This article attempts to investigate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a case study, Chaidaer-Muli Railway is used to evaluate the measure effect of ru...This article attempts to investigate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a case study, Chaidaer-Muli Railway is used to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is thus employed to establish the evaluation indicator system. The evaluation factor is selected by analyzing the mutual relation between the permafrost environment and roadbed engineering. Thus, a hierarchical structure model is established based on the selected evaluation indices. Each factor is weighted to determine the status in the evaluation system, and grading standards are built for providing a basis for the evaluation. Then, the fuzzy mathematical method is introduced to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions along the Chadaer-Muli Railway. Results show that most of the permafrost roadbed is in a preferable condition(b) along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway due to rubble engineering measures. This proportion reaches to 86.1%. The proportion in good(a), general(c) and poor states(d) are 0.0%, 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively, in all the evaluation sections along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway. Ground-temperature monitoring results are generally consistent with AHP-FUZZY evaluation results. This means that the AHP-FUZZY method can be applied to evaluate the effect of rubble roadbed engineering measures in permafrost regions. The effect evaluation of engineering measures will provide timely and effective feedback information for further engineering design. The series of engineering measures will more effectively protect permafrost stability.展开更多
Introduction:Smoking is the second leading risk factor for disease burden in China.This study aims to analyze smoking behaviors among urban and rural areas in China to evaluate the effectiveness of current tobacco con...Introduction:Smoking is the second leading risk factor for disease burden in China.This study aims to analyze smoking behaviors among urban and rural areas in China to evaluate the effectiveness of current tobacco control measures and formulate strategic adjustments for achieving the Healthy China 2030 tobacco control targets.Methods:This study analyzed smoking prevalence[with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)]using the 2024 China National Adult Tobacco Survey(NATS)data.Rao-Scottχ^(2)tests compared prevalence differences across subgroups.Linear,nonlinear,and logistic regression models tested age-related trends in smoking behaviors.Results:In 2024,the current and daily smoking prevalence among Chinese adults aged≥15 years were 23.2%and 20.3%,respectively,with males exceeding females,peaking in 30–59 years.Rural areas had higher rates(24.9%,22.1%)than urban areas(20.9%,17.9%),particularly among high-income rural households.Agricultural workers,government/public institution employees,and business/service workers showed higher rates than teaching staff and medical/health workers.Daily smokers initiated daily smoking at a mean age of 22.4 years,with younger smokers starting earlier.Current smokers consumed an average of 15.8 cigarettes/day,with higher consumption in rural than in urban areas.Slim cigarette use was reported by 32.9%of current smokers,with higher proportions in females,urban residents and adults aged<50 years.Conclusions:Targeted strategies are required to sustain tobacco use reduction:addressing inadequate enforcement of control policies,focusing on smoking initiation,and implementing enhanced regulation of industry-promoted misleading“harm reduction”products(e.g.,slim cigarettes).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41501079 and 91647103)the self-determined Project Funded by State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (No. SKLFSE-ZQ-43)the Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of NIEER, CAS
文摘This article attempts to investigate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a case study, Chaidaer-Muli Railway is used to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method is thus employed to establish the evaluation indicator system. The evaluation factor is selected by analyzing the mutual relation between the permafrost environment and roadbed engineering. Thus, a hierarchical structure model is established based on the selected evaluation indices. Each factor is weighted to determine the status in the evaluation system, and grading standards are built for providing a basis for the evaluation. Then, the fuzzy mathematical method is introduced to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions along the Chadaer-Muli Railway. Results show that most of the permafrost roadbed is in a preferable condition(b) along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway due to rubble engineering measures. This proportion reaches to 86.1%. The proportion in good(a), general(c) and poor states(d) are 0.0%, 7.5% and 6.4%, respectively, in all the evaluation sections along the Chaidaer-Muli Railway. Ground-temperature monitoring results are generally consistent with AHP-FUZZY evaluation results. This means that the AHP-FUZZY method can be applied to evaluate the effect of rubble roadbed engineering measures in permafrost regions. The effect evaluation of engineering measures will provide timely and effective feedback information for further engineering design. The series of engineering measures will more effectively protect permafrost stability.
基金Supported by National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project(2023ZD0506401)Global Health Capacity Building and Tobacco Control Project,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(2025).
文摘Introduction:Smoking is the second leading risk factor for disease burden in China.This study aims to analyze smoking behaviors among urban and rural areas in China to evaluate the effectiveness of current tobacco control measures and formulate strategic adjustments for achieving the Healthy China 2030 tobacco control targets.Methods:This study analyzed smoking prevalence[with 95%confidence intervals(CIs)]using the 2024 China National Adult Tobacco Survey(NATS)data.Rao-Scottχ^(2)tests compared prevalence differences across subgroups.Linear,nonlinear,and logistic regression models tested age-related trends in smoking behaviors.Results:In 2024,the current and daily smoking prevalence among Chinese adults aged≥15 years were 23.2%and 20.3%,respectively,with males exceeding females,peaking in 30–59 years.Rural areas had higher rates(24.9%,22.1%)than urban areas(20.9%,17.9%),particularly among high-income rural households.Agricultural workers,government/public institution employees,and business/service workers showed higher rates than teaching staff and medical/health workers.Daily smokers initiated daily smoking at a mean age of 22.4 years,with younger smokers starting earlier.Current smokers consumed an average of 15.8 cigarettes/day,with higher consumption in rural than in urban areas.Slim cigarette use was reported by 32.9%of current smokers,with higher proportions in females,urban residents and adults aged<50 years.Conclusions:Targeted strategies are required to sustain tobacco use reduction:addressing inadequate enforcement of control policies,focusing on smoking initiation,and implementing enhanced regulation of industry-promoted misleading“harm reduction”products(e.g.,slim cigarettes).
