Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks （marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate） were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry （GC...Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks （marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate） were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry （GC-MS） to investigate the relative distributions of methylated dibenzothiophenes with respect to thermal maturity.The positions of methyl groups of trimethyldibenzothiophene isomers （TMDBTs） including those used in the definition of maturity indicator TMDBT index in previous studies were firmly identified by co-elution of internal standards in GC-MS analysis and by comparing with reported retention indices.A new maturity ratio related to dimethyldibenzothiophenes （DMDBTs） is proposed on the basis of the differences in thermodynamic stability among different DMDBT isomers.Another maturity index （TMDBT-I2） based on TMDBTs is also suggested on the basis of our empirical observations and presumed thermodynamic stability of TMDBT isomers.These two newly proposed （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratio and TMDBT-I2 correlate well with MDR （4-/1-methyldibenzothiophene）and 2,4-/1,4-DMDBT ratios,suggesting their common chemical reaction mechanisms and similar behavior with increasing maturity.Therefore,they can be effectively applied for maturity assessments.Furthermore,the TMDBTs related maturity parameters are more reliable for over-mature oils and condensates due to the relatively higher concentrations of thermodynamically unstable TMDBT isomers,i.e.1,4,6-,1,4,8-and 3,4,6-TMDBT in this study than those of 1-methyldibenzothiophene （1-MDBT） or 1,4-DMDBT.In contrast with 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT,the newly proposed （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratios for oils that originated from different types of source rocks have approximately same relationship with the oil maturity （Rc %）.This suggests that the lithology and organic facies may have relatively less influence on （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratio compared to 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT.The maturity parameters based on methylated dibenzothiophenes are particularly useful in the maturity assessments of post-and over-mature oils and condensates and can complement maturity indicators based on steranes and terpanes.展开更多
Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker mat...Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker maturity parameter Ts/(Ts+Tm)occurs in the depth profiles of the Chang 7_(3) submember and the Chang 8 member.In contrast,maturity proxies derived from aromatic compounds show a normal sequence for more deeply buried Chang 8 samples exhibiting higher maturity levels,as expected.To explain the abnormal phenomenon,multiple controlling factors—including the paleoredox condition,water salinity,the clay mineral content and composition,biodegradation,the primary migration fractionation effect,and organofacies—are considered.It was found that organofacies BC(HIo=400-250)appear in the Chang 8 samples,while organofacies B(HIo=400-650)appear in the Chang 7_(3) submember.The results suggest that variation in organofacies has a significant impact on Ts/(Ts+Tm)values,even for samples with the same kerogen type and similar source input,and is primarily responsible for the reverse maturity trend in the depth profiles.展开更多
Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December...Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December. The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices, viz. seed color, seed weight, moisture content, seed dimension, specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded. The study revealed that at the time of maturity （Nov.-Dec.） the seed color was a shiny chocolate brown, with a moisture content of 58.37% and a specific gravity of 0.82. Germination was maximum （80%） at its maturity with a maximum seed weight of 52.03 g per seed. We recommend that the seeds should be collected before their natural disposal.展开更多
The study took place at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute’s Olericulture Division’s research farm from March 2021 to February 2022 (BARI). In a protected net house, we investigated the impact of five differ...The study took place at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute’s Olericulture Division’s research farm from March 2021 to February 2022 (BARI). In a protected net house, we investigated the impact of five different types of vegetables on various maturation stages, including tomato, broccoli, sweet pepper, cucumber, and netted melon. Vegetables cultivated under protected conditions in a transparent poly-film net house can improve quality, maturity, fruit size, and yield. When fruits and vegetables are picked before they are fully mature, they may stay green