The microstructural evolution of a cold-rolled and intercritical annealed medium-Mn steel(Fe-0.10C-5Mn)was investigated during uniaxial tensile testing.In-situ observations under scanning electron microscopy,transmiss...The microstructural evolution of a cold-rolled and intercritical annealed medium-Mn steel(Fe-0.10C-5Mn)was investigated during uniaxial tensile testing.In-situ observations under scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to characterize the progressive transformation-induced plasticity process and associated fracture initiation mechanisms.These findings were discussed with the local strain measurements via digital image correlation.The results indicated that Lüders band formation in the steel was limited to 1.5%strain,which was mainly due to the early-stage martensitic phase transformation of a very small amount of the less stable large-sized retained austenite(RA),which led to localized stress concentrations and strain hardening and further retardation of yielding.The small-sized RA exhibited high stability and progressively transformed into martensite and contributed to a stably extended Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.The volume fraction of RA gradually decreased from 26.8%to 8.2%prior to fracture.In the late deformation stage,fracture initiation primarily occurred at the austenite/martensite and ferrite/martensite interfaces and the ferrite phase.展开更多
The influence of Nb-V microalloying on the hot deformation behavior and microstructures of medium Mn steel(MMS)was investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests.By establishing the constitutive equations for simulati...The influence of Nb-V microalloying on the hot deformation behavior and microstructures of medium Mn steel(MMS)was investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests.By establishing the constitutive equations for simulating the measured flow curves,we successfully constructed deformation activation energy(Q)maps and processing maps for identifying the region of flow instability.We concluded the following consequences of Nb-V alloying for MMS.(i)The critical strain increases and the increment diminishes with the increasing deformation temperature,suggesting that NbC precipitates more efficiently retard dynamic recrystallization(DRX)in MMS compared with solute Nb.(ii)The deformation activation energy of MMS is significantly increased and even higher than that of some reported high Mn steels,suggesting that its ability to retard DRX is greater than that of the high Mn content.(iii)The hot workability of MMS is improved by narrowing the hot processing window for the unstable flow stress,in which fine recrystallized and coarse unrecrystallized grains are present.展开更多
A constitutive model considering the size effect was established to investigate the behavior of CoCrNi medium entropy alloy ultrathin strip in different deformation stages during the uniaxial quasi-static tensile test...A constitutive model considering the size effect was established to investigate the behavior of CoCrNi medium entropy alloy ultrathin strip in different deformation stages during the uniaxial quasi-static tensile test.Results show that when the t/d value is lower than 10.62,the CoCrNi alloy ultrathin strip shows an obvious size-dependent property in the elastic deformation stage.With the decrease in t/d value,the volume fraction of the surface layer grains is increased,leading to the linear decrease in flow stress.In the plastic deformation stage,the material stiffness is correlated with the t/d value.Specifically,as the t/d value increases,the work-hardening capacity of the material is enhanced.When the t/d value increases to 10,the work-hardening capacity reaches a maximum state;when the t/d value is beyond 10,the work-hardening capacity weakens.展开更多
The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the a...The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the annulus and undergoes rigid-body rotation with the fluid and the annulus.It is demonstrated that the librational liquefaction of the granular material results in pattern formation.This self-organization process stems from the excitation of inertial modes induced by the oscillatory motion of liquefied granular material under the influence of the gravitational force.The inertial wave induces vortical fluid flow which entrains particles from rest and forms eroded areas that are equidistant from each other along the axis of rotation.Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that a liquefied layer of granular material oscillates with a radian frequency equal to the angular velocity of the annulus and interacts with the inertial wave it excites.The new phenomenon of libration-induced pattern formation is of practical interest as it can be used to control multiphase flows and mass transfer in rotating containers in a variety of industrial processes.展开更多
The energy-focusing blast is an innovative and ingenious method to achieve directional fracturing.Understanding its energy regulation mechanism is critical to enhancing its practical effectiveness.This study investiga...The energy-focusing blast is an innovative and ingenious method to achieve directional fracturing.Understanding its energy regulation mechanism is critical to enhancing its practical effectiveness.This study investigates the energy regulation mechanism and explores the medium-filling effects within the energy-focusing blast by employing theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and model tests.The findings by theoretical and numerical analysis first reveal that two stages of the fracturing and tensile stage govern the directionally crack propagation,in which the explosion energy in the non-energyfocusing direction is suppressed,compressing the borehole wall,while redirected energy produces tensile stress in the energy-focusing direction,driving the formation of directional cracks.The choice of filling medium significantly affects directional cracking due to its impact on energy distribution and regulation,and key properties such as wave impedance and compressibility of the filling medium are critical.Experimental comparisons using air,sand,and water as filling media further disclose the distinct effects of the medium on energy regulation and directional crack growth of the energy-focusing blast.The maximum shaped-energy coefficients for air,sand,and water are 1.30,4.41,and 6.12 in the energy-focusing direction,respectively.Meanwhile,the stress attenuation rate of air,sand,and water increases in that order.The higher wave impedance and lower compressibility of water support efficient and uniform energy propagation,which subtly enhances the tensile actions in the focusing direction and intensifies the overall stress impact of the energy-focusing blast.In addition,the stresses in the non-energyfocusing directions decrease as the angle from the energy-focusing direction increases,while the stresses are relatively uniform for both air and water but noticeably uneven for sand;meanwhile,the fractal dimensions of blasting cracks in the case of air,water,and sand are 1.076,1.068,and 1.112,respectively.Sand as a filling medium leads to increased crack irregularities due to its granularity and heterogeneity.The water medium strikes an optimal balance by promoting the blasting energy transition and optimizing the energy distribution,maintaining the least flatness of the directional crack during energy-focusing blasts.展开更多
