Grounding Points (GPs) are installed in electrical power system to drive protective devices and accomplish the person nel safety. The general grounding problem is to find the optimal locations of these points so that ...Grounding Points (GPs) are installed in electrical power system to drive protective devices and accomplish the person nel safety. The general grounding problem is to find the optimal locations of these points so that the security and reli ability of power system can be improved. This paper presents a practical approach to find the optimal location of GPs based on the ratios of zero sequence reactance with positive sequence reactance (X0/X1), zero sequence resistance with positive sequence reactance (R0/X1) and Ground Fault Factor (GFF). The optimal values of these indicators were deter-mined by considering several scenarios of fault disturbances such as single line to ground on a selected area of the Iraqi National Grid (132 KV) taking into account the statue of GPs for transformers in the other substations. From the presented results in this paper, it is noted that GFF calculated for some substations could be used to measure the effectiveness of GPs. However, the operated time of relay can be taken as a criterion of this measurement for selecting the best location of GPs.展开更多
由于绝缘损坏等原因产生的串联故障电弧严重威胁着光伏系统的安全稳定运行。同时,光伏系统中阻抗网络会影响检测故障电弧的能力,降低时频检测方法的可靠性。针对阻抗网络带来了故障电弧检测与定位困难的问题,文中搭建含光伏阻抗网络模...由于绝缘损坏等原因产生的串联故障电弧严重威胁着光伏系统的安全稳定运行。同时,光伏系统中阻抗网络会影响检测故障电弧的能力,降低时频检测方法的可靠性。针对阻抗网络带来了故障电弧检测与定位困难的问题,文中搭建含光伏阻抗网络模块的直流故障电弧实验平台,开展不同电流等级、不同负载、不同线路模拟长度的故障电弧实验。通过傅里叶变换频谱和小波变换分析电流信号,构建幅值比、提升比指标,定量评估光伏阻抗网络前后的故障电弧特征差异,分析光伏阻抗网络对故障电弧特征的弱化影响,并对小波重构信号做三点对称差分能量算子处理,使100 k Hz内各频段特征得到增强,有效改善了故障电弧检测。根据特征随线路增长而衰减的规律,提出基于长短期记忆网络和注意力机制的故障电弧检测与定位算法,实现了0~80 m的串联故障电弧定位,最大误差不超过4 m。研究可为光伏系统故障电弧检测模块的设计提供一定理论和方法基础。展开更多
This article addresses where ruts are likely to occur during in-field forest operations. This was done by inspecting high-resolution surface images across New Brunswick (NB) and elsewhere to mark where ruts have (1) a...This article addresses where ruts are likely to occur during in-field forest operations. This was done by inspecting high-resolution surface images across New Brunswick (NB) and elsewhere to mark where ruts have (1) and have not (0) occurred in harvested cutblocks. This marking revealed 1) where off-road operations were likely done on moist to wet and unfrozen soils;and 2) whether the ruts so incurred were water-logged at the time of imaging. Through geospatial processing of the NB-wide digital elevation model (DEM, available at 1 m resolution), the following attributes were added to each of the marked rut and no-rut locations: 1) the cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) as referenced to the nearest flow channels with >1 and >4 ha upslope flow accumulation areas (FA);2) the topographic position index (TPI) in reference to the mean annulus elevation 50 m away from each DEM cell;3) mean slope and curvatures within each cell-surrounding 10-m circle;4) the terrain wetness index (TWI);5) soil association type according to the NB forest soil map, adjusted for NB’s most recent hydrographic network delineations for waterbodies and wetlands. Subjecting these data to logistic regression analysis revealed that image-located off-road rutting occurred at about 90% probability in water-accumulating zones where TPI is <0 m and DTW is <1 m. Using slope, curvature, TWI, and soil type as additional rut occurrence predictors did not affect this zonation significantly.展开更多
文摘Grounding Points (GPs) are installed in electrical power system to drive protective devices and accomplish the person nel safety. The general grounding problem is to find the optimal locations of these points so that the security and reli ability of power system can be improved. This paper presents a practical approach to find the optimal location of GPs based on the ratios of zero sequence reactance with positive sequence reactance (X0/X1), zero sequence resistance with positive sequence reactance (R0/X1) and Ground Fault Factor (GFF). The optimal values of these indicators were deter-mined by considering several scenarios of fault disturbances such as single line to ground on a selected area of the Iraqi National Grid (132 KV) taking into account the statue of GPs for transformers in the other substations. From the presented results in this paper, it is noted that GFF calculated for some substations could be used to measure the effectiveness of GPs. However, the operated time of relay can be taken as a criterion of this measurement for selecting the best location of GPs.
文摘由于绝缘损坏等原因产生的串联故障电弧严重威胁着光伏系统的安全稳定运行。同时,光伏系统中阻抗网络会影响检测故障电弧的能力,降低时频检测方法的可靠性。针对阻抗网络带来了故障电弧检测与定位困难的问题,文中搭建含光伏阻抗网络模块的直流故障电弧实验平台,开展不同电流等级、不同负载、不同线路模拟长度的故障电弧实验。通过傅里叶变换频谱和小波变换分析电流信号,构建幅值比、提升比指标,定量评估光伏阻抗网络前后的故障电弧特征差异,分析光伏阻抗网络对故障电弧特征的弱化影响,并对小波重构信号做三点对称差分能量算子处理,使100 k Hz内各频段特征得到增强,有效改善了故障电弧检测。根据特征随线路增长而衰减的规律,提出基于长短期记忆网络和注意力机制的故障电弧检测与定位算法,实现了0~80 m的串联故障电弧定位,最大误差不超过4 m。研究可为光伏系统故障电弧检测模块的设计提供一定理论和方法基础。
文摘This article addresses where ruts are likely to occur during in-field forest operations. This was done by inspecting high-resolution surface images across New Brunswick (NB) and elsewhere to mark where ruts have (1) and have not (0) occurred in harvested cutblocks. This marking revealed 1) where off-road operations were likely done on moist to wet and unfrozen soils;and 2) whether the ruts so incurred were water-logged at the time of imaging. Through geospatial processing of the NB-wide digital elevation model (DEM, available at 1 m resolution), the following attributes were added to each of the marked rut and no-rut locations: 1) the cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) as referenced to the nearest flow channels with >1 and >4 ha upslope flow accumulation areas (FA);2) the topographic position index (TPI) in reference to the mean annulus elevation 50 m away from each DEM cell;3) mean slope and curvatures within each cell-surrounding 10-m circle;4) the terrain wetness index (TWI);5) soil association type according to the NB forest soil map, adjusted for NB’s most recent hydrographic network delineations for waterbodies and wetlands. Subjecting these data to logistic regression analysis revealed that image-located off-road rutting occurred at about 90% probability in water-accumulating zones where TPI is <0 m and DTW is <1 m. Using slope, curvature, TWI, and soil type as additional rut occurrence predictors did not affect this zonation significantly.
