Inhomogeneities in the daily mean/maximum/ minimum temperature （Tm/Tmax/Tmin） series from 1960- 2008 at 549 National Standard Stations （NSSs） in China were analyzed by using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Hom...Inhomogeneities in the daily mean/maximum/ minimum temperature （Tm/Tmax/Tmin） series from 1960- 2008 at 549 National Standard Stations （NSSs） in China were analyzed by using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization （MASH） software package. Typical biases in the dataset were illustrated via the cases of Beijing （B J）, Wutaishan （WT）, Urumqi （UR） and Henan （HN） stations. The homogenized dataset shows a mean warming trend of 0.261/0.193/0.344℃/decade for the annual series of Tm/Tmax/Tmin, slightly smaller than that of the original dataset by 0.006/0.009/0.007℃/decade. However, considerable differences between the adjusted and original datasets were found at the local scale. The adjusted Tmin series shows a significant warming trend almost everywhere for all seasons, while there are a number of stations with an insignificant trend in the original dataset. The adjusted Tm data exhibit significant warming trends annually as well as for the autumn and winter seasons in northern China, and cooling trends only for the summer in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and parts of central China and for the spring in southwestern China, while the original data show cooling trends at several stations for the annual and seasonal scales in the Qinghai, Shanxi, Hebei, and Xinjiang provinces. The adjusted Tmax data exhibit cooling trends for summers at a number of stations in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and for springs and winters at a few stations in southwestern China, while the original data show cooling trends at three/four stations for the annual/autumn periods in the Qinghai and Yunnan provinces. In general, the number of stations with a cooling trend was much smaller in the adjusted Tm and Tmax dataset than in the original dataset. The cooling trend for summers is mainly due to cooling in August. The results of homogenization using MASH appear to be robust; in particular, different groups of stations with consideration of elevation led to minor effects in the results.展开更多
The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age b...The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age being 51.Previous research has revealed the age at which women reach menopause,but there is no evidence to support the link between menopause and longevity.We made a study in assessing the limits of maximum lifespan at menopausal age in our previous article.In this paper,we aim to predict the maximum lifespan of women at mean menopausal age.展开更多
In this paper we report an analysis of sampling error uncertainties in mean maximum and minimum temperatures （Tmax and Tmin） carried out on monthly,seasonal and annual scales,including an examination of homogenized ...In this paper we report an analysis of sampling error uncertainties in mean maximum and minimum temperatures （Tmax and Tmin） carried out on monthly,seasonal and annual scales,including an examination of homogenized and original data collected at 731 meteorological stations across China for the period 1951-2004.Uncertainties of the gridded data and national average,linear trends and their uncertainties,as well as the homogenization effect on uncertainties are assessed.It is shown that the sampling error variances of homogenized Tmax and Tmin,which are larger in winter than in summer,have a marked northwest-southeast gradient distribution,while the sampling error variances of the original data are found to be larger and irregular.Tmax and Tmin increase in all months of the year in the study period 1951-2004,with the largest warming and uncertainties being 0.400℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.269℃ （10 yr）-1 and 0.578℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.211℃ （10 yr）-1 in February,and the least being 0.022℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.085℃ （10 yr）-1 and 0.104℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋0.070℃ （10 yr）-1 in August.Homogenization can remove large uncertainties in the original records resulting from various non-natural changes in China.展开更多
Underwater acoustic signal processing is one of the research hotspots in underwater acoustics.Noise reduction of underwater acoustic signals is the key to underwater acoustic signal processing.Owing to the complexity ...Underwater acoustic signal processing is one of the research hotspots in underwater acoustics.Noise reduction of underwater acoustic signals is the key to underwater acoustic signal processing.Owing to the complexity of marine environment and the particularity of underwater acoustic channel,noise reduction of underwater acoustic signals has always been a difficult challenge in the field of underwater acoustic signal processing.In order to solve the dilemma,we proposed a novel noise reduction technique for underwater acoustic signals based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN),minimum mean square variance criterion(MMSVC) and least mean square