The phase constitution,microstructure,damping capacity,and mechanical properties of as-cast AlxCrFe3Ni(x=0.5,0.52,0.54,and 0.56,respectively)medium entropy alloys were investigated.It is found that the volume fraction...The phase constitution,microstructure,damping capacity,and mechanical properties of as-cast AlxCrFe3Ni(x=0.5,0.52,0.54,and 0.56,respectively)medium entropy alloys were investigated.It is found that the volume fraction of BCC phase increases while that of FCC decreases with increasing the Al content.When the content of Al is 0.54,the alloy is composed of 82.1vol.%BCC matrix and 17.9vol.%FCC phase.Wherein the FCC phase is distributed on the BCC matrix,forming a structure where the hard BCC matrix is surrounded by soft FCC phase.This results in a hindering effect on the propagation process of vibration waves.The damping performance of Al0.54CrFe_(3)Ni alloy,characterized by an internal friction of Q^(-1) is as high as 0.059,is higher than that of most FeCr damping alloys.The volume fraction of the BCC phase and the peculiar distribution of the FCC phase are identified as the key factors affecting the damping capacity.In addition,the Al0.54CrFe3Ni alloy exhibits a high yield strength of 811.16 MPa.展开更多
The impact of various initial states on the ultimate mechanical properties of medium Mn steel(MMnS)following the hot stamping process is revealed.MMnS blanks with three typical initial states were prepared separately,...The impact of various initial states on the ultimate mechanical properties of medium Mn steel(MMnS)following the hot stamping process is revealed.MMnS blanks with three typical initial states were prepared separately,including hot-rolled,cold-rolled and cold-rolled and annealed(CRA).Their microstructures were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction,and their mechanical properties were measured by tensile tests following hot stamping and baking treatments.The results reveal that the microstructure of martensite and residual austenite characterizes the hot-stamped MMnS across different rolling conditions,with CRA state exhibiting a clearly higher residual austenite content compared to the other two states.Meanwhile,CRA state boasts not only the highest tensile strength but also the greatest elongation post-hot stamping treatment.The superior comprehensive mechanical properties are attributed to its unique biphase structure of Mn-rich austenite and Mn-poor ferrite,which emerges in CRA state following a 12 h intercritical annealing and can be partially preserved during the hot stamping process.This structure is instrumental in achieving a higher level of residual austenite,consequently leading to enhanced elongation.展开更多
Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that th...Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that the use of different types of additives or accelerantstowards enhancing the products yield and fermentation quality has got much attention,with carbon-based materials emerging as vital facilitators.Based on bibliometrics insights,this paper firstly commences with a comprehensive review of the past two decades’progress in applying carbon-based materials within anaerobic fermentation contexts.Subsequently,the recent advancements made by different research groups in order to enhance the performance of CE systemperformance are reviewed,with particular focus on the application,impact,and underlying mechanisms of carbon-based materials in expediting MCFAs biosynthesis via CE.Finally,the future research direction is prospected,aiming to inform innovative material design and sophisticated technological applications,as well as provide a reference for improving the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of MCFAs using carbon-based material,thereby contributing to the broader discourse on enhancing sustainability and efficiency in bio-based processes.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency and the generation of second-order sideband in a Laguerre–Gaussian cavity optorotational system with a Kerr nonlinear medium.Usin...In this paper,we investigate the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency and the generation of second-order sideband in a Laguerre–Gaussian cavity optorotational system with a Kerr nonlinear medium.Using the perturbation method,we analyze the first-and second-order sideband generations in the output field from the system under the actions of a strong control field and a weak probe field.Numerical simulations show that the Kerr nonlinearity can lead to the occurrence of the asymmetric line shape in the transmission of the probe field.Comparing with traditional scheme for generating the second-order sideband,our spectral shape of the second-order sideband is amplified and becomes asymmetric,which has potential applications in precision measurement,high-sensitivity devices,and frequency conversion.展开更多
Herein,3‑aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)was used to modify F‑containing silica slag(SS)by simple grafting and served as a multifunctional barrier layer.The amino group(—NH2)in the amino‑modified SS(NH2‑SS)forms lig...Herein,3‑aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)was used to modify F‑containing silica slag(SS)by simple grafting and served as a multifunctional barrier layer.The amino group(—NH2)in the amino‑modified SS(NH2‑SS)forms ligand bonds or hydrogen bonds with sulfur ions in lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),thus inhibiting the shuttle effect.Electrochemical analyses demonstrated that lithium‑sulfur(Li‑S)batteries employing the NH2‑SS interlayer exhibited discharge specific capacities of 1048 and 789 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.2C and 2C,respectively,and even at 4C,the initial discharge specific capacity remained at 590 mAh·g^(-1),outperforming the Li‑S battery with unmodified SS as the interlayer.展开更多
