To address the challenge of balancing thermal management and thermal runaway mitigation,it is crucial to explore effective methods for enhancing the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Herein,an innovative hydrated ...To address the challenge of balancing thermal management and thermal runaway mitigation,it is crucial to explore effective methods for enhancing the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Herein,an innovative hydrated salt composite phase change material(HSCPCM)with dual phase transition temperature zones has been proposed.This HSCPCM,denoted as SDMA10,combines hydrophilic modified expanded graphite,an acrylic emulsion coating,and eutectic hydrated salts to achieve leakage prevention,enhanced thermal stability,cycling stability,and superior phase change behavior.Battery modules incorporating SDMA10 demonstrate significant thermal control capabilities.Specifically,the cylindrical battery modules with SDMA10 can maintain maximum operating temperatures below 55°C at 4 C discharge rate,while prismatic battery modules can keep maximum operating temperatures below 65°C at 2 C discharge rate.In extreme battery overheating conditions simulated using heating plates,SDMA10 effectively suppresses thermal propagation.Even when the central heating plate reaches 300°C,the maximum temperature at the module edge heating plates remains below 85°C.Further,compared to organic composite phase change materials(CPCMs),the battery module with SDMA10 can further reduce the peak thermal runaway temperature by 93°C and delay the thermal runaway trigger time by 689 s,thereby significantly decreasing heat diffusion.Therefore,the designed HSCPCM integrates excellent latent heat storage and thermochemical storage capabilities,providing high thermal energy storage density within the thermal management and thermal runaway threshold temperature range.This research will offer a promising pathway for improving the thermal safety performance of battery packs in electric vehicles and other energy storage systems.展开更多
Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use ...Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.展开更多
In response to the global energy crisis and environmental challenges,photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2))production has emerged as a sustainable alternative toward clean energy conversion.Among diverse photocatalysts invest...In response to the global energy crisis and environmental challenges,photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2))production has emerged as a sustainable alternative toward clean energy conversion.Among diverse photocatalysts investigated,TiO_(2)-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties,such as high chemical stability,strong redox capacity and tunable electronic structures,along with high cost-effectiveness.Extensive research on TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts proves their enormous potential in the field of H2 production.This timely and critical review explores the recent advances in TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts,discussing their distinctive advantages and synthesis methods in photocatalytic H2 production.Modification strategies,such as elemental doping(e.g.,precious metals,non-precious metals and non-metals),morphology engineering and composite formation,are summarised to improve photocatalytic efficiency.Advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques employed to probe photocatalytic mechanisms are also highlighted.Finally,major challenges,such as limited visible-light activity and charge recombination,are outlined,with perspectives on emerging TiO_(2)-based nanomaterials and design strategies to overcome current bottlenecks.And the research focus in the future is prospected,such as atomic interface engineering,machine learning auxiliary material design and large-scale preparation technology.This work aims to provide insights into the rational design of TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts for next-generation H2 production systems.展开更多
The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite mo...The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated...Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.展开更多
Biomedical applications necessitate natural or synthetic biomaterials that can maintain,improve,or even replace damaged tissue or a biological function,facilitating healing for people who have suffered from an injury ...Biomedical applications necessitate natural or synthetic biomaterials that can maintain,improve,or even replace damaged tissue or a biological function,facilitating healing for people who have suffered from an injury or disease.Metallic biomaterials show superior mechanical properties with greater service life than other materials.Biodegradable materials can avoid the inevitable second operation of removing the implant in the case of temporary implantation,reducing the risk of infections,medical complications,healing time,and cost.Magnesium(Mg),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),and their alloys are potential biodegradable metallic materials.The characteristics of biodegradable metallic materials are variable and depend on many factors,such as alloying elements,microstructure,existing phases,and thermomechanical treatment.The current review emphasizes the impact of alloying element addition on the characteristics of metallic biodegradable materials,with particular attention to the relationships between alloying elements,microstructure,mechanical performance,corrosion,and