adaptive filter(LMSAF).This noise reduction technique,named CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF,has three main advantages:(i) as an improved algorithm of empirical mode decomposition(EMD) and ensemble EMD(EEMD),CEEMDAN can better suppress mode mixing,and can avoid selecting the number of decomposition in variational mode decomposition(VMD);(ii) MMSVC can identify noisy intrinsic mode function(IMF),and can avoid selecting thresholds of different permutation entropies;(iii) for noise reduction of noisy IMFs,LMSAF overcomes the selection of deco mposition number and basis function for wavelet noise reduction.Firstly,CEEMDAN decomposes the original signal into IMFs,which can be divided into noisy IMFs and real IMFs.Then,MMSVC and LMSAF are used to detect identify noisy IMFs and remove noise components from noisy IMFs.Finally,both denoised noisy IMFs and real IMFs are reconstructed and the final denoised signal is obtained.Compared with other noise reduction techniques,the validity of CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF can be proved by the analysis of simulation signals and real underwater acoustic signals,which has the better noise reduction effect and has practical application value.CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF also provides a reliable basis for the detection,feature extraction,classification and recognition of underwater acoustic signals.展开更多
Performance of the Adaptive Coding and Modulation(ACM) strongly depends on the retrieved Channel State Information(CSI),which can be obtained using the channel estimation techniques relying on pilot symbol transmissio...Performance of the Adaptive Coding and Modulation(ACM) strongly depends on the retrieved Channel State Information(CSI),which can be obtained using the channel estimation techniques relying on pilot symbol transmission.Earlier analysis of methods of pilot-aided channel estimation for ACM systems were relatively little.In this paper,we investigate the performance of CSI prediction using the Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE)channel estimator for an ACM system.To solve the two problems of MMSE:high computational operations and oversimplified assumption,we then propose the Low-Complexity schemes(LC-MMSE and Recursion LC-MMSE(R-LC-MMSE)).Computational complexity and Mean Square Error(MSE) are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.Both analysis and numerical results show that LC-MMSE performs close to the wellknown MMSE estimator with much lower complexity and R-LC-MMSE improves the application of MMSE estimation to specific circumstances.展开更多
In this paper the authors generalize the classic random bipartite graph model, and define a model of the random bipartite multigraphs as follows：let m = m（n） be a positive integer-valued function on n and ζ（n,m;{...In this paper the authors generalize the classic random bipartite graph model, and define a model of the random bipartite multigraphs as follows：let m = m（n） be a positive integer-valued function on n and ζ（n,m;{pk}） the probability space consisting of all the labeled bipartite multigraphs with two vertex sets A ={a_1,a_2,...,a_n} and B = {b_1,b_2,...,b_m}, in which the numbers t_（ai）,b_j of the edges between any two vertices a_i∈A and b_j∈ B are identically distributed independent random variables with distribution P{t_（ai）,b_j=k}=pk,k=0,1,2,...,where pk ≥0 and ∞Σk=0 pk=1. They obtain that X_（c,d,A）, the number of vertices in A with degree between c and d of G_（n,m）∈ζ（n, m;{pk}） has asymptotically Poisson distribution, and answer the following two questions about the space ζ（n,m;{pk}） with {pk} having geometric distribution, binomial distribution and Poisson distribution, respectively. Under which condition for {pk} can there be a function D（n） such that almost every random multigraph G_（n,m）∈ζ（n,m;{pk}） has maximum degree D（n）in A？ under which condition for {pk} has almost every multigraph G（n,m）∈ζ（n,m;{pk}） a unique vertex of maximum degree in A？展开更多
Maximum and minimum temperatures time series of Congo-Brazzaville are analyzed for trend and discontinuities over the period 1932 to 2010. Temperatures series show an irregular increase. A total of 8 synoptic stations...Maximum and minimum temperatures time series of Congo-Brazzaville are analyzed for trend and discontinuities over the period 1932 to 2010. Temperatures series show an irregular increase. A total of 8 synoptic stations show positive trends in their annual mean maximum temperature series, and 7 of them are significant, with higher trends for urban stations. Annual mean minimum temperature showed 6 stations having positive trends. This increase is in relation with observations at regional scale. However, the differences are observed between large towns (Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire), and small or rural towns (Dolisie, Sibiti, Impfondo, Djambala). Trends in diurnal temperature range (DTR) are large positive trends in maximum temperature that are mainly observed in cities. The curve of DTR shows a decreasing trend which indicates the increasing of minimum temperatures. The effects of urbanization on temperature trends are investigated. Most stations regarded as urban stations are still useful for trend analysis;being situated on the suburban of the studied cities, they are therefore, not substantially influenced by the urban heat island.