine how the defensive buzzing sound of a bumblebee Bombus terrestris affected the chick＇s innate avoidance behavior, and the learning and memory of prey avoidance. The results demonstrate that the buzzing sound had no effect on the predator＇s responses to unpalatable aposematically colored crumbs, suggesting that the agitated buzzing of B. terrestris may provide no additional protection from avian predators .展开更多
Working memory is one of the essential higher cognitive functions that actively holds behaviorally-relevant information essential for guiding subsequent actions. It includes subsystems that store and manipulate single...Working memory is one of the essential higher cognitive functions that actively holds behaviorally-relevant information essential for guiding subsequent actions. It includes subsystems that store and manipulate singlemode or multi-modal sensory information, e.g., spatial information, visual images, auditory scenes, olfactory objects, or any combination of these. In addition to merely holding a certain amount of information for a short period of time, as is generally believed, the cognitive processes involved are far more complex, including the executive and attentional control of short-term memory, permitting interim integration, and the processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Evolution-wise, working memory is essential for the behavioral flexibility that allows humans and animals to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments.展开更多
The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabul...The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabulary memorizing strategies cited in the study （rote repetition, structural associations, semantic strategies, and mnemonic keyword techniques）, students apparently tended to favor the second and the third ones, though rote repetition remains appealing to some of them. Mnemonic devices such as keyword method were rather unpopular to most of the students because they would involve the learners in more active performance of the target language.展开更多
文摘The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. We describe different black-box attacks from potential adversaries and study their impact on the amount and type of information that may be recovered from commonly used and deployed LLMs. Our research investigates the relationship between PII leakage, memorization, and factors such as model size, architecture, and the nature of attacks employed. The study utilizes two broad categories of attacks: PII leakage-focused attacks (auto-completion and extraction attacks) and memorization-focused attacks (various membership inference attacks). The findings from these investigations are quantified using an array of evaluative metrics, providing a detailed understanding of LLM vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of different attacks.
文摘Memorization has been long viewed as a bad practice or the opposite of meaningful learning.A survey on the role of memorization in ESL/EFL learning is carried out in Vestal Middle School,Binghamton High School and Binghamton University under the guidance of Professor Jennifer Brondell.The result shows that a majority of subjects were found to emphasize the important role of memorization as a strategy in helping students to obtain better accuracy and fluency,use language knowledge reserve,and gain more self-confidence.
文摘Vocabulary memorization is the most basic for English learners.Schema theory and chunking theory,which are both based on psychology,provide guidance for English vocabulary memorization.This thesis analyzes and discusses the theories respectively and explores how they are applied to learners who take English as their second language,in accordance with the characteristics of human memory process.It aims at raising learning efficiency when students are memorizing new words and expressions on the basis of their cognition ability.
文摘This study investigates differential effects of etymological elaboration and rote memorization on idiom acquisition and retention in Chinese college EFL learners. The sample (N = 70) involved two intact groups of college students. Subjects in one group exposed to instruction in the form of etymological familiarity while subjects in the comparison group were asked to memorize idioms on the basis of their given meaning. Subjects were then administered two post-tests: one to assess initial idiom acquisition, and another four weeks later to assess idiom retention. Statistical analyses produced sufficient support for both the first hypothesis (that the etymological elaboration condition would acquire more idioms than the rote memorization condition), and the second hypothesis—that the etymological familiarity would exhibit superior retention rates. The finding of this study suggests that for the purpose of encouraging long-term retention, elaborating on the original usage of idioms is preferable to requiring students to learn idioms by rote.
文摘Dear Xu Shengli,You asked me about learning English.Now I'd like to tell you how you should learn English.First,you should often read English aloud and try your best to learn important something1 by heart.So you can remember them easy2 and form a good habit of thinking in English.Second,you should listen a lot and communicate with others in English.With3 this way,both your listening ability and your spoken English will be improved.Third,you should keep a diary in English every day.I hope that the advice will be useful to you.
文摘The interplay of academic atmosphere,learning motivation,and strategies inherently influences English learning.Effective vocabulary acquisition strategies significantly influence the achievements of English acquisition.Vocabulary mastery,a cornerstone of middle school English education,raises a critical question:How can vocabulary strategies optimize students’memory,understanding,and vocabulary application?This article elaborates on the importance and characteristics of vocabulary learning in Chinese junior high schools,analyzes definitions and theories of learning strategies,and proposes specific vocabulary approaches tailored to junior high school students in rural-urban fringe areas.
文摘When China and Singapore exchanged formal handshakes in 1990,few could have imagined that 35 years later,a Data Science undergraduate named Hu Yunxin would be happily counting hawker-centre noodles while memorizing regression formulas along Clementi Road.Yet it is precisely these small,personal stories that breathe life into grand diplomatic milestones.In celebration of the anniversary,I spoke with Yunxin—freshly returned from her first year at the National University of Singapore(NUS)—to discover how the Lion City looks through Chinese eyes.
文摘Last year we put forward a report to establish a state-level trial and applied for ratification by the Central Science Institute of Education and Research. It was a grand and unprecedented trial practice in Tanghe’s history of teaching and teaching reform. Based on a good combination of the existing teaching material, the experiment was aimed at students’ rapid grasp of language and partial settlement of some of the students’ common problems in learning English. The reason for our decision lies in the following issues.