biocompatibility.Mg alloys show good mechanical and corrosion properties with excellent biocompatibility.Using biocompatible alloying elements can improve Mg alloy mechanical and corrosion properties without af-fecting their biocompatibility.However,critical limitations are still maintained,like rapid degradation and gas bubble formation.Zn alloys could overcome the limitations of Mg alloys with appropriate degradation rates,ease of casting and processing,and good biocompatibility.Alloying,particularly with Mg,Li,and Cu,combined with thermomechanical treatment,can significantly affect the microstructure and mechanical performance of Zn alloys and overcome the problem of unsuitable mechanical properties.Fe alloys have excellent mechanical performance,formability,and biocompatibility with a low degradation rate.Applying surface treatment,using novel structures,alloying with the appropriate amount of alloying elements,and using advanced manufacturing techniques may present a way to solve the problems associated with biodegradable metallic materials,which could open new horizons and increase their applicability in biomedical applications.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable pat...Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.展开更多
With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable...With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.展开更多
Granular materials exhibit complex macroscopic mechanical behaviors closely related to their microscalemicrostructural features.Traditional macroscopic phenomenological elasto-plastic models,however,usually have compl...Granular materials exhibit complex macroscopic mechanical behaviors closely related to their microscalemicrostructural features.Traditional macroscopic phenomenological elasto-plastic models,however,usually have complex formulations and lack explicit relations to these microstructural features.To avoid these limitations,this study proposes a micromechanics-based softening hyperelastic model for granular materials,integrating softening hyperelasticity withmicrostructural insights to capture strain softening,critical state,and strain localization behaviors.The model has two key advantages:(1)a clear conceptualization,straightforward formulation,and ease of numerical implementation(via Abaqus UMAT subroutine in this study);(2)explicit incorporation of micro-scale features(e.g.,contact stiffness,particle size,porosity)to reveal their influences on macroscopic responses.An isotropic directional distribution density of contacts and three specific microstructures are considered,and their softening hyperelastic constitutive modulus tensors are explicitly derived.By introducing a softening factor and critical failure energy density,the model can describe geomaterial behaviors,simulating residual strength,X-shaped shear bands,and strain localization evolution.Numerical validations in comparison with themacro-scale hyperelastic model,Abaqus Drucker-Prager model,and the experiment confirm its accuracy.Parametric studies reveal critical dependencies:a normal to tangential contact stiffness ratio of 2-8(depending on stiffness magnitude),an internal length of 2-4 mm to ensure shear band formation,and a critical failure energy density(≤10 kJ/m^(3))to trigger strain softening and localization.Influences of the specific microstructures on strain localization and softening are investigated.The model also shows mesh independence due to the introduction of an internal length.The model’s applicability is further demonstrated by slope stability analysis,capturing slip surface evolution,and load-displacement characteristics.This study develops a robust microstructure-aware hyperelastic framework to describe the mechanical behaviors of granular materials,providing multiscale insights for geotechnical engineering applications.展开更多
With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating w...With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating with vehicle collection firms,electric bicycle manufacturers and recycled materials distributors,as he works to build partnerships focused on the targeted collection and distribution of recycled products.展开更多
High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted extensive attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their high performance enabled by their multi-component,tunable structural characteristics and excellent stability...High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted extensive attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their high performance enabled by their multi-component,tunable structural characteristics and excellent stability.HEMs are usually composed of five or more metal elements,and have core advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion and multi-element synergistic effect,which provide new possibilities for composition regulation and performance optimization of catalysts.Especially at the nanoscale,HEMs show a larger specific surface area,abundant active sites and higher catalytic reaction efficiency,further expanding their application potential in electrochemical reactions.This paper systematically reviews the classification,structure construction and regulation strategies of HEMs,and focuses on their research progress in critical electrocatalytic reactions including water splitting(HER,OER),hydrogen oxidation(HOR),oxygen reduction(ORR),carbon dioxide reduction(CO_(2)RR),nitrate reduction(NO_(3)-RR)and electrooxidation of organics(EOO).In addition,the preparation methods of HEMs,the structure-performance relationship and the entropy regulation mechanism in the catalytic process are analyzed.Finally,this paper proposes the key challenges currently faced by HEMs in electrocatalytic applications and looks forward to their future development direction,providing a theoretical basis and design ideas for building a new generation of efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts.展开更多
PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical ...PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.展开更多
A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-Ⅱ project.It is now operational for...A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-Ⅱ project.It is now operational for soft X-ray resonant emission spectroscopy(RXES)and soft X-ray resonant elastic scattering(REXS)investigations.Optical optimization was implemented for high performance,e.g.,photon flux,energy-resolving power,and focus spot size.RXES experiments show that the energy range extends from 150 to 1500 eV.The elastic peak measured near titanium absorption edge(@445 eV)indicates an energy resolution of the RXES spectrometer of 65 meV.The measured photon flux is 3×10^(12)photons/s at 244 eV at the RXES sample position for an SSRF electron energy of 3.5 GeV and a projected ring current as 300 mA.The spot size at the RXES sample position is 23μm in the horizontal direction and 7.9μm in the vertical direction,respectively.Moreover,the angular resolution of elastic REXS scatterometer reaches 0.005°through measurement of X-ray reflection from the single-crystal silicon wafers.A sample of the REXS scatterometer is vibrationally decoupled from its chamber and cooled using copper braids connected from an open cycle liquid helium cryo reservoir,whereas the minimum sample temperature is below 15 K.展开更多
The demand for sustainable energy storage has accelerated the development of cellulose-based materials(CBMs)for flexible supercapacitors(FSCs).However,widespread commercialization of FSCs remains challenged by their l...The demand for sustainable energy storage has accelerated the development of cellulose-based materials(CBMs)for flexible supercapacitors(FSCs).However,widespread commercialization of FSCs remains challenged by their low gravimetric energy density(approximately 35 Wh kg^(-1)),far below lithium-ion batteries(exceeding 200 Wh kg^(-1)),and a limited operational temperature range(from-20℃ to 60℃),restricting their use in extreme environments.To date,no comprehensive review has elucidated the crucial role of the chemistry and structure-property relationships of CBMs in advancing FSC technology.This review fills this gap by examining the chemical attributes and versatility of cellulose and its derivatives,including their physicochemical characteris-tics,assembly methodologies,and functional modifications such as oxidation,esterification,etherification,grafting polymerization,nucleophilic substitution,and crosslinking reactions.We further provide an overview of the chemistry and structure-function correlations of various cellulose forms used in advanced electrodes,solid electrolytes,separators,binders,current collectors,and substrate/encapsulation materials,alongside relevant microelectrode processing technologies.Given that large-scale application of FSCs is still in its early stages,we offer insightful design principles for guiding future development of cellulose-based FSCs.By proposing a“chemistry-performance-sustainability”design framework,this review not only addresses existing limitations but also outlines a roadmap for next-generation eco-friendly FSCs.展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM),globally referred to as 3D printing,is a highly flexible manufacturing method that enables the design and creation of complex geometries with ease.This review article comprehensively examine...Additive manufacturing(AM),globally referred to as 3D printing,is a highly flexible manufacturing method that enables the design and creation of complex geometries with ease.This review article comprehensively examines the materials,methods,and applications of AM specifically for the space sector,while identifying current research gaps and proposing future directions.The primary advantages of AM over conventional subtractive manufacturing for space implementations include economic efficiency,unparalleled design freedom,high customizability,tailor-made production,and the ability to process a wide range of materials including metals,polymers,composites,and ceramics.The article focuses on space-grade materials such as high-performance alloys,polymers,and ceramics used in applications ranging from electronic equipment to propulsion systems.It provides a detailed analysis of prevalent metal AM techniques like powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition,as well as non-metal methods including used deposition modeling and selective laser sintering.Through specific case studies,it demonstrates how AM enables part consolidation,weight reduction,and the production of multifunctional components with integrated capabilities.This review will help readers comprehend current trends in space additive manufacturing and understand its future potential in next-generation space applications,from in-situ manufacturing to the realization of fully additively manufactured spacecraft.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale p...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.展开更多
基金financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong province(2024A1515010228)CATARC Automotive Inspection Center Excellent Engineer Program(2023B0909050007).