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation characteristics of temperature in Shangqiu City during 1961-2010.[Method] Based on temperature data in eight meteorological stations of Shangqiu...[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation characteristics of temperature in Shangqiu City during 1961-2010.[Method] Based on temperature data in eight meteorological stations of Shangqiu during 1961-2010,by using trend analysis method,the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of annual average temperature,annual average maximum and minimum temperatures,annual extreme maximum and minimum temperatures,daily range of annual average temperature in Shangqiu City were analyzed.M-K method was used to determine mutation year of temperature.[Result] The annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature respectively rose at 0.122,0.255 and 0.488 ℃/10 a.The variation trend of annual average maximum temperature wasn’t obvious.The daily range of annual average temperature and annual extreme maximum temperature respectively declined at-0.217 and-0.292 ℃/10 a.Seen from spatial distribution,the increase amplitudes of annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature were all large in the east and small in the west.The decrease amplitude of daily range of annual average temperature was large in the east and small in the west.The decrease amplitude of annual extreme maximum temperature was large in the west and small in the east.The annual average maximum temperature had trends of increase and decrease.The annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and daily range of annual average temperature all mutated in 1997.The annual average maximum temperature didn’t have obvious mutation point.The annual extreme maximum temperature mutated in 1973.The annual extreme minimum temperature respectively mutated in 1989 and 1999.[Conclusion] The research played important guidance significances in adjustment of agricultural production structure,regional climate planning,reasonably using climate resource and replying climate change in Shangqiu City.展开更多
Treatment of skeletal Cl II includes functional orthopedic treatment, head-gears, extraction of the upper premolars and orthognathic surgery. To treat any patient with functional appliances (bite jumping) an adequate ...Treatment of skeletal Cl II includes functional orthopedic treatment, head-gears, extraction of the upper premolars and orthognathic surgery. To treat any patient with functional appliances (bite jumping) an adequate overjet is necessary. In this case an 11 years old female patient has skeletal CLII due to mandibular deficiency with ANB angle 8 degrees, overbite: 3 mm, overjet: 1 mm, extremely convex profile and underdeveloped chin due to the hyper muscle contraction of the lower lip to obtain oral seal. To obtain an adequate overjet lower first premolars were extracted and maximum retraction using mini screws (for maximum anchorage) was applied. Afterwards Rahhal functional appliance was used by the patient 16 hours a day for 6 months and 10 hours a day for another 6 months for retention. After that fixed orthodontic treatment was completed. Lateral cephalometrics were taken, traced and analyzed. In the result Skeletal CLI was obtained (ANB 4 degree), straight facial profile, normal over bite overjet and particular chin development were noticed. As a conclusion, in skeletal CLII malocclusions, lower incisor protrusion will cause a contraindication for functional treatment. Extraction of the lower premolars and retraction of the lower incisors followed by functional orthopedic treatment is an efficient method to treat these cases instead of waiting for orthognathic surgery, also reducing the muscle pressure on the chin will change the development characteristics of it.展开更多
The geomorphic minimum energy dissipation principle is important in the development of gully evolutionary theory.The impact of debris flows on channels during movement also adheres to this theory.A minimum energy diss...The geomorphic minimum energy dissipation principle is important in the development of gully evolutionary theory.The impact of debris flows on channels during movement also adheres to this theory.A minimum energy dissipation model for debris flows has been obtained from previous studies,which is derived from the flow rules of runoff along a channel under rainfall or ice-snow meltwater conditions.However,the lack of consideration for erosion characteristics has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the movement characteristics of debris flow.In this paper,the phenomenon of volume increase resulting from the entrainment along debris flow movement is considered in order to derive a model for the mean velocity,reflecting the minimum energy dissipation principle.The entire expression of the mean velocity model is determined through 38 typical glacial and rainstorm debris flow cases.To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model,we employed 164 monitoring data from 1995 to 2000 in the Jiangjia gully,Yunnan,China.The results show that the velocity calculated by the proposed model are highly correlated with those obtained from the monitoring data.Additionally,a comparison is made between the mean velocities calculated by the proposed model and those obtained from previous studies,highlighting the exceptional applicability of the proposed model.This study will contribute to reveal the movement laws of debris flow along the channel.展开更多