The in-flight heating process of cerium dioxide(CeO_(2))powders was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations.In the experiment,CeO_(2)powder(average size of 30μm)was injected into radio-frequency(RF...The in-flight heating process of cerium dioxide(CeO_(2))powders was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations.In the experiment,CeO_(2)powder(average size of 30μm)was injected into radio-frequency(RF)argon plasma,and the temperatures were measured using a DPV-2000 monitor.A model combining the electromagnetism,thermal flow,and heat transfer characteristics of powder during in-flight heating in argon plasma was proposed.The melting processes of CeO_(2)powders of different diameters,with and without thermal resistance effect,were investigated.Results show that the heating process of CeO_(2)powder particles consists of three main stages,one of which is relevant to a dimensionless parameter known as the Biot number.When the Biot value≥0.1,thermal resistance increases significantly,especially for the larger powders.The predicted temperature of the particles at the outlet(1800–2880 K)is in good agreement with the experimental result.展开更多
This paper deals with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem to a class of porous medium equations with viscoelastic term ∂u/∂t-Δu^(m)+∫^(t)_(0)g(t-s)Δu^(m)(x,s)ds=u^(p),x∈Ω,t≥0,where p>m(m>0).We pro...This paper deals with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem to a class of porous medium equations with viscoelastic term ∂u/∂t-Δu^(m)+∫^(t)_(0)g(t-s)Δu^(m)(x,s)ds=u^(p),x∈Ω,t≥0,where p>m(m>0).We prove that the weak solutions of the above problem blow up in finite time when the initial energy is positive and the function g satisfies suitable conditions.Our result generalizes that of S.A.Messaoudi in[1].展开更多
Agglomeration supports the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry,and its associated resource and environmental effects play a crucial role in driving green economic development.Based on data from pref...Agglomeration supports the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry,and its associated resource and environmental effects play a crucial role in driving green economic development.Based on data from prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2019,this study employs the inverse distance weighting method,the bivariate local indicator of spatial association model,the spatial Durbin model,and other techniques to explore the relationship between manufacturing agglomeration and PM_(2.5)concentrations,and to assess the impact of its manufacturing agglomeration.Four correlation patterns are observed:high-high,low-low,high-low,and low-high.Among these,high-high and low-low patterns dominate in terms of number of cities.These correlation patterns demonstrate strong temporal stability,with a clear“Matthew effect”.The effect of manufacturing agglomeration on PM_(2.5)levels is significantly negative and helps reduce concentrations regionally,indicating the need to further enhance agglomeration levels regionally.However,it can increase PM_(2.5)levels in neighboring areas due to a siphon effect,and the impact of varies across regions.Compared with levels in 2005-2013,the significance of the relationship between manufacturing agglomeration and PM_(2.5)weakened in the 2013-2019 period.Accordingly,this study proposes countermeasures and policy recommendations aimed at strengthening regional collaborative governance and inspiring differentiated agglomeration strategies to support sustainable economic development in China.展开更多
Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticle...Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticles were chlorinated by NaClO solution to get AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑based chloramine nano‑hybrid materials,denoted as AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of the as‑prepared samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.At the same time,an X‑ray diffractometer and an infrared spectroscope were utilized to characterize their crystal and chemical structures.Besides,ζpotentials were measured to elucidate the surface modification of AgCl nanoparticles by—NH_(2),the antibacterial mechanism of AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,and Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were used as the to‑be‑tested strains to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.Findings demonstrate that sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS exhibits a chain‑like structure ascribed to the interaction between—NH_(2),and each AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticle contains several AgCl cores.In the meantime,sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus,which is attributed to the synergistic antibacterial effect of Ag^(+)and Cl^(-).Sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl with a dosage of 640.00μg·mL^(-1) could completely kill the two kinds of tested bacteria in 12 h of incubation;it retains a high antibacterial efficiency even after 10 cycles of antibacterial tests.展开更多
High-entropy oxides(HEOs)derive their exceptional properties from the atomic-level homogenization of multiple constituent elements within the crystal lattice,which induces a sophisticated local environment that fundam...High-entropy oxides(HEOs)derive their exceptional properties from the atomic-level homogenization of multiple constituent elements within the crystal lattice,which induces a sophisticated local environment that fundamentally reconfigures electron density distributions and coordination environment at active sites.However,the mechanisms by which multi-component systems in HEOs precisely regulate high-activity catalytic sites remain poorly understood.This work addresses this gap by designing medium-entropy perovskite oxides through the strategic incorporation of transition metals with distinct electronegativities and ionic radii,aiming to unravel how local environmental modifications impact the energy band location,coordination states,and adsorption behavior of the Co site.A family of A_(2)BO_(4)-type medium-entropy oxides PrSr(Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Cu_(0.2)M_(0.2))O_(4)(M=Sc,Cr,Mn)was successfully synthesized.Divergent atomic properties among Sc,Cr,and Mn(electronegativity,ionic size,and metal-oxygen bond strength)triggered pronounced electron redistribution,effectively tuning the d-band center of Co.Remarkably,Cr substitution significantly enhanced O_(2) adsorption at Co-active sites,as indicated by an elongated O-O bond length(1.234Å→1.279Å).Concurrently,Cr doping destabilized the M'-O-Cr bonds(M'=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)and lowered the thermodynamic barrier for oxygen vacancy formation.Electrochemical tests revealed that PrSr(Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Cu_(0.2)Cr_(0.2))O_(4)(PSMO-Cr)exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and fastest oxygen surface exchange kinetics.At 700℃,the area-specific resistance(ASR)of the PSMO-Cr cathode was 0.07Ωcm^(2).Corresponding fuel cells achieved a maximum power density of 0.76 W cm^(-2).In electrolysis mode,the maximum current density reached 0.56 A cm^(-2) under 1.3 V at 700℃using PSMO-Cr as the anode.These results demonstrate that PSMO-Cr is a promising bifunctional catalyst for energy conversion applications.展开更多
Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electro...Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.展开更多
The efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol(GLY)is one of the most promising routes for the valorization of GLY.Doping has emerged as a powerful strategy to tailor the electrocatalytic performance of silver n...The efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol(GLY)is one of the most promising routes for the valorization of GLY.Doping has emerged as a powerful strategy to tailor the electrocatalytic performance of silver nanoclusters(Ag NCs),yet the effects of doping mode(surface vs.core)and the interface environment(e.g.,electrolyte concentration)on the electrocatalytic performance for Ag NCs toward GLY oxidation remain understood.In this work,surface-doped Ag_(4)M_(2)(SR)_(8) and core-doped Ag_(24)M(SR)_(18)(M=Ni,Pd,Pt;SR=SPhMe_(2))NCs were synthesized for electrocatalytic GLY oxidation.The results revealed a strong dependence of selectivity on doping mode and electrolyte concentration:under low KOH concentration,Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(4)M_(2) NCs exhibited 100%selectivity toward oxalic acid(OA),whereas Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(24)M NCs delivered>95%selectivity for formic acid(FA).In contrast,under high KOH concentration,Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(4)M_(2) NCs gave rise to>80%FA,while Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(24)M NCs produced>45%FA.Mechanism studies indicated that Ni doping predominantly enhanced catalytic activity via lowering the activation barrier of the initial reaction step(GLY→glyceraldehyde),whereas Pd and Pt doping modulated selectivity through reducing the energy barrier of the selective branch step(glyceric acid→OA,OA→FA).High KOH concentration promoted the oxidation by increasing the electrochemical active surface area and facilitating electron transfer of Ag NCs.This study provides clear guidance for designing high-performance Ag-based electrocatalysts for biomass valorization.展开更多
The plastic instability and maintaining excellent mechanical properties of 7Mn medium manganese steel(MMnS)were restrained via the inclusion of a pre-water quenching(WQ)step before the traditional intercritical anneal...The plastic instability and maintaining excellent mechanical properties of 7Mn medium manganese steel(MMnS)were restrained via the inclusion of a pre-water quenching(WQ)step before the traditional intercritical annealing(IA)treatment(at 630℃ for 1,2,4 and 8 h).The cold-rolling alloy was austenitized at 850℃ for 0.5 h and then water-quenched to room temperature in advance to adjust the original and final microstructures.The pre-WQ step caused the final ferrite and austenite dual-phase morphology to change from nano-equiaxed to nano-lamellar+equiaxed.The sample after traditional IA at 630℃ for 1 h exhibited excellent comprehensive mechanical properties,with a product of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation(UTS·TEL)of 48.9 GPa%;however,the yield point elongation(YPE)indicating typical plastic instability was as high as 17%.In contrast,the sample after WQ+IA at 630℃ for 4 h showed a similar UTS·TEL of 42.2 GPa%,but the plastic instability phenomena,including the formation of Lüders bands(related to YPE)and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands,were greatly restrained.This was due to the low degree of recrystallization,mixed morphology of the final microstructure,high original dislocation density in ferrite,and fine grain size resulting from pre-WQ.Additionally,the substitution of TEL with positive plasticity(PP=TEL−YPE)allowed a more accurate assessment of the comprehensive properties of MMnS.The as-prepared Lüders-band-free MMnS,with outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties,is of great significance owing to its extensive application potential in the automotive industry.展开更多
We show that in Schwarzschild equivalent mediums,the massless spin particles obey the same dynamical equation,from which we obtain remarkably simple formulae for the frequencies of the quasibound states.We find that t...We show that in Schwarzschild equivalent mediums,the massless spin particles obey the same dynamical equation,from which we obtain remarkably simple formulae for the frequencies of the quasibound states.We find that the quasibound frequencies of different bosons can be identical at the same quantum number l,and the same is true of different fermions,but a quasibound frequency for bosons can never equal a quasibound frequency for fermions.These results mean that in Schwarzschild equivalent mediums with the quasibound-state boundary conditions,characteristics of electromagnetic waves are the same as those for all the massless bosonic waves,thereby allowing electromagnetic waves to simulate gravitational waves.Our predictions can be tested in future experiments,building upon the successful preparation of Schwarzschild equivalent mediums.展开更多
The UV-2600 ultraviolet(UV)spectrophotometer and the UV sunscreen index analyzer SolarLight Model 601 were used to test the UV absorption capacity and the UV damage alleviating effect of commonly used raw materials,an...The UV-2600 ultraviolet(UV)spectrophotometer and the UV sunscreen index analyzer SolarLight Model 601 were used to test the UV absorption capacity and the UV damage alleviating effect of commonly used raw materials,and the Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane were also processed to assess the mildness.As a result,bisabolol,pongamia pinnata seed extract,pterocarpus marsupium bark extract and other materials were screened as the effective and gentle sunscreen synergistic ingredients.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFB0304402)。
文摘The microstructural evolution of a cold-rolled and intercritical annealed medium-Mn steel(Fe-0.10C-5Mn)was investigated during uniaxial tensile testing.In-situ observations under scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted to characterize the progressive transformation-induced plasticity process and associated fracture initiation mechanisms.These findings were discussed with the local strain measurements via digital image correlation.The results indicated that Lüders band formation in the steel was limited to 1.5%strain,which was mainly due to the early-stage martensitic phase transformation of a very small amount of the less stable large-sized retained austenite(RA),which led to localized stress concentrations and strain hardening and further retardation of yielding.The small-sized RA exhibited high stability and progressively transformed into martensite and contributed to a stably extended Portevin-Le Chatelier effect.The volume fraction of RA gradually decreased from 26.8%to 8.2%prior to fracture.In the late deformation stage,fracture initiation primarily occurred at the austenite/martensite and ferrite/martensite interfaces and the ferrite phase.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52233018 and 51831002)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foudation(No.BWLCF202213)。