文摘To address the challenge of balancing thermal management and thermal runaway mitigation,it is crucial to explore effective methods for enhancing the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Herein,an innovative hydrated salt composite phase change material(HSCPCM)with dual phase transition temperature zones has been proposed.This HSCPCM,denoted as SDMA10,combines hydrophilic modified expanded graphite,an acrylic emulsion coating,and eutectic hydrated salts to achieve leakage prevention,enhanced thermal stability,cycling stability,and superior phase change behavior.Battery modules incorporating SDMA10 demonstrate significant thermal control capabilities.Specifically,the cylindrical battery modules with SDMA10 can maintain maximum operating temperatures below 55°C at 4 C discharge rate,while prismatic battery modules can keep maximum operating temperatures below 65°C at 2 C discharge rate.In extreme battery overheating conditions simulated using heating plates,SDMA10 effectively suppresses thermal propagation.Even when the central heating plate reaches 300°C,the maximum temperature at the module edge heating plates remains below 85°C.Further,compared to organic composite phase change materials(CPCMs),the battery module with SDMA10 can further reduce the peak thermal runaway temperature by 93°C and delay the thermal runaway trigger time by 689 s,thereby significantly decreasing heat diffusion.Therefore,the designed HSCPCM integrates excellent latent heat storage and thermochemical storage capabilities,providing high thermal energy storage density within the thermal management and thermal runaway threshold temperature range.This research will offer a promising pathway for improving the thermal safety performance of battery packs in electric vehicles and other energy storage systems.
文摘Standardization is necessary for the early industrialization of the new materials and technology.It is achieved by having agreed practices for the measurement of properties and other characteristics.The promising use of graphene-based materials in fields like electronics,energy,and composites has resulted in standards for their nomenclature,the measurement of key characteristics,and their specification,etc.Among these,standards for measuring the key characteristics are crucial.The critical parameters are the number of layers,the type and concentration of defects and functional groups,elemental composition,sheet resistance,and carrier mobility.Standards for characterizing these have been analyzed by the International Organization for Standardization Technical Committee in ISO/TC229 and the International Electrotechnical Commission Technical Committee in IEC/TC113.These give details of applicable or preferred samples,the fundamental principles of the techniques,specific precautions,and points for attention in the relevant standards.The pivotal role of the ISO/TC229 and IEC/TC113 standards is considered and challenges and future trends are outlined.
文摘In response to the global energy crisis and environmental challenges,photocatalytic hydrogen(H_(2))production has emerged as a sustainable alternative toward clean energy conversion.Among diverse photocatalysts investigated,TiO_(2)-based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties,such as high chemical stability,strong redox capacity and tunable electronic structures,along with high cost-effectiveness.Extensive research on TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts proves their enormous potential in the field of H2 production.This timely and critical review explores the recent advances in TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts,discussing their distinctive advantages and synthesis methods in photocatalytic H2 production.Modification strategies,such as elemental doping(e.g.,precious metals,non-precious metals and non-metals),morphology engineering and composite formation,are summarised to improve photocatalytic efficiency.Advanced in/ex situ characterization techniques employed to probe photocatalytic mechanisms are also highlighted.Finally,major challenges,such as limited visible-light activity and charge recombination,are outlined,with perspectives on emerging TiO_(2)-based nanomaterials and design strategies to overcome current bottlenecks.And the research focus in the future is prospected,such as atomic interface engineering,machine learning auxiliary material design and large-scale preparation technology.This work aims to provide insights into the rational design of TiO_(2)-based photocatalysts for next-generation H2 production systems.