The resistance status of a vertex of a connected graph is the sum of the resistance distance between this vertex and any other vertices of the graph. The minimum(maximum,resp.) resistance status of a connected graph i...The resistance status of a vertex of a connected graph is the sum of the resistance distance between this vertex and any other vertices of the graph. The minimum(maximum,resp.) resistance status of a connected graph is the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status of all vertices of the graph. In this paper, we determine the extremal values and corresponding extremal graphs for the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status over all unicyclic graphs of fixed order, and we also discuss the dependence of the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status on the girth of unicyclic graphs.展开更多
In this paper, we discuss the problem of extreme value for Brownian motion with positive drift. We obtain the joint distribution of the maximum excursion and the minimum excursion.
This paper considers a mean-field type stochastic control problem where the dynamics is governed by a forward and backward stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by Lévy processes and the information avail...This paper considers a mean-field type stochastic control problem where the dynamics is governed by a forward and backward stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by Lévy processes and the information available to the controller is possibly less than the overall information. All the system coefficients and the objective performance functional are allowed to be random, possibly non-Markovian. Malliavin calculus is employed to derive a maximum principle for the optimal control of such a system where the adjoint process is explicitly expressed.展开更多
We study a new family of random variables that each arise as the distribution of the maximum or minimum of a random number N of i.i.d. random variables X<sub>1</sub>, X<sub>2</sub>,…, X<sub...We study a new family of random variables that each arise as the distribution of the maximum or minimum of a random number N of i.i.d. random variables X<sub>1</sub>, X<sub>2</sub>,…, X<sub>N</sub>, each distributed as a variable X with support on [0, 1]. The general scheme is first outlined, and several special cases are studied in detail. Wherever appropriate, we find estimates of the parameter θ in the one-parameter family in question.展开更多
Post-processing correction is an effective way to improve the model forecasting result. Especially, the machine learning methods have played increasingly important roles in recent years. Taking the meteorological obse...Post-processing correction is an effective way to improve the model forecasting result. Especially, the machine learning methods have played increasingly important roles in recent years. Taking the meteorological observational data in a period of two years as the reference, the maximum and minimum temperature predictions of Shenyang station from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and national intelligent grid forecasts are objectively corrected by using wavelet analysis, sliding training and other technologies. The evaluation results show that the sliding training time window of the maximum temperature is smaller than that of the minimum temperature, and their difference is the largest in August, with a difference of 2.6 days. The objective correction product of maximum temperature shows a good performance in spring, while that of minimum temperature performs well throughout the whole year, with an accuracy improvement of 97% to 186%. The correction effect in the central plains is better than in the regions with complex terrain. As for the national intelligent grid forecasts, the objective correction products have shown positive skills in predicting the maximum temperatures in spring (the skill-score reaches 0.59) and in predicting the minimum temperature at most times of the year (the skill-score reaches 0.68).展开更多
For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see w...For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see why,when many foreigners are here living decadent lifestyles,partying on weekends(and weekdays),travelling all over the country and mincing around town with Macbooks,iPods and Ray Bans.But then there are the secret 'squirrelers',who scrimp together just enough cash to展开更多