文摘The recent interest in the deployment of Generative AI applications that use large language models (LLMs) has brought to the forefront significant privacy concerns, notably the leakage of Personally Identifiable Information (PII) and other confidential or protected information that may have been memorized during training, specifically during a fine-tuning or customization process. This inadvertent leakage of sensitive information typically occurs when the models are subjected to black-box attacks. To address the growing concerns of safeguarding private and sensitive information while simultaneously preserving its utility, we analyze the performance of Targeted Catastrophic Forgetting (TCF). TCF involves preserving targeted pieces of sensitive information within datasets through an iterative pipeline which significantly reduces the likelihood of such information being leaked or reproduced by the model during black-box attacks, such as the autocompletion attack in our case. The experiments conducted using TCF evidently demonstrate its capability to reduce the extraction of PII while still preserving the context and utility of the target application.
基金The project supported by the National Key Program for Developing Basic Sciences (G1999043408 and G1998040901-1)the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (40175024 and 40035010)
文摘To put more information into a difference scheme of a differential equation for making an accurate prediction, a new kind of time integration scheme, known as the retrospective (RT) scheme, is proposed on the basis of the memorial dynamics. Stability criteria of the scheme for an advection equation in certain conditions are derived mathematically. The computations for the advection equation have been conducted with its RT scheme. It is shown that the accuracy of the scheme is much higher than that of the leapfrog (LF) difference scheme.
文摘Based on empirical research and qualitative analysis, this paper aims to explore the effects of interlingual strategies on L2 vocabulary teaching. The results show that, during L2 vocabulary teaching process, the proper application of interlingual strategies can effectively facilitate the memorization of new words, and the bilingual method （both English explanation and Chinese translation） is welcomed by most subjects. Therefore, using L1 as a means of semantization or as a tool for checking and validating L2 learners＇ understanding of word meaning should not be completely rejected, especially for adult Chinese EFL learners.
文摘Words acquisition should be the most decisive and basic part, though modern English education does not take enough attention, especially in college English teaching. A recent survey on the Internet reveals that college students are worrying about their words power very much, eager to find an efficient and effective way. Hence, various modes of word memorizing methods are collected and a brief classification and remark are available. By an overall analysis of those methods, a new approach compromised by different kinds of methods turns out. This new approach completely abides by the philosophy of pragmatism, and every idea with practical use will be introduced to it, e.g. psychology of language and so on.
文摘Different teaching philosophies derive from different cultural background.There are many differences between American and Chinese teaching philosophies because of their different cultural background.Under the guidance of different philosophies,there are different teaching styles between American and Chinese Classroom teaching.
文摘Traditional ways of English learning such as memorizing a certain couple of words and reciting from the word list seem much easier than developing a useful vocabulary for L2 learners. However, learners complain that they have suffered from couples of difficulties as the words are easy to be forgotten. Compare with the ways of mechanical memorizing, it argues that providing L2 learners with the development of useful lexical knowledge such as semantic information and morphological structure is more effective in the process of language acquisition. Moreover, developing a useful lexical knowledge is far more complicated for English learners.
文摘Hypnosis is more and more used in many fields in modern society. The article suggests hypotheses and some problems about the use of hypnosis in foreign language teaching from 7 aspects： application of hypnosis in attention; application of hypnosis in keeping best study state; application of hypnosis in English teaching; application of hypnosis in avoiding mother tongue influence; application of hypnosis in memorizing; application of hypnosis in inputting knowledge; application of hypnosis in mentality hint.
文摘Many aposematic insect species advertise their toxicity to potential predators using olfactory and auditory signals, in addition to visual signals, to produce a multimodal warning display. The olfactory signals in these displays may have interesting effects, such as eliciting innate avoidance against novel colored prey, or improving learning and memory of defended prey. However, little is known about the effects of such ancillary signals when they are auditory rather than olfactory. The few studies that have investigated this question have provided conflicting results. The current study sought to clarify and extend understanding of the effects of prey auditory signals on avian predator responses. The domestic chick Gallus gallus domesticus was used as a model avian predator to examine how the defensive buzzing sound of a bumblebee Bombus terrestris affected the chick＇s innate avoidance behavior, and the learning and memory of prey avoidance. The results demonstrate that the buzzing sound had no effect on the predator＇s responses to unpalatable aposematically colored crumbs, suggesting that the agitated buzzing of B. terrestris may provide no additional protection from avian predators .
文摘Working memory is one of the essential higher cognitive functions that actively holds behaviorally-relevant information essential for guiding subsequent actions. It includes subsystems that store and manipulate singlemode or multi-modal sensory information, e.g., spatial information, visual images, auditory scenes, olfactory objects, or any combination of these. In addition to merely holding a certain amount of information for a short period of time, as is generally believed, the cognitive processes involved are far more complex, including the executive and attentional control of short-term memory, permitting interim integration, and the processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Evolution-wise, working memory is essential for the behavioral flexibility that allows humans and animals to quickly adapt to rapidly changing environments.
文摘The findings of the study indicate that students prefer to engage in the vocabulary learning strategies that would be most appealing to them and that would entail less manipulation of the language. Of the four vocabulary memorizing strategies cited in the study （rote repetition, structural associations, semantic strategies, and mnemonic keyword techniques）, students apparently tended to favor the second and the third ones, though rote repetition remains appealing to some of them. Mnemonic devices such as keyword method were rather unpopular to most of the students because they would involve the learners in more active performance of the target language.