文摘The influence of Nb-V microalloying on the hot deformation behavior and microstructures of medium Mn steel(MMS)was investigated by uniaxial hot compression tests.By establishing the constitutive equations for simulating the measured flow curves,we successfully constructed deformation activation energy(Q)maps and processing maps for identifying the region of flow instability.We concluded the following consequences of Nb-V alloying for MMS.(i)The critical strain increases and the increment diminishes with the increasing deformation temperature,suggesting that NbC precipitates more efficiently retard dynamic recrystallization(DRX)in MMS compared with solute Nb.(ii)The deformation activation energy of MMS is significantly increased and even higher than that of some reported high Mn steels,suggesting that its ability to retard DRX is greater than that of the high Mn content.(iii)The hot workability of MMS is improved by narrowing the hot processing window for the unstable flow stress,in which fine recrystallized and coarse unrecrystallized grains are present.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12072220,12225207,12372364)National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFA0707300)+2 种基金Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20188)Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Shanxi Province(YDZJSX2021B002)Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(202303021211038)。
文摘A constitutive model considering the size effect was established to investigate the behavior of CoCrNi medium entropy alloy ultrathin strip in different deformation stages during the uniaxial quasi-static tensile test.Results show that when the t/d value is lower than 10.62,the CoCrNi alloy ultrathin strip shows an obvious size-dependent property in the elastic deformation stage.With the decrease in t/d value,the volume fraction of the surface layer grains is increased,leading to the linear decrease in flow stress.In the plastic deformation stage,the material stiffness is correlated with the t/d value.Specifically,as the t/d value increases,the work-hardening capacity of the material is enhanced.When the t/d value increases to 10,the work-hardening capacity reaches a maximum state;when the t/d value is beyond 10,the work-hardening capacity weakens.
基金funded by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of a state assignment,number 1023032300071-6-2.3.1.
文摘The dynamics of fluid and non-buoyant particles in a librating horizontal annulus is studied experimentally.In the absence of librations,the granular material forms a cylindrical layer near the outer boundary of the annulus and undergoes rigid-body rotation with the fluid and the annulus.It is demonstrated that the librational liquefaction of the granular material results in pattern formation.This self-organization process stems from the excitation of inertial modes induced by the oscillatory motion of liquefied granular material under the influence of the gravitational force.The inertial wave induces vortical fluid flow which entrains particles from rest and forms eroded areas that are equidistant from each other along the axis of rotation.Theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrate that a liquefied layer of granular material oscillates with a radian frequency equal to the angular velocity of the annulus and interacts with the inertial wave it excites.The new phenomenon of libration-induced pattern formation is of practical interest as it can be used to control multiphase flows and mass transfer in rotating containers in a variety of industrial processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51904188)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(No.2024M763564)the Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics and Geohazards of Zhejiang Province(No.ZJRMG-2022-03)。
文摘The energy-focusing blast is an innovative and ingenious method to achieve directional fracturing.Understanding its energy regulation mechanism is critical to enhancing its practical effectiveness.This study investigates the energy regulation mechanism and explores the medium-filling effects within the energy-focusing blast by employing theoretical analysis,numerical simulations,and model tests.The findings by theoretical and numerical analysis first reveal that two stages of the fracturing and tensile stage govern the directionally crack propagation,in which the explosion energy in the non-energyfocusing direction is suppressed,compressing the borehole wall,while redirected energy produces tensile stress in the energy-focusing direction,driving the formation of directional cracks.The choice of filling medium significantly affects directional cracking due to its impact on energy distribution and regulation,and key properties such as wave impedance and compressibility of the filling medium are critical.Experimental comparisons using air,sand,and water as filling media further disclose the distinct effects of the medium on energy regulation and directional crack growth of the energy-focusing blast.The maximum shaped-energy coefficients for air,sand,and water are 1.30,4.41,and 6.12 in the energy-focusing direction,respectively.Meanwhile,the stress attenuation rate of air,sand,and water increases in that order.The higher wave impedance and lower compressibility of water support efficient and uniform energy propagation,which subtly enhances the tensile actions in the focusing direction and intensifies the overall stress impact of the energy-focusing blast.In addition,the stresses in the non-energyfocusing directions decrease as the angle from the energy-focusing direction increases,while the stresses are relatively uniform for both air and water but noticeably uneven for sand;meanwhile,the fractal dimensions of blasting cracks in the case of air,water,and sand are 1.076,1.068,and 1.112,respectively.Sand as a filling medium leads to increased crack irregularities due to its granularity and heterogeneity.The water medium strikes an optimal balance by promoting the blasting energy transition and optimizing the energy distribution,maintaining the least flatness of the directional crack during energy-focusing blasts.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2022-BS-181).