Statisticians are usually concerned with the proposition of new distributions. In this paper we point out that a unified and concise derivation procedure of the distribution of the minimum or maximum of a random numbe...Statisticians are usually concerned with the proposition of new distributions. In this paper we point out that a unified and concise derivation procedure of the distribution of the minimum or maximum of a random number N of indepen-dent and identically distributed continuous random variables Yi,{i = 1,2,…,N} is obtained if one compounds the probability generating function of N with the survival or the distribution func-tion of Yi. Expressions are then derived in closed form for the density, hazard and quantile func-tions of the minimum or maximum. The methodology is illustrated with examples of the distributions proposed by Adamidis and Loukas (1998), Kus (2007), Tahmasbi and Rezaei (2008), Barreto-Souza and Cribari-Neto (2009), Cancho, Louzada, and Barriga (2011) and Louzada, Roman and Cancho (2011).展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China 2009CB421401 and 2006CB400503
文摘Inhomogeneities in the daily mean/maximum/ minimum temperature （Tm/Tmax/Tmin） series from 1960- 2008 at 549 National Standard Stations （NSSs） in China were analyzed by using the Multiple Analysis of Series for Homogenization （MASH） software package. Typical biases in the dataset were illustrated via the cases of Beijing （B J）, Wutaishan （WT）, Urumqi （UR） and Henan （HN） stations. The homogenized dataset shows a mean warming trend of 0.261/0.193/0.344℃/decade for the annual series of Tm/Tmax/Tmin, slightly smaller than that of the original dataset by 0.006/0.009/0.007℃/decade. However, considerable differences between the adjusted and original datasets were found at the local scale. The adjusted Tmin series shows a significant warming trend almost everywhere for all seasons, while there are a number of stations with an insignificant trend in the original dataset. The adjusted Tm data exhibit significant warming trends annually as well as for the autumn and winter seasons in northern China, and cooling trends only for the summer in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and parts of central China and for the spring in southwestern China, while the original data show cooling trends at several stations for the annual and seasonal scales in the Qinghai, Shanxi, Hebei, and Xinjiang provinces. The adjusted Tmax data exhibit cooling trends for summers at a number of stations in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and for springs and winters at a few stations in southwestern China, while the original data show cooling trends at three/four stations for the annual/autumn periods in the Qinghai and Yunnan provinces. In general, the number of stations with a cooling trend was much smaller in the adjusted Tm and Tmax dataset than in the original dataset. The cooling trend for summers is mainly due to cooling in August. The results of homogenization using MASH appear to be robust; in particular, different groups of stations with consideration of elevation led to minor effects in the results.
文摘The age at which a woman enters natural menopause has also been associated to death from any cause.Menopause is a natural component of aging that happens between the ages of 45 and 55,with the average menopausal age being 51.Previous research has revealed the age at which women reach menopause,but there is no evidence to support the link between menopause and longevity.We made a study in assessing the limits of maximum lifespan at menopausal age in our previous article.In this paper,we aim to predict the maximum lifespan of women at mean menopausal age.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41130103)the 973 Program (Grant Nos. 2009CB421406 and 2012CB955401)+1 种基金the US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (Grant No. EL133E09SE4048)the US National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. AGS-1015926 and AGS-1015957)
文摘In this paper we report an analysis of sampling error uncertainties in mean maximum and minimum temperatures （Tmax and Tmin） carried out on monthly,seasonal and annual scales,including an examination of homogenized and original data collected at 731 meteorological stations across China for the period 1951-2004.Uncertainties of the gridded data and national average,linear trends and their uncertainties,as well as the homogenization effect on uncertainties are assessed.It is shown that the sampling error variances of homogenized Tmax and Tmin,which are larger in winter than in summer,have a marked northwest-southeast gradient distribution,while the sampling error variances of the original data are found to be larger and irregular.Tmax and Tmin increase in all months of the year in the study period 1951-2004,with the largest warming and uncertainties being 0.400℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.269℃ （10 yr）-1 and 0.578℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.211℃ （10 yr）-1 in February,and the least being 0.022℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋ 0.085℃ （10 yr）-1 and 0.104℃ （10 yr）-1 ＋0.070℃ （10 yr）-1 in August.Homogenization can remove large uncertainties in the original records resulting from various non-natural changes in China.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11574250).