文摘The capture of atmospheric carbon dioxide by adsorbents is an important strategy to deal with the greenhouse effect.Compared with traditional CO_(2) adsorption materials like activated carbon,silica gel,and zeolite molecular sieves,covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have excellent thermal and chemical stabilities and can be produced in many different forms.Using their different possible construction units,ordered structures for specific applications can be produced,giving them broad prospects in fields such as gas storage.This review analyzes the different types of COFs that have been synthesized and their different methods of CO_(2) capture.It then discusses different ways to increase CO_(2) adsorption by changing the internal structure of COFs and modifying their surfaces.The limitations of COF-derived carbon materials in CO_(2) capture are reviewed and,finally,the key role of machine learning and computational simulation in improving CO_(2) adsorption is mentioned,and the current status and future possible uses of COFs are summarized.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
文摘Investments in eco-friendly,recyclable material solutions and innovation in bio-based nonwovens are increasingly shaping the next generation of automotive interiors.The development of nonwoven materials and associated technologies is likely to lead to even wider adoption in the automotive industry,driven by rising global vehicle production,particularly in the growing electric vehicle(EV)segment,and an intensified focus on sustainable solutions.
文摘Biomedical applications necessitate natural or synthetic biomaterials that can maintain,improve,or even replace damaged tissue or a biological function,facilitating healing for people who have suffered from an injury or disease.Metallic biomaterials show superior mechanical properties with greater service life than other materials.Biodegradable materials can avoid the inevitable second operation of removing the implant in the case of temporary implantation,reducing the risk of infections,medical complications,healing time,and cost.Magnesium(Mg),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),and their alloys are potential biodegradable metallic materials.The characteristics of biodegradable metallic materials are variable and depend on many factors,such as alloying elements,microstructure,existing phases,and thermomechanical treatment.The current review emphasizes the impact of alloying element addition on the characteristics of metallic biodegradable materials,with particular attention to the relationships between alloying elements,microstructure,mechanical performance,corrosion,and biocompatibility.Mg alloys show good mechanical and corrosion properties with excellent biocompatibility.Using biocompatible alloying elements can improve Mg alloy mechanical and corrosion properties without af-fecting their biocompatibility.However,critical limitations are still maintained,like rapid degradation and gas bubble formation.Zn alloys could overcome the limitations of Mg alloys with appropriate degradation rates,ease of casting and processing,and good biocompatibility.Alloying,particularly with Mg,Li,and Cu,combined with thermomechanical treatment,can significantly affect the microstructure and mechanical performance of Zn alloys and overcome the problem of unsuitable mechanical properties.Fe alloys have excellent mechanical performance,formability,and biocompatibility with a low degradation rate.Applying surface treatment,using novel structures,alloying with the appropriate amount of alloying elements,and using advanced manufacturing techniques may present a way to solve the problems associated with biodegradable metallic materials,which could open new horizons and increase their applicability in biomedical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project under Grants 2020YFA0715000,62075081,and 20220402011GH。
文摘Laser micro-nano processing technologies have been developed to address challenges that are otherwise difficult to solve in industrial applications and diverse scientific fields.These technologies offer designable patterning,arraying capabilities,three-dimensional(3D)processing,and high precision.Recent advancements in laser technologies have demonstrated their effectiveness as powerful tools for micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials.By utilizing various laser techniques—such as laser-induced polymerization,laser ablation,laser-induced transfer,laser-directed assembly,and laser-assisted crystallization—broad applications in image sensors,displays,solar cells,lasers,anti-counterfeiting,and information encryption have been enabled.This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the laser micro-nano processing of optoelectronic materials,including the technologies used for preparation,patterning,arraying,and modification.These laser fabrication methods uniquely provide capabilities such as annealing,phase transitions,and ion exchange in optoelectronic materials.We also discuss the perspectives and challenges for future developments,including the advantages,disadvantages,and potential applications of different laser micro-nano processing technologies.With the rapid advancements in laser micro-nanofabrication,we foresee significant growth in advanced,high-performance optoelectronic applications.This review aims to provide researchers with insights into the current state and future prospects of laser-based micro-nano processing,encouraging further exploration and innovation in this promising field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072208 and 52261160384)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number GZB20250057China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M770223).
