In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.T...In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.This study aimed to describe the factors that enabled the establishment of the African Medicines Agency and its successes,challenges,and perceived benefits.We reviewed data sources that explored the progress and challenges of the African Medicines Agency and Medicines Regulation in Africa.The SPIDER framework was used to organise the research focus and to extract the keywords for the literature search.The study data were obtained from PubMed Central,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar.Out of 249 studies screened,19 were selected for this narrative review.Critical successes observed in the agency's establishment include the appointment of a Special Envoy,the selection of its headquarters,and the signing of its treaty by 37 member states.However,it is hindered by poor political commitment,differences in riskbenefits interpretation and organizational structure,weak legal and regulatory frameworks,inadequate financial mechanisms,and inadequate political and policy leadership in some member states.The value of AMA in achieving optimal health outcomes and its other benefits must be considered despite the challenges being encountered.Therefore,all member states should adopt the best procedures in signing and ratifying the treaty and implementing associated commitments to improve efficiency and accountability in African medicine regulation.展开更多
Nowadays, new paradigm of enterprise organization i s constantly changing due to the emergence of the global marketplace, the rise of information technology, and the emphasis of the social developments. This re quires...Nowadays, new paradigm of enterprise organization i s constantly changing due to the emergence of the global marketplace, the rise of information technology, and the emphasis of the social developments. This re quires a more flexible form of organization that are more adaptable to rapid cha nges in business environment such as autonomous work groups (AWGs) in order to achieve higher productivity and effectiveness. AWGs are work units responsib le for the production of goods and the provision of services. They involve team members in making decisions that are traditionally the responsibility of the sup ervisors and managers (Cohen & Bailey, 1997). Team members of AWGs are allowed t o self-regulate their behavior on jobs such as task assignments, methods for ca rrying out the work, and scheduling of activities etc. (Cohen & Ledford, 1994). For example, Motorola achieved a high organizational performance due to the succ essful implementation of AWGs in quality management (Piczak & Hauser, 1996). Xer ox also reported their operational successes based on the team-oriented work gr oups (Wageman, 1997). In recent years many organizations have replaced the traditional layers of manag ement with autonomous team-based work arrangements. Surveys indicated that the adoption of AWGs has soared in responding to the competitive business challenges . Many enterprises are making a deliberate effort to use AWGs to carry out work and operational processes as an alternative for hierarchical approaches (Lawler et al., 1995). There is a growing body of evidence that AWGs are more effective than traditionally managed groups and they contributes to organizational perform ance, such as improvement in operational performance, productivity, quality, cos t savings, employee attitude and behavior, and employee satisfaction (e.g. Pears on, 1992; Cohen & Ledford, 1994; Seers et al. 1995). Given the complexity and cognitive nature of team-based organizations, the mech anisms that the enterprises use in the development of the increasingly sophistic ated models, which can contribute to the effective functioning of AWGs, are extr emely important. The process of developing effective AWGs enables enterprises to inherent built-in intelligence of the organizations so that they will be more able to accommodate to external pressures and changes. The context of this paper is the construction of a dynamics framework and a stra tegic path for autonomous work groups in the technology-oriented manufacturing organization re-design. The framework is a conceptual one drawn from the litera ture survey. The importance of studying autonomous work groups for today’s manuf acturing organizations is claimed. Based on the General System Theory (GST), the characterization of AWGs is addressed. Three-dimensional domains such as t echnical content, service content, and relationship content are identified. A st rategic path is proposed to guide the organizations how the development of AWGs progresses at different levels of maturity that are associated with organization al effectiveness and performance. The utility of the model for AWGs is expected to provide technology-oriented organizations with a strategic path to achieve h igher organizational performance.展开更多
This paper is to study a maturity model of project management capability for a large aircraft main manufacturer using a capability maturity model and an organizational project management maturity model.First,we build ...This paper is to study a maturity model of project management capability for a large aircraft main manufacturer using a capability maturity model and an organizational project management maturity model.First,we build the project management capability maturity level,its features,key process areas and best practices to provide a clear goal and path for the development of project management capability.Secondly,we set a project management capability evaluation index system according to the project management processes and key process areas.Moreover,we use the fuzzy mathematical theory to evaluate the project management capability maturity level.Finally,the large aircraft main manufacturer can choose the best practices based on the evaluation of the maturity level so as to reach the purpose of improving project management capability of the main manufacturer gradually.展开更多
文摘In response to the situation of the African healthcare system,the African Medicines Agency(AMA)was established by the African Union(AU)to regulate access to medicines and support the local manufacture of medications.This study aimed to describe the factors that enabled the establishment of the African Medicines Agency and its successes,challenges,and perceived benefits.We reviewed data sources that explored the progress and challenges of the African Medicines Agency and Medicines Regulation in Africa.The SPIDER framework was used to organise the research focus and to extract the keywords for the literature search.The study data were obtained from PubMed Central,ScienceDirect,and Google Scholar.Out of 249 studies screened,19 were selected for this narrative review.Critical successes observed in the agency's establishment include the appointment of a Special Envoy,the selection of its headquarters,and the signing of its treaty by 37 member states.However,it is hindered by poor political commitment,differences in riskbenefits interpretation and organizational structure,weak legal and regulatory frameworks,inadequate financial mechanisms,and inadequate political and policy leadership in some member states.The value of AMA in achieving optimal health outcomes and its other benefits must be considered despite the challenges being encountered.Therefore,all member states should adopt the best procedures in signing and ratifying the treaty and implementing associated commitments to improve efficiency and accountability in African medicine regulation.