文摘The phase constitution,microstructure,damping capacity,and mechanical properties of as-cast AlxCrFe3Ni(x=0.5,0.52,0.54,and 0.56,respectively)medium entropy alloys were investigated.It is found that the volume fraction of BCC phase increases while that of FCC decreases with increasing the Al content.When the content of Al is 0.54,the alloy is composed of 82.1vol.%BCC matrix and 17.9vol.%FCC phase.Wherein the FCC phase is distributed on the BCC matrix,forming a structure where the hard BCC matrix is surrounded by soft FCC phase.This results in a hindering effect on the propagation process of vibration waves.The damping performance of Al0.54CrFe_(3)Ni alloy,characterized by an internal friction of Q^(-1) is as high as 0.059,is higher than that of most FeCr damping alloys.The volume fraction of the BCC phase and the peculiar distribution of the FCC phase are identified as the key factors affecting the damping capacity.In addition,the Al0.54CrFe3Ni alloy exhibits a high yield strength of 811.16 MPa.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2022YFE0196600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52175349)the Shanghai Oriental Talent Program(No.BJKJ2024016).
文摘The impact of various initial states on the ultimate mechanical properties of medium Mn steel(MMnS)following the hot stamping process is revealed.MMnS blanks with three typical initial states were prepared separately,including hot-rolled,cold-rolled and cold-rolled and annealed(CRA).Their microstructures were observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction,and their mechanical properties were measured by tensile tests following hot stamping and baking treatments.The results reveal that the microstructure of martensite and residual austenite characterizes the hot-stamped MMnS across different rolling conditions,with CRA state exhibiting a clearly higher residual austenite content compared to the other two states.Meanwhile,CRA state boasts not only the highest tensile strength but also the greatest elongation post-hot stamping treatment.The superior comprehensive mechanical properties are attributed to its unique biphase structure of Mn-rich austenite and Mn-poor ferrite,which emerges in CRA state following a 12 h intercritical annealing and can be partially preserved during the hot stamping process.This structure is instrumental in achieving a higher level of residual austenite,consequently leading to enhanced elongation.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2019YFC1906600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52000132).
文摘Microbial chain elongation(CE),utilizing anaerobic fermentation for the synthesis of high-value medium chain fatty acids(MCFAs),merges as a promising strategy in resource sustainability.Recently,it has pivoted that the use of different types of additives or accelerantstowards enhancing the products yield and fermentation quality has got much attention,with carbon-based materials emerging as vital facilitators.Based on bibliometrics insights,this paper firstly commences with a comprehensive review of the past two decades’progress in applying carbon-based materials within anaerobic fermentation contexts.Subsequently,the recent advancements made by different research groups in order to enhance the performance of CE systemperformance are reviewed,with particular focus on the application,impact,and underlying mechanisms of carbon-based materials in expediting MCFAs biosynthesis via CE.Finally,the future research direction is prospected,aiming to inform innovative material design and sophisticated technological applications,as well as provide a reference for improving the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of MCFAs using carbon-based material,thereby contributing to the broader discourse on enhancing sustainability and efficiency in bio-based processes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12174344 and 12175199)Foundation of Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2022R52047)。
文摘In this paper,we investigate the phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency and the generation of second-order sideband in a Laguerre–Gaussian cavity optorotational system with a Kerr nonlinear medium.Using the perturbation method,we analyze the first-and second-order sideband generations in the output field from the system under the actions of a strong control field and a weak probe field.Numerical simulations show that the Kerr nonlinearity can lead to the occurrence of the asymmetric line shape in the transmission of the probe field.Comparing with traditional scheme for generating the second-order sideband,our spectral shape of the second-order sideband is amplified and becomes asymmetric,which has potential applications in precision measurement,high-sensitivity devices,and frequency conversion.
文摘Herein,3‑aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)was used to modify F‑containing silica slag(SS)by simple grafting and served as a multifunctional barrier layer.The amino group(—NH2)in the amino‑modified SS(NH2‑SS)forms ligand bonds or hydrogen bonds with sulfur ions in lithium polysulfides(LiPSs),thus inhibiting the shuttle effect.Electrochemical analyses demonstrated that lithium‑sulfur(Li‑S)batteries employing the NH2‑SS interlayer exhibited discharge specific capacities of 1048 and 789 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.2C and 2C,respectively,and even at 4C,the initial discharge specific capacity remained at 590 mAh·g^(-1),outperforming the Li‑S battery with unmodified SS as the interlayer.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(11875039)Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2023-033)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202303021221071)China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgical Innovation Foundation(2022)2023 Anhui Major Industrial Innovation Plan Project。
文摘The in-flight heating process of cerium dioxide(CeO_(2))powders was investigated through experiments and numerical simulations.In the experiment,CeO_(2)powder(average size of 30μm)was injected into radio-frequency(RF)argon plasma,and the temperatures were measured using a DPV-2000 monitor.A model combining the electromagnetism,thermal flow,and heat transfer characteristics of powder during in-flight heating in argon plasma was proposed.The melting processes of CeO_(2)powders of different diameters,with and without thermal resistance effect,were investigated.Results show that the heating process of CeO_(2)powder particles consists of three main stages,one of which is relevant to a dimensionless parameter known as the Biot number.When the Biot value≥0.1,thermal resistance increases significantly,especially for the larger powders.The predicted temperature of the particles at the outlet(1800–2880 K)is in good agreement with the experimental result.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Project of Jilin Provincial Department of Education(JJKH20250464KJ)。
文摘This paper deals with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary value problem to a class of porous medium equations with viscoelastic term ∂u/∂t-Δu^(m)+∫^(t)_(0)g(t-s)Δu^(m)(x,s)ds=u^(p),x∈Ω,t≥0,where p>m(m>0).We prove that the weak solutions of the above problem blow up in finite time when the initial energy is positive and the function g satisfies suitable conditions.Our result generalizes that of S.A.Messaoudi in[1].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China“Research on the Multi-scale Regional Industrial Spatial Evolution Mechanism,Resource and Environmental Effects,and Green Transformation in the Yellow River Basin”[Grant No.42371194]Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province[Grant Nos.tsqn202408148 and tstp20240821].