for longer, but they may not ripen to a satisfactory color and flavor, resulting in a loss of consumer confidence. Furthermore, because fruit continues to grow until the harvest, immature fruit will be smaller than mature fruit, reducing harvest yield. We tried to determine the right maturation stages in order to avoid product loss during our investigation. The tomato was found to be an appropriate size (6.5 cm length and 6.2 cm diameter), weight (84 g), TSS (4.5 percent), pH (4.3), “turning red”, and “tasty” at the week 5 stage, while the broccoli was found to be an appropriate size (12.0 cm length and 13.0 cm diameter), weight (360 g), and “green” color at the week 5 stage. At the week 6 stage, the nettled melon was found to be of appropriate size (15.2 cm length and 14.5 cm diameter), weight (800 g), TSS (10.8 percent), pH (6.3), “net fully developed” on the fruit skin and “much tasty,” while cucumber was found to be of appropriate size (8.8 - 10.8 cm length and 2.2 - 2.9 cm diameter), weight (61 - 88 g), TSS (3.8 - 4.1 percent), pH (6.3), “less powdery”. As a result, establishing the optimal maturity of our research will benefit both consumers and growers.展开更多
To investigate the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to the quantitative cervical vertebral maturation （QCVM） for adolescents with normal occlusion, mixed longitudinal data were ...To investigate the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to the quantitative cervical vertebral maturation （QCVM） for adolescents with normal occlusion, mixed longitudinal data were used. The samples included 87 adolescents aged from 8 to 18 y old with normal occlusion （32 males, 55 females） selected from 901 candidates. Sequential lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist films were taken once a year, lasting for 6 y. The longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to QCVM were measured. There were some significant differences between maxilla and mandible according to QCVM. The sagittal growth change of maxilla showed a trend towards high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅳ. The sagittal growth change of mandible showed a trend towards accelerating velocity→high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅳ. With sagittal relationship, growth magnitude was almost the same between maxilla and mandible at QCVM stage Ⅰ . At stage Ⅱ the growth of mandible exceeded that of maxilla and growth in mandible continued at stages Ⅲ and IV, while the maxilla ceased to grow. Growth magnitude was greater and the growth duration was longer with male mandible. It is concluded that the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible on the basis of QCVM is of value in the orthodontic practice.展开更多
A nationwide survey of organic fertilizer was carried out in China,and 263 samples were collected to be analyzed for maturity indices(moisture content(MC),pH,electrical conductivity(EC),E4/E6,and germination index(GI)...A nationwide survey of organic fertilizer was carried out in China,and 263 samples were collected to be analyzed for maturity indices(moisture content(MC),pH,electrical conductivity(EC),E4/E6,and germination index(GI))and 7 heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni).The MC,pH,EC,E4/E6 and GI showed large variations among the organic fertilizer samples with ranges of 6.9%-66.68%,4.40-9.19,0.76-13.38 mS/cm,1.07-9.40,and 10%-150%,respectively.The concentrations of 7 heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Cr,Ni)were also with large variations at 7.53-580.4,0-2818,0.02-149.3,0(not detected)-1321,0.14-26.9,3.70-1237,and 0(not detected)-214.6 mg/kg dry weight.Compared with the limit values of the Chinese standard for organic fertilizers(NY525-2012),9.51%,73.4%,3.19%,and 3.04%of the samples exceeded the limit values of Cd,Pb,As and Cr,respectively.No limits have been set for Cu,Zn and Ni in China,and 35.0%,13.3%and 16.7%of the samples exceeded the Cu,Zn and Ni limits for composts in Germany,respectively.Monte Carlo simulations indicated that with the continuous application of organic fertilizer,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and Cr would accumulate to the risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(GB15618-2018)within a relatively short period.It is urgent to establish suitable limits of heavy metals in organic fertilizer in China to control the risk of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land.展开更多