文摘Nowadays, new paradigm of enterprise organization i s constantly changing due to the emergence of the global marketplace, the rise of information technology, and the emphasis of the social developments. This re quires a more flexible form of organization that are more adaptable to rapid cha nges in business environment such as autonomous work groups (AWGs) in order to achieve higher productivity and effectiveness. AWGs are work units responsib le for the production of goods and the provision of services. They involve team members in making decisions that are traditionally the responsibility of the sup ervisors and managers (Cohen & Bailey, 1997). Team members of AWGs are allowed t o self-regulate their behavior on jobs such as task assignments, methods for ca rrying out the work, and scheduling of activities etc. (Cohen & Ledford, 1994). For example, Motorola achieved a high organizational performance due to the succ essful implementation of AWGs in quality management (Piczak & Hauser, 1996). Xer ox also reported their operational successes based on the team-oriented work gr oups (Wageman, 1997). In recent years many organizations have replaced the traditional layers of manag ement with autonomous team-based work arrangements. Surveys indicated that the adoption of AWGs has soared in responding to the competitive business challenges . Many enterprises are making a deliberate effort to use AWGs to carry out work and operational processes as an alternative for hierarchical approaches (Lawler et al., 1995). There is a growing body of evidence that AWGs are more effective than traditionally managed groups and they contributes to organizational perform ance, such as improvement in operational performance, productivity, quality, cos t savings, employee attitude and behavior, and employee satisfaction (e.g. Pears on, 1992; Cohen & Ledford, 1994; Seers et al. 1995). Given the complexity and cognitive nature of team-based organizations, the mech anisms that the enterprises use in the development of the increasingly sophistic ated models, which can contribute to the effective functioning of AWGs, are extr emely important. The process of developing effective AWGs enables enterprises to inherent built-in intelligence of the organizations so that they will be more able to accommodate to external pressures and changes. The context of this paper is the construction of a dynamics framework and a stra tegic path for autonomous work groups in the technology-oriented manufacturing organization re-design. The framework is a conceptual one drawn from the litera ture survey. The importance of studying autonomous work groups for today’s manuf acturing organizations is claimed. Based on the General System Theory (GST), the characterization of AWGs is addressed. Three-dimensional domains such as t echnical content, service content, and relationship content are identified. A st rategic path is proposed to guide the organizations how the development of AWGs progresses at different levels of maturity that are associated with organization al effectiveness and performance. The utility of the model for AWGs is expected to provide technology-oriented organizations with a strategic path to achieve h igher organizational performance.
文摘This paper is to study a maturity model of project management capability for a large aircraft main manufacturer using a capability maturity model and an organizational project management maturity model.First,we build the project management capability maturity level,its features,key process areas and best practices to provide a clear goal and path for the development of project management capability.Secondly,we set a project management capability evaluation index system according to the project management processes and key process areas.Moreover,we use the fuzzy mathematical theory to evaluate the project management capability maturity level.Finally,the large aircraft main manufacturer can choose the best practices based on the evaluation of the maturity level so as to reach the purpose of improving project management capability of the main manufacturer gradually.
