Herein,ionomer-free amorphous iridium oxide(IrO_(x))thin electrodes are first developed as highly active anodes for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells(PEMECs)via low-cost,environmentally friendly,and easily s...Herein,ionomer-free amorphous iridium oxide(IrO_(x))thin electrodes are first developed as highly active anodes for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells(PEMECs)via low-cost,environmentally friendly,and easily scalable electrodeposition at room temperature.Combined with a Nafion 117 membrane,the IrO_(x)-integrated electrode with an ultralow loading of 0.075 mg cm^(-2)delivers a high cell efficiency of about 90%,achieving more than 96%catalyst savings and 42-fold higher catalyst utilization compared to commercial catalyst-coated membrane(2 mg cm^(-2)).Additionally,the IrO_(x)electrode demonstrates superior performance,higher catalyst utilization and significantly simplified fabrication with easy scalability compared with the most previously reported anodes.Notably,the remarkable performance could be mainly due to the amorphous phase property,sufficient Ir^(3+)content,and rich surface hydroxide groups in catalysts.Overall,due to the high activity,high cell efficiency,an economical,greatly simplified and easily scalable fabrication process,and ultrahigh material utilization,the IrO_(x)electrode shows great potential to be applied in industry and accelerates the commercialization of PEMECs and renewable energy evolution.展开更多
Product design plays a decisive role in material resource consumption in manufacturing systems. So it is significant to study optimal utilization of material resources of manufacturing system from the perspective of p...Product design plays a decisive role in material resource consumption in manufacturing systems. So it is significant to study optimal utilization of material resources of manufacturing system from the perspective of product design. This paper firstly defines concept of product design, then after an analysis of design objectives the author proposes a target system of product design with three subsystems: structural system, functional system, and technical system. Finally, a product design system on Architectural Metal Structure Enterprises is developed and used in light of the great consumption of material resources in Metal Structure Enterprises. The system has got an obvious effect on improving comprehensive optimal using rate of material resources of enterprises, reducing design cycle, improving management of enterprises.展开更多
Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are important worldwide fungal diseases on cotton that cause damage to yield and quality.The pathogens survive in soil as microsclerotia for many years,and
Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high...Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”展开更多
A new breeding program"Creating new middle breedingmaterials by utilizing new techniques",cooperated byChina National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI)andJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sc...A new breeding program"Creating new middle breedingmaterials by utilizing new techniques",cooperated byChina National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI)andJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sci-ence(JIRCAS)",started in Hangzhou,China in 1999.展开更多
To study the 25Mg(p,y)^26 Al reaction at the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics laboratory,a large-area 25Mg target with a uniform thickness is needed.A rotating unit is used to ensure the uniformity of the targ...To study the 25Mg(p,y)^26 Al reaction at the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics laboratory,a large-area 25Mg target with a uniform thickness is needed.A rotating unit is used to ensure the uniformity of the target thickness during evaporation.After many attempts,19 targets with diameters of 40 mm and a non-uniformity of8.4%were prepared simultaneously.The rate of material utilization was approximately 4.7 times higher than that obtained using a conventional evaporation method.展开更多
Biopolymer-bound Soil Composites(BSC),are a novel bio-based construction material class,produced through the mixture and desiccation of biopolymers with inorganic aggregates with applications in soil stabilization,bri...Biopolymer-bound Soil Composites(BSC),are a novel bio-based construction material class,produced through the mixture and desiccation of biopolymers with inorganic aggregates with applications in soil stabilization,brick creation and in situ construction on Earth and space.This paper introduces a mixture design methodology to produce maximum strength for a given soil-biopolymer combination.Twenty protein and sand mix designs were investigated,with varying amounts of biopolymer solution and compaction regimes during manufacture.The ultimate compressive strength,density,and shrinkage of BSC samples are reported.It is observed that the compressive strength of BSC materials increases proportional to tighter particle packing(soil dry bulk density)and binder content.A theory to explain this peak compressive strength phenomenon is presented.展开更多
In this paper,the raw materials of hybrid Pennisetum were pretreated in different conditions of high voltage pulsed electric field(HPEF)to improve its material utilization ratios and biogas production rates of anaerob...In this paper,the raw materials of hybrid Pennisetum were pretreated in different conditions of high voltage pulsed electric field(HPEF)to improve its material utilization ratios and biogas production rates of anaerobic fermentation.Then,anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted within 32 days at moderate temperature(35℃)with TS mass fraction(6%),inoculation rate(20%)and initial pH(7.0).It is indicated that compared with the control group,9 groups of hybrid Pennisetum pretreated by HPEF are obviously superior in gas production efficiency of anaerobic fermentation,and higher in cumulative gas production,peak daily gas production and maximum methane concentration;that the most remarkable stimulation occurs in the HPEF condition of 15 kV/120 Hz/60 min,in that situation,the cumulative gas production in the fermentation period of 32 days is up to 9587 mL,26.95%higher than that of the control group,the peak daily gas production increases and the range of peak period extends.It is demonstrated that the optimal HPEF pretreatment time is 60 min and three HPEF parameters have a better effect on gas production in the order of voltage>time>frequency;and that the effect degree of treatment parameters on peak daily gas production is voltage,frequency and time in turn.It is concluded that HPEF can improve material utilization ratio and gas production rate of hybrid Pennisetum by anaerobic fermentation and shorten the gas production cycle.By virtue of this physical pretreatment method,the resource of Pennisetum is utilized sufficiently and the classes of energy plants are enlarged effectively.展开更多
基金the support from the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office Awards DE-EE0008426 and DE-EE0008423National Energy Technology Laboratory under Award DEFE0011585.