文摘Underwater acoustic signal processing is one of the research hotspots in underwater acoustics.Noise reduction of underwater acoustic signals is the key to underwater acoustic signal processing.Owing to the complexity of marine environment and the particularity of underwater acoustic channel,noise reduction of underwater acoustic signals has always been a difficult challenge in the field of underwater acoustic signal processing.In order to solve the dilemma,we proposed a novel noise reduction technique for underwater acoustic signals based on complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise(CEEMDAN),minimum mean square variance criterion(MMSVC) and least mean square adaptive filter(LMSAF).This noise reduction technique,named CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF,has three main advantages:(i) as an improved algorithm of empirical mode decomposition(EMD) and ensemble EMD(EEMD),CEEMDAN can better suppress mode mixing,and can avoid selecting the number of decomposition in variational mode decomposition(VMD);(ii) MMSVC can identify noisy intrinsic mode function(IMF),and can avoid selecting thresholds of different permutation entropies;(iii) for noise reduction of noisy IMFs,LMSAF overcomes the selection of deco mposition number and basis function for wavelet noise reduction.Firstly,CEEMDAN decomposes the original signal into IMFs,which can be divided into noisy IMFs and real IMFs.Then,MMSVC and LMSAF are used to detect identify noisy IMFs and remove noise components from noisy IMFs.Finally,both denoised noisy IMFs and real IMFs are reconstructed and the final denoised signal is obtained.Compared with other noise reduction techniques,the validity of CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF can be proved by the analysis of simulation signals and real underwater acoustic signals,which has the better noise reduction effect and has practical application value.CEEMDAN-MMSVC-LMSAF also provides a reliable basis for the detection,feature extraction,classification and recognition of underwater acoustic signals.
基金supported by the 2011 China Aerospace Science and Technology Foundationthe Certain Ministry Foundation under Grant No.20212HK03010
文摘Performance of the Adaptive Coding and Modulation(ACM) strongly depends on the retrieved Channel State Information(CSI),which can be obtained using the channel estimation techniques relying on pilot symbol transmission.Earlier analysis of methods of pilot-aided channel estimation for ACM systems were relatively little.In this paper,we investigate the performance of CSI prediction using the Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE)channel estimator for an ACM system.To solve the two problems of MMSE:high computational operations and oversimplified assumption,we then propose the Low-Complexity schemes(LC-MMSE and Recursion LC-MMSE(R-LC-MMSE)).Computational complexity and Mean Square Error(MSE) are presented to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.Both analysis and numerical results show that LC-MMSE performs close to the wellknown MMSE estimator with much lower complexity and R-LC-MMSE improves the application of MMSE estimation to specific circumstances.
文摘In this paper the authors generalize the classic random bipartite graph model, and define a model of the random bipartite multigraphs as follows：let m = m（n） be a positive integer-valued function on n and ζ（n,m;{pk}） the probability space consisting of all the labeled bipartite multigraphs with two vertex sets A ={a_1,a_2,...,a_n} and B = {b_1,b_2,...,b_m}, in which the numbers t_（ai）,b_j of the edges between any two vertices a_i∈A and b_j∈ B are identically distributed independent random variables with distribution P{t_（ai）,b_j=k}=pk,k=0,1,2,...,where pk ≥0 and ∞Σk=0 pk=1. They obtain that X_（c,d,A）, the number of vertices in A with degree between c and d of G_（n,m）∈ζ（n, m;{pk}） has asymptotically Poisson distribution, and answer the following two questions about the space ζ（n,m;{pk}） with {pk} having geometric distribution, binomial distribution and Poisson distribution, respectively. Under which condition for {pk} can there be a function D（n） such that almost every random multigraph G_（n,m）∈ζ（n,m;{pk}） has maximum degree D（n）in A？ under which condition for {pk} has almost every multigraph G（n,m）∈ζ（n,m;{pk}） a unique vertex of maximum degree in A？
文摘Maximum and minimum temperatures time series of Congo-Brazzaville are analyzed for trend and discontinuities over the period 1932 to 2010. Temperatures series show an irregular increase. A total of 8 synoptic stations show positive trends in their annual mean maximum temperature series, and 7 of them are significant, with higher trends for urban stations. Annual mean minimum temperature showed 6 stations having positive trends. This increase is in relation with observations at regional scale. However, the differences are observed between large towns (Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire), and small or rural towns (Dolisie, Sibiti, Impfondo, Djambala). Trends in diurnal temperature range (DTR) are large positive trends in maximum temperature that are mainly observed in cities. The curve of DTR shows a decreasing trend which indicates the increasing of minimum temperatures. The effects of urbanization on temperature trends are investigated. Most stations regarded as urban stations are still useful for trend analysis;being situated on the suburban of the studied cities, they are therefore, not substantially influenced by the urban heat island.