The FAIR principles were received with broad acceptance in several scientific communities.However,there is still some degree of uncertainty on how they should be implemented.Several self-report questionnaires have bee...The FAIR principles were received with broad acceptance in several scientific communities.However,there is still some degree of uncertainty on how they should be implemented.Several self-report questionnaires have been proposed to assess the implementation of the FAIR principles.Moreover,the FAIRmetrics group released 14,general-purpose maturity for representing FAIRness.Initially,these metrics were conducted as open-answer questionnaires.Recently,these metrics have been implemented into a software that can automatically harvest metadata from metadata providers and generate a principle-specific FAIRness evaluation.With so many different approaches for FAIRness evaluations,we believe that further clarification on their limitations and advantages,as well as on their interpretation and interplay should be considered.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41272158)the State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting (PRP/indep-2-1302)
文摘Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks （marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate） were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry （GC-MS） to investigate the relative distributions of methylated dibenzothiophenes with respect to thermal maturity.The positions of methyl groups of trimethyldibenzothiophene isomers （TMDBTs） including those used in the definition of maturity indicator TMDBT index in previous studies were firmly identified by co-elution of internal standards in GC-MS analysis and by comparing with reported retention indices.A new maturity ratio related to dimethyldibenzothiophenes （DMDBTs） is proposed on the basis of the differences in thermodynamic stability among different DMDBT isomers.Another maturity index （TMDBT-I2） based on TMDBTs is also suggested on the basis of our empirical observations and presumed thermodynamic stability of TMDBT isomers.These two newly proposed （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratio and TMDBT-I2 correlate well with MDR （4-/1-methyldibenzothiophene）and 2,4-/1,4-DMDBT ratios,suggesting their common chemical reaction mechanisms and similar behavior with increasing maturity.Therefore,they can be effectively applied for maturity assessments.Furthermore,the TMDBTs related maturity parameters are more reliable for over-mature oils and condensates due to the relatively higher concentrations of thermodynamically unstable TMDBT isomers,i.e.1,4,6-,1,4,8-and 3,4,6-TMDBT in this study than those of 1-methyldibenzothiophene （1-MDBT） or 1,4-DMDBT.In contrast with 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT,the newly proposed （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratios for oils that originated from different types of source rocks have approximately same relationship with the oil maturity （Rc %）.This suggests that the lithology and organic facies may have relatively less influence on （2,6 ＋ 3,6）-/1,4-DMDBT ratio compared to 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT.The maturity parameters based on methylated dibenzothiophenes are particularly useful in the maturity assessments of post-and over-mature oils and condensates and can complement maturity indicators based on steranes and terpanes.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant.No 41873049 and 42062011)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Yulin University,China(Grant No.2024GK12 and 2023GK62)+1 种基金the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,China(Grant.No 23JP200)the technical service project(Grant.No H2024060142).
文摘Organic-rich shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin in China are mainly derived from aquatic organisms with type II kerogen.A reverse maturity trend,derived from the commonly used biomarker maturity parameter Ts/(Ts+Tm)occurs in the depth profiles of the Chang 7_(3) submember and the Chang 8 member.In contrast,maturity proxies derived from aromatic compounds show a normal sequence for more deeply buried Chang 8 samples exhibiting higher maturity levels,as expected.To explain the abnormal phenomenon,multiple controlling factors—including the paleoredox condition,water salinity,the clay mineral content and composition,biodegradation,the primary migration fractionation effect,and organofacies—are considered.It was found that organofacies BC(HIo=400-250)appear in the Chang 8 samples,while organofacies B(HIo=400-650)appear in the Chang 7_(3) submember.The results suggest that variation in organofacies has a significant impact on Ts/(Ts+Tm)values,even for samples with the same kerogen type and similar source input,and is primarily responsible for the reverse maturity trend in the depth profiles.
文摘Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December. The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices, viz. seed color, seed weight, moisture content, seed dimension, specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded. The study revealed that at the time of maturity （Nov.-Dec.） the seed color was a shiny chocolate brown, with a moisture content of 58.37% and a specific gravity of 0.82. Germination was maximum （80%） at its maturity with a maximum seed weight of 52.03 g per seed. We recommend that the seeds should be collected before their natural disposal.