文摘Agglomeration supports the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry,and its associated resource and environmental effects play a crucial role in driving green economic development.Based on data from prefecture-level cities in China from 2005 to 2019,this study employs the inverse distance weighting method,the bivariate local indicator of spatial association model,the spatial Durbin model,and other techniques to explore the relationship between manufacturing agglomeration and PM_(2.5)concentrations,and to assess the impact of its manufacturing agglomeration.Four correlation patterns are observed:high-high,low-low,high-low,and low-high.Among these,high-high and low-low patterns dominate in terms of number of cities.These correlation patterns demonstrate strong temporal stability,with a clear“Matthew effect”.The effect of manufacturing agglomeration on PM_(2.5)levels is significantly negative and helps reduce concentrations regionally,indicating the need to further enhance agglomeration levels regionally.However,it can increase PM_(2.5)levels in neighboring areas due to a siphon effect,and the impact of varies across regions.Compared with levels in 2005-2013,the significance of the relationship between manufacturing agglomeration and PM_(2.5)weakened in the 2013-2019 period.Accordingly,this study proposes countermeasures and policy recommendations aimed at strengthening regional collaborative governance and inspiring differentiated agglomeration strategies to support sustainable economic development in China.
文摘Chitosan(CTS)was grafted onto the surface of amino‑functionalized silver chloride silicon dioxide(AgCl@SiO_(2)‑NH_(2))cores to obtain AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticles.The as‑obtained AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS nanoparticles were chlorinated by NaClO solution to get AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑based chloramine nano‑hybrid materials,denoted as AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.A transmission electron microscope was used to observe the morphology of the as‑prepared samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.At the same time,an X‑ray diffractometer and an infrared spectroscope were utilized to characterize their crystal and chemical structures.Besides,ζpotentials were measured to elucidate the surface modification of AgCl nanoparticles by—NH_(2),the antibacterial mechanism of AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl was investigated by scanning electron microscopy,and Escherichia coli(E.coli)and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)were used as the to‑be‑tested strains to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of samples AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS and AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl.Findings demonstrate that sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS exhibits a chain‑like structure ascribed to the interaction between—NH_(2),and each AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS hybrid nanoparticle contains several AgCl cores.In the meantime,sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl exhibits excellent antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus,which is attributed to the synergistic antibacterial effect of Ag^(+)and Cl^(-).Sample AgCl@SiO_(2)/CTS‑Cl with a dosage of 640.00μg·mL^(-1) could completely kill the two kinds of tested bacteria in 12 h of incubation;it retains a high antibacterial efficiency even after 10 cycles of antibacterial tests.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872078,52272197,52572219)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LH2024E106)。
文摘High-entropy oxides(HEOs)derive their exceptional properties from the atomic-level homogenization of multiple constituent elements within the crystal lattice,which induces a sophisticated local environment that fundamentally reconfigures electron density distributions and coordination environment at active sites.However,the mechanisms by which multi-component systems in HEOs precisely regulate high-activity catalytic sites remain poorly understood.This work addresses this gap by designing medium-entropy perovskite oxides through the strategic incorporation of transition metals with distinct electronegativities and ionic radii,aiming to unravel how local environmental modifications impact the energy band location,coordination states,and adsorption behavior of the Co site.A family of A_(2)BO_(4)-type medium-entropy oxides PrSr(Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Cu_(0.2)M_(0.2))O_(4)(M=Sc,Cr,Mn)was successfully synthesized.Divergent atomic properties among Sc,Cr,and Mn(electronegativity,ionic size,and metal-oxygen bond strength)triggered pronounced electron redistribution,effectively tuning the d-band center of Co.Remarkably,Cr substitution significantly enhanced O_(2) adsorption at Co-active sites,as indicated by an elongated O-O bond length(1.234Å→1.279Å).Concurrently,Cr doping destabilized the M'-O-Cr bonds(M'=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)and lowered the thermodynamic barrier for oxygen vacancy formation.Electrochemical tests revealed that PrSr(Fe_(0.2)Co_(0.2)Ni_(0.2)Cu_(0.2)Cr_(0.2))O_(4)(PSMO-Cr)exhibited the highest electrical conductivity and fastest oxygen surface exchange kinetics.At 700℃,the area-specific resistance(ASR)of the PSMO-Cr cathode was 0.07Ωcm^(2).Corresponding fuel cells achieved a maximum power density of 0.76 W cm^(-2).In electrolysis mode,the maximum current density reached 0.56 A cm^(-2) under 1.3 V at 700℃using PSMO-Cr as the anode.These results demonstrate that PSMO-Cr is a promising bifunctional catalyst for energy conversion applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62464010)Spring City Plan-Special Program for Young Talents(K202005007)+2 种基金Yunnan Talents Support Plan for Young Talents(XDYC-QNRC-2022-0482)Yunnan Local Colleges Applied Basic Research Projects(202101BA070001-138)Frontier Research Team of Kunming University 2023.