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to analyze temporal and spatial variation characteristics of temperature in Shangqiu City during 1961-2010.[Method] Based on temperature data in eight meteorological stations of Shangqiu during 1961-2010,by using trend analysis method,the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of annual average temperature,annual average maximum and minimum temperatures,annual extreme maximum and minimum temperatures,daily range of annual average temperature in Shangqiu City were analyzed.M-K method was used to determine mutation year of temperature.[Result] The annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature respectively rose at 0.122,0.255 and 0.488 ℃/10 a.The variation trend of annual average maximum temperature wasn’t obvious.The daily range of annual average temperature and annual extreme maximum temperature respectively declined at-0.217 and-0.292 ℃/10 a.Seen from spatial distribution,the increase amplitudes of annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and annual extreme minimum temperature were all large in the east and small in the west.The decrease amplitude of daily range of annual average temperature was large in the east and small in the west.The decrease amplitude of annual extreme maximum temperature was large in the west and small in the east.The annual average maximum temperature had trends of increase and decrease.The annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and daily range of annual average temperature all mutated in 1997.The annual average maximum temperature didn’t have obvious mutation point.The annual extreme maximum temperature mutated in 1973.The annual extreme minimum temperature respectively mutated in 1989 and 1999.[Conclusion] The research played important guidance significances in adjustment of agricultural production structure,regional climate planning,reasonably using climate resource and replying climate change in Shangqiu City.
文摘Treatment of skeletal Cl II includes functional orthopedic treatment, head-gears, extraction of the upper premolars and orthognathic surgery. To treat any patient with functional appliances (bite jumping) an adequate overjet is necessary. In this case an 11 years old female patient has skeletal CLII due to mandibular deficiency with ANB angle 8 degrees, overbite: 3 mm, overjet: 1 mm, extremely convex profile and underdeveloped chin due to the hyper muscle contraction of the lower lip to obtain oral seal. To obtain an adequate overjet lower first premolars were extracted and maximum retraction using mini screws (for maximum anchorage) was applied. Afterwards Rahhal functional appliance was used by the patient 16 hours a day for 6 months and 10 hours a day for another 6 months for retention. After that fixed orthodontic treatment was completed. Lateral cephalometrics were taken, traced and analyzed. In the result Skeletal CLI was obtained (ANB 4 degree), straight facial profile, normal over bite overjet and particular chin development were noticed. As a conclusion, in skeletal CLII malocclusions, lower incisor protrusion will cause a contraindication for functional treatment. Extraction of the lower premolars and retraction of the lower incisors followed by functional orthopedic treatment is an efficient method to treat these cases instead of waiting for orthognathic surgery, also reducing the muscle pressure on the chin will change the development characteristics of it.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41925030)the Nyingchi National Sustainable Development Experimental Zone Project(2023-SYQ-007)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Light of West China Programthe Science and Technology Research Program of Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.IMHE-ZDRW-02).