文摘With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant numbers 12002245 and 12172263the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission through grant number KJQN202300742+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of ChongqingMunicipality through grant number CSTB2025NSCQ-GPX0841Chongqing Jiaotong University through grant number F1220038.
文摘Granular materials exhibit complex macroscopic mechanical behaviors closely related to their microscalemicrostructural features.Traditional macroscopic phenomenological elasto-plastic models,however,usually have complex formulations and lack explicit relations to these microstructural features.To avoid these limitations,this study proposes a micromechanics-based softening hyperelastic model for granular materials,integrating softening hyperelasticity withmicrostructural insights to capture strain softening,critical state,and strain localization behaviors.The model has two key advantages:(1)a clear conceptualization,straightforward formulation,and ease of numerical implementation(via Abaqus UMAT subroutine in this study);(2)explicit incorporation of micro-scale features(e.g.,contact stiffness,particle size,porosity)to reveal their influences on macroscopic responses.An isotropic directional distribution density of contacts and three specific microstructures are considered,and their softening hyperelastic constitutive modulus tensors are explicitly derived.By introducing a softening factor and critical failure energy density,the model can describe geomaterial behaviors,simulating residual strength,X-shaped shear bands,and strain localization evolution.Numerical validations in comparison with themacro-scale hyperelastic model,Abaqus Drucker-Prager model,and the experiment confirm its accuracy.Parametric studies reveal critical dependencies:a normal to tangential contact stiffness ratio of 2-8(depending on stiffness magnitude),an internal length of 2-4 mm to ensure shear band formation,and a critical failure energy density(≤10 kJ/m^(3))to trigger strain softening and localization.Influences of the specific microstructures on strain localization and softening are investigated.The model also shows mesh independence due to the introduction of an internal length.The model’s applicability is further demonstrated by slope stability analysis,capturing slip surface evolution,and load-displacement characteristics.This study develops a robust microstructure-aware hyperelastic framework to describe the mechanical behaviors of granular materials,providing multiscale insights for geotechnical engineering applications.
文摘With the start of the new year,Wen Congxiang,managing director of Ningbo Nuoding,a company specialising in the recycling of end-of-life vehicles,has been constantly on the move.Much of his time is spent coordinating with vehicle collection firms,electric bicycle manufacturers and recycled materials distributors,as he works to build partnerships focused on the targeted collection and distribution of recycled products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378247 and 22078187)China-CEEC University Joint Education Project(2021099)+1 种基金the International Joint Research Center for Biomass Chemistry and Materials,the Shaanxi International Science and Technology Cooperation Base(2018GHJD-19)Ning Wei and Xue Yao are grateful to Innovative Talents International Cooperative Training Project from China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202310470014 and 202310470013).
文摘High-entropy materials(HEMs)have attracted extensive attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their high performance enabled by their multi-component,tunable structural characteristics and excellent stability.HEMs are usually composed of five or more metal elements,and have core advantages such as high configurational entropy,lattice distortion and multi-element synergistic effect,which provide new possibilities for composition regulation and performance optimization of catalysts.Especially at the nanoscale,HEMs show a larger specific surface area,abundant active sites and higher catalytic reaction efficiency,further expanding their application potential in electrochemical reactions.This paper systematically reviews the classification,structure construction and regulation strategies of HEMs,and focuses on their research progress in critical electrocatalytic reactions including water splitting(HER,OER),hydrogen oxidation(HOR),oxygen reduction(ORR),carbon dioxide reduction(CO_(2)RR),nitrate reduction(NO_(3)-RR)and electrooxidation of organics(EOO).In addition,the preparation methods of HEMs,the structure-performance relationship and the entropy regulation mechanism in the catalytic process are analyzed.Finally,this paper proposes the key challenges currently faced by HEMs in electrocatalytic applications and looks forward to their future development direction,providing a theoretical basis and design ideas for building a new generation of efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts.
文摘PKU:The super fibers combine strength and toughness In impact protection applications such as ballistic armor,vehicle shielding,and aerospace,the dynamic strength and dynamic toughness of fiber materials are critical performance indicators determining protective efficacy.However,widely used polymeric fibers still face significant challenges preventing full utilization of the material’s intrinsic strength and toughness.