文摘The study took place at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute’s Olericulture Division’s research farm from March 2021 to February 2022 (BARI). In a protected net house, we investigated the impact of five different types of vegetables on various maturation stages, including tomato, broccoli, sweet pepper, cucumber, and netted melon. Vegetables cultivated under protected conditions in a transparent poly-film net house can improve quality, maturity, fruit size, and yield. When fruits and vegetables are picked before they are fully mature, they may stay green for longer, but they may not ripen to a satisfactory color and flavor, resulting in a loss of consumer confidence. Furthermore, because fruit continues to grow until the harvest, immature fruit will be smaller than mature fruit, reducing harvest yield. We tried to determine the right maturation stages in order to avoid product loss during our investigation. The tomato was found to be an appropriate size (6.5 cm length and 6.2 cm diameter), weight (84 g), TSS (4.5 percent), pH (4.3), “turning red”, and “tasty” at the week 5 stage, while the broccoli was found to be an appropriate size (12.0 cm length and 13.0 cm diameter), weight (360 g), and “green” color at the week 5 stage. At the week 6 stage, the nettled melon was found to be of appropriate size (15.2 cm length and 14.5 cm diameter), weight (800 g), TSS (10.8 percent), pH (6.3), “net fully developed” on the fruit skin and “much tasty,” while cucumber was found to be of appropriate size (8.8 - 10.8 cm length and 2.2 - 2.9 cm diameter), weight (61 - 88 g), TSS (3.8 - 4.1 percent), pH (6.3), “less powdery”. As a result, establishing the optimal maturity of our research will benefit both consumers and growers.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No.30801314)
文摘To investigate the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to the quantitative cervical vertebral maturation （QCVM） for adolescents with normal occlusion, mixed longitudinal data were used. The samples included 87 adolescents aged from 8 to 18 y old with normal occlusion （32 males, 55 females） selected from 901 candidates. Sequential lateral cephalograms and hand-wrist films were taken once a year, lasting for 6 y. The longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible according to QCVM were measured. There were some significant differences between maxilla and mandible according to QCVM. The sagittal growth change of maxilla showed a trend towards high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅳ. The sagittal growth change of mandible showed a trend towards accelerating velocity→high velocity→decelerating velocity→completing velocity from QCVM stage Ⅰ to stage Ⅳ. With sagittal relationship, growth magnitude was almost the same between maxilla and mandible at QCVM stage Ⅰ . At stage Ⅱ the growth of mandible exceeded that of maxilla and growth in mandible continued at stages Ⅲ and IV, while the maxilla ceased to grow. Growth magnitude was greater and the growth duration was longer with male mandible. It is concluded that the longitudinal sagittal growth changes of maxilla and mandible on the basis of QCVM is of value in the orthodontic practice.
基金The present study was supported by the project the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0800603).
文摘A nationwide survey of organic fertilizer was carried out in China,and 263 samples were collected to be analyzed for maturity indices(moisture content(MC),pH,electrical conductivity(EC),E4/E6,and germination index(GI))and 7 heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Cr,As and Ni).The MC,pH,EC,E4/E6 and GI showed large variations among the organic fertilizer samples with ranges of 6.9%-66.68%,4.40-9.19,0.76-13.38 mS/cm,1.07-9.40,and 10%-150%,respectively.The concentrations of 7 heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Cr,Ni)were also with large variations at 7.53-580.4,0-2818,0.02-149.3,0(not detected)-1321,0.14-26.9,3.70-1237,and 0(not detected)-214.6 mg/kg dry weight.Compared with the limit values of the Chinese standard for organic fertilizers(NY525-2012),9.51%,73.4%,3.19%,and 3.04%of the samples exceeded the limit values of Cd,Pb,As and Cr,respectively.No limits have been set for Cu,Zn and Ni in China,and 35.0%,13.3%and 16.7%of the samples exceeded the Cu,Zn and Ni limits for composts in Germany,respectively.Monte Carlo simulations indicated that with the continuous application of organic fertilizer,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb and Cr would accumulate to the risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land(GB15618-2018)within a relatively short period.It is urgent to establish suitable limits of heavy metals in organic fertilizer in China to control the risk of heavy metal pollution in agricultural land.
基金M.Dumontier was supported by grants from NWO(400.17.605628.011.011)+5 种基金NIH(3OT3TR002027-01S11OT3OD025467-011OT3OD025464-01)H2020-EU EOSClife(824087)ELIXIR,the research infrastructure for life-science data.R.de Miranda Azevedo was supported by grants from H2020-EU EOSClife(824087)ELIXIR,the research infrastructure for life-science data.
文摘The FAIR principles were received with broad acceptance in several scientific communities.However,there is still some degree of uncertainty on how they should be implemented.Several self-report questionnaires have been proposed to assess the implementation of the FAIR principles.Moreover,the FAIRmetrics group released 14,general-purpose maturity for representing FAIRness.Initially,these metrics were conducted as open-answer questionnaires.Recently,these metrics have been implemented into a software that can automatically harvest metadata from metadata providers and generate a principle-specific FAIRness evaluation.With so many different approaches for FAIRness evaluations,we believe that further clarification on their limitations and advantages,as well as on their interpretation and interplay should be considered.