文摘Rechargeable Zn/Sn-air batteries have received considerable attention as promising energy storage devices.However,the electrochemical performance of these batteries is significantly constrained by the sluggish electrocatalytic reaction kinetics at the cathode.The integration of light energy into Zn/Sn-air batteries is a promising strategy for enhancing their performance.However,the photothermal and photoelectric effects generate heat in the battery under prolonged solar irradiation,leading to air cathode instability.This paper presents the first design and synthesis of Ni_(2)-1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone(Ni_(2)DDA),an electronically conductiveπ-d conjugated metal-organic framework(MOF).Ni_(2)DDA exhibits both photoelectric and photothermal effects,with an optical band gap of~1.14 eV.Under illumination,Ni_(2)DDA achieves excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance(with an overpotential of 245 mV vs.reversible hydrogen electrode at 10 mA cm^(−2))and photothermal stability.These properties result from the synergy between the photoelectric and photothermal effects of Ni_(2)DDA.Upon integration into Zn/Sn-air batteries,Ni_(2)DDA ensures excellent cycling stability under light and exhibits remarkable performance in high-temperature environments up to 80℃.This study experimentally confirms the stable operation of photo-assisted Zn/Sn-air batteries under high-temperature conditions for the first time and provides novel insights into the application of electronically conductive MOFs in photoelectrocatalysis and photothermal catalysis.
基金support from the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation of China(BK20230329)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22401147,22361132540,and 22178161)the Russian Science Foundation(23-73-30007).
文摘The efficient electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol(GLY)is one of the most promising routes for the valorization of GLY.Doping has emerged as a powerful strategy to tailor the electrocatalytic performance of silver nanoclusters(Ag NCs),yet the effects of doping mode(surface vs.core)and the interface environment(e.g.,electrolyte concentration)on the electrocatalytic performance for Ag NCs toward GLY oxidation remain understood.In this work,surface-doped Ag_(4)M_(2)(SR)_(8) and core-doped Ag_(24)M(SR)_(18)(M=Ni,Pd,Pt;SR=SPhMe_(2))NCs were synthesized for electrocatalytic GLY oxidation.The results revealed a strong dependence of selectivity on doping mode and electrolyte concentration:under low KOH concentration,Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(4)M_(2) NCs exhibited 100%selectivity toward oxalic acid(OA),whereas Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(24)M NCs delivered>95%selectivity for formic acid(FA).In contrast,under high KOH concentration,Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(4)M_(2) NCs gave rise to>80%FA,while Pd-and Pt-doped Ag_(24)M NCs produced>45%FA.Mechanism studies indicated that Ni doping predominantly enhanced catalytic activity via lowering the activation barrier of the initial reaction step(GLY→glyceraldehyde),whereas Pd and Pt doping modulated selectivity through reducing the energy barrier of the selective branch step(glyceric acid→OA,OA→FA).High KOH concentration promoted the oxidation by increasing the electrochemical active surface area and facilitating electron transfer of Ag NCs.This study provides clear guidance for designing high-performance Ag-based electrocatalysts for biomass valorization.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB0304402).
文摘The plastic instability and maintaining excellent mechanical properties of 7Mn medium manganese steel(MMnS)were restrained via the inclusion of a pre-water quenching(WQ)step before the traditional intercritical annealing(IA)treatment(at 630℃ for 1,2,4 and 8 h).The cold-rolling alloy was austenitized at 850℃ for 0.5 h and then water-quenched to room temperature in advance to adjust the original and final microstructures.The pre-WQ step caused the final ferrite and austenite dual-phase morphology to change from nano-equiaxed to nano-lamellar+equiaxed.The sample after traditional IA at 630℃ for 1 h exhibited excellent comprehensive mechanical properties,with a product of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation(UTS·TEL)of 48.9 GPa%;however,the yield point elongation(YPE)indicating typical plastic instability was as high as 17%.In contrast,the sample after WQ+IA at 630℃ for 4 h showed a similar UTS·TEL of 42.2 GPa%,but the plastic instability phenomena,including the formation of Lüders bands(related to YPE)and Portevin–Le Chatelier bands,were greatly restrained.This was due to the low degree of recrystallization,mixed morphology of the final microstructure,high original dislocation density in ferrite,and fine grain size resulting from pre-WQ.Additionally,the substitution of TEL with positive plasticity(PP=TEL−YPE)allowed a more accurate assessment of the comprehensive properties of MMnS.The as-prepared Lüders-band-free MMnS,with outstanding comprehensive mechanical properties,is of great significance owing to its extensive application potential in the automotive industry.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12175198。
文摘We show that in Schwarzschild equivalent mediums,the massless spin particles obey the same dynamical equation,from which we obtain remarkably simple formulae for the frequencies of the quasibound states.We find that the quasibound frequencies of different bosons can be identical at the same quantum number l,and the same is true of different fermions,but a quasibound frequency for bosons can never equal a quasibound frequency for fermions.These results mean that in Schwarzschild equivalent mediums with the quasibound-state boundary conditions,characteristics of electromagnetic waves are the same as those for all the massless bosonic waves,thereby allowing electromagnetic waves to simulate gravitational waves.Our predictions can be tested in future experiments,building upon the successful preparation of Schwarzschild equivalent mediums.
文摘The UV-2600 ultraviolet(UV)spectrophotometer and the UV sunscreen index analyzer SolarLight Model 601 were used to test the UV absorption capacity and the UV damage alleviating effect of commonly used raw materials,and the Hen’s Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane were also processed to assess the mildness.As a result,bisabolol,pongamia pinnata seed extract,pterocarpus marsupium bark extract and other materials were screened as the effective and gentle sunscreen synergistic ingredients.