文摘A soft X-ray energy materials research beamline(BL20U2),a branch of energy materials beamline(E-line),has been constructed in the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)Phase-Ⅱ project.It is now operational for soft X-ray resonant emission spectroscopy(RXES)and soft X-ray resonant elastic scattering(REXS)investigations.Optical optimization was implemented for high performance,e.g.,photon flux,energy-resolving power,and focus spot size.RXES experiments show that the energy range extends from 150 to 1500 eV.The elastic peak measured near titanium absorption edge(@445 eV)indicates an energy resolution of the RXES spectrometer of 65 meV.The measured photon flux is 3×10^(12)photons/s at 244 eV at the RXES sample position for an SSRF electron energy of 3.5 GeV and a projected ring current as 300 mA.The spot size at the RXES sample position is 23μm in the horizontal direction and 7.9μm in the vertical direction,respectively.Moreover,the angular resolution of elastic REXS scatterometer reaches 0.005°through measurement of X-ray reflection from the single-crystal silicon wafers.A sample of the REXS scatterometer is vibrationally decoupled from its chamber and cooled using copper braids connected from an open cycle liquid helium cryo reservoir,whereas the minimum sample temperature is below 15 K.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4005204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22125903,U24A20553,22579025,52502038)+2 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572023CT06)Key Joint Project of the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(No.ZL2024E007)the Innovation Foundation for Doctoral Program of Forestry Engineering of Northeast Forestry University(No.LYGC202220).
文摘The demand for sustainable energy storage has accelerated the development of cellulose-based materials(CBMs)for flexible supercapacitors(FSCs).However,widespread commercialization of FSCs remains challenged by their low gravimetric energy density(approximately 35 Wh kg^(-1)),far below lithium-ion batteries(exceeding 200 Wh kg^(-1)),and a limited operational temperature range(from-20℃ to 60℃),restricting their use in extreme environments.To date,no comprehensive review has elucidated the crucial role of the chemistry and structure-property relationships of CBMs in advancing FSC technology.This review fills this gap by examining the chemical attributes and versatility of cellulose and its derivatives,including their physicochemical characteris-tics,assembly methodologies,and functional modifications such as oxidation,esterification,etherification,grafting polymerization,nucleophilic substitution,and crosslinking reactions.We further provide an overview of the chemistry and structure-function correlations of various cellulose forms used in advanced electrodes,solid electrolytes,separators,binders,current collectors,and substrate/encapsulation materials,alongside relevant microelectrode processing technologies.Given that large-scale application of FSCs is still in its early stages,we offer insightful design principles for guiding future development of cellulose-based FSCs.By proposing a“chemistry-performance-sustainability”design framework,this review not only addresses existing limitations but also outlines a roadmap for next-generation eco-friendly FSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM),globally referred to as 3D printing,is a highly flexible manufacturing method that enables the design and creation of complex geometries with ease.This review article comprehensively examines the materials,methods,and applications of AM specifically for the space sector,while identifying current research gaps and proposing future directions.The primary advantages of AM over conventional subtractive manufacturing for space implementations include economic efficiency,unparalleled design freedom,high customizability,tailor-made production,and the ability to process a wide range of materials including metals,polymers,composites,and ceramics.The article focuses on space-grade materials such as high-performance alloys,polymers,and ceramics used in applications ranging from electronic equipment to propulsion systems.It provides a detailed analysis of prevalent metal AM techniques like powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition,as well as non-metal methods including used deposition modeling and selective laser sintering.Through specific case studies,it demonstrates how AM enables part consolidation,weight reduction,and the production of multifunctional components with integrated capabilities.This review will help readers comprehend current trends in space additive manufacturing and understand its future potential in next-generation space applications,from in-situ manufacturing to the realization of fully additively manufactured spacecraft.
基金support for carrying out this work was provided by the Doctoral Research Foundation of Weifang University(2024BS20)Science and Technology Development Plan Foundation of Weifang(2024GX017).
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.