文摘The geomorphic minimum energy dissipation principle is important in the development of gully evolutionary theory.The impact of debris flows on channels during movement also adheres to this theory.A minimum energy dissipation model for debris flows has been obtained from previous studies,which is derived from the flow rules of runoff along a channel under rainfall or ice-snow meltwater conditions.However,the lack of consideration for erosion characteristics has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the movement characteristics of debris flow.In this paper,the phenomenon of volume increase resulting from the entrainment along debris flow movement is considered in order to derive a model for the mean velocity,reflecting the minimum energy dissipation principle.The entire expression of the mean velocity model is determined through 38 typical glacial and rainstorm debris flow cases.To evaluate the reliability of the proposed model,we employed 164 monitoring data from 1995 to 2000 in the Jiangjia gully,Yunnan,China.The results show that the velocity calculated by the proposed model are highly correlated with those obtained from the monitoring data.Additionally,a comparison is made between the mean velocities calculated by the proposed model and those obtained from previous studies,highlighting the exceptional applicability of the proposed model.This study will contribute to reveal the movement laws of debris flow along the channel.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12071158)。
文摘The resistance status of a vertex of a connected graph is the sum of the resistance distance between this vertex and any other vertices of the graph. The minimum(maximum,resp.) resistance status of a connected graph is the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status of all vertices of the graph. In this paper, we determine the extremal values and corresponding extremal graphs for the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status over all unicyclic graphs of fixed order, and we also discuss the dependence of the minimum(maximum, resp.) resistance status on the girth of unicyclic graphs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Foundation of China(10271062,10411076)Supported by the Research Fund for the Doctorial Program of Qufu Normal University(20050701)
文摘In this paper, we discuss the problem of extreme value for Brownian motion with positive drift. We obtain the joint distribution of the maximum excursion and the minimum excursion.
文摘This paper considers a mean-field type stochastic control problem where the dynamics is governed by a forward and backward stochastic differential equation (SDE) driven by Lévy processes and the information available to the controller is possibly less than the overall information. All the system coefficients and the objective performance functional are allowed to be random, possibly non-Markovian. Malliavin calculus is employed to derive a maximum principle for the optimal control of such a system where the adjoint process is explicitly expressed.
文摘We study a new family of random variables that each arise as the distribution of the maximum or minimum of a random number N of i.i.d. random variables X<sub>1</sub>, X<sub>2</sub>,…, X<sub>N</sub>, each distributed as a variable X with support on [0, 1]. The general scheme is first outlined, and several special cases are studied in detail. Wherever appropriate, we find estimates of the parameter θ in the one-parameter family in question.
文摘Post-processing correction is an effective way to improve the model forecasting result. Especially, the machine learning methods have played increasingly important roles in recent years. Taking the meteorological observational data in a period of two years as the reference, the maximum and minimum temperature predictions of Shenyang station from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and national intelligent grid forecasts are objectively corrected by using wavelet analysis, sliding training and other technologies. The evaluation results show that the sliding training time window of the maximum temperature is smaller than that of the minimum temperature, and their difference is the largest in August, with a difference of 2.6 days. The objective correction product of maximum temperature shows a good performance in spring, while that of minimum temperature performs well throughout the whole year, with an accuracy improvement of 97% to 186%. The correction effect in the central plains is better than in the regions with complex terrain. As for the national intelligent grid forecasts, the objective correction products have shown positive skills in predicting the maximum temperatures in spring (the skill-score reaches 0.59) and in predicting the minimum temperature at most times of the year (the skill-score reaches 0.68).
文摘For more information,please click www.echinacities.com While it's at least very annoying,and at most woefully erroneous that many Chinese people judge all foreigners to be totally minted,it's not hard to see why,when many foreigners are here living decadent lifestyles,partying on weekends(and weekdays),travelling all over the country and mincing around town with Macbooks,iPods and Ray Bans.But then there are the secret 'squirrelers',who scrimp together just enough cash to
文摘Statisticians are usually concerned with the proposition of new distributions. In this paper we point out that a unified and concise derivation procedure of the distribution of the minimum or maximum of a random number N of indepen-dent and identically distributed continuous random variables Yi,{i = 1,2,…,N} is obtained if one compounds the probability generating function of N with the survival or the distribution func-tion of Yi. Expressions are then derived in closed form for the density, hazard and quantile func-tions of the minimum or maximum. The methodology is illustrated with examples of the distributions proposed by Adamidis and Loukas (1998), Kus (2007), Tahmasbi and Rezaei (2008), Barreto-Souza and Cribari-Neto (2009), Cancho, Louzada, and Barriga (2011) and Louzada, Roman and Cancho (2011).