文摘Herein,ionomer-free amorphous iridium oxide(IrO_(x))thin electrodes are first developed as highly active anodes for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells(PEMECs)via low-cost,environmentally friendly,and easily scalable electrodeposition at room temperature.Combined with a Nafion 117 membrane,the IrO_(x)-integrated electrode with an ultralow loading of 0.075 mg cm^(-2)delivers a high cell efficiency of about 90%,achieving more than 96%catalyst savings and 42-fold higher catalyst utilization compared to commercial catalyst-coated membrane(2 mg cm^(-2)).Additionally,the IrO_(x)electrode demonstrates superior performance,higher catalyst utilization and significantly simplified fabrication with easy scalability compared with the most previously reported anodes.Notably,the remarkable performance could be mainly due to the amorphous phase property,sufficient Ir^(3+)content,and rich surface hydroxide groups in catalysts.Overall,due to the high activity,high cell efficiency,an economical,greatly simplified and easily scalable fabrication process,and ultrahigh material utilization,the IrO_(x)electrode shows great potential to be applied in industry and accelerates the commercialization of PEMECs and renewable energy evolution.
基金Foundation item: Funded by China 863 R&D Program(No: 2002AA414080)
文摘Product design plays a decisive role in material resource consumption in manufacturing systems. So it is significant to study optimal utilization of material resources of manufacturing system from the perspective of product design. This paper firstly defines concept of product design, then after an analysis of design objectives the author proposes a target system of product design with three subsystems: structural system, functional system, and technical system. Finally, a product design system on Architectural Metal Structure Enterprises is developed and used in light of the great consumption of material resources in Metal Structure Enterprises. The system has got an obvious effect on improving comprehensive optimal using rate of material resources of enterprises, reducing design cycle, improving management of enterprises.
文摘Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt are important worldwide fungal diseases on cotton that cause damage to yield and quality.The pathogens survive in soil as microsclerotia for many years,and
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51774331)Funds for Nationsl&Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Mineral Salt Deep Utilization(No.SF202103).
文摘Porous materials have promise as sound insulation, heat barrier, vibration attenuation, and catalysts. Most industrial solid wastes, such as tailings, coal gangue, and fly ash are rich in silicon. Additionally, a high silicon content waste is a potential raw material for the syn- thesis of silicon-based, multi-porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous silica, glass-ceramics, and geopolymer foams. Representative sil- icon-rich industrial solid wastes (SRISWs) are the focus of this mini review of the processing and application of porous silicon materials with respect to the physical and chemical properties of the SRISW. The transformation methods of preparing porous materials from SRISWs are summarized, and their research status in micro-, meso-, and macro-scale porous materials are described. Possible problems in the application of SRISWs and in the preparation of functional porous materials are analyzed, and their development prospects are discussed. This review should provide a typical reference for the recycling and use of industrial solid wastes to develop sustainable “green materials.”
文摘A new breeding program"Creating new middle breedingmaterials by utilizing new techniques",cooperated byChina National Rice Research Institute (CNRRI)andJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sci-ence(JIRCAS)",started in Hangzhou,China in 1999.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11490563,11575292 and 11205247)the National Key Research and Development Project(No.2016YFA0400502)Continuous Basic Scientific Research Project(No.WDJC-2019-13)。
文摘To study the 25Mg(p,y)^26 Al reaction at the Jinping Underground Nuclear Astrophysics laboratory,a large-area 25Mg target with a uniform thickness is needed.A rotating unit is used to ensure the uniformity of the target thickness during evaporation.After many attempts,19 targets with diameters of 40 mm and a non-uniformity of8.4%were prepared simultaneously.The rate of material utilization was approximately 4.7 times higher than that obtained using a conventional evaporation method.
文摘Biopolymer-bound Soil Composites(BSC),are a novel bio-based construction material class,produced through the mixture and desiccation of biopolymers with inorganic aggregates with applications in soil stabilization,brick creation and in situ construction on Earth and space.This paper introduces a mixture design methodology to produce maximum strength for a given soil-biopolymer combination.Twenty protein and sand mix designs were investigated,with varying amounts of biopolymer solution and compaction regimes during manufacture.The ultimate compressive strength,density,and shrinkage of BSC samples are reported.It is observed that the compressive strength of BSC materials increases proportional to tighter particle packing(soil dry bulk density)and binder content.A theory to explain this peak compressive strength phenomenon is presented.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61561054)the Biogas Industrialization Technology Engineering Research Center in Universities of Yunnan Province.
文摘In this paper,the raw materials of hybrid Pennisetum were pretreated in different conditions of high voltage pulsed electric field(HPEF)to improve its material utilization ratios and biogas production rates of anaerobic fermentation.Then,anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted within 32 days at moderate temperature(35℃)with TS mass fraction(6%),inoculation rate(20%)and initial pH(7.0).It is indicated that compared with the control group,9 groups of hybrid Pennisetum pretreated by HPEF are obviously superior in gas production efficiency of anaerobic fermentation,and higher in cumulative gas production,peak daily gas production and maximum methane concentration;that the most remarkable stimulation occurs in the HPEF condition of 15 kV/120 Hz/60 min,in that situation,the cumulative gas production in the fermentation period of 32 days is up to 9587 mL,26.95%higher than that of the control group,the peak daily gas production increases and the range of peak period extends.It is demonstrated that the optimal HPEF pretreatment time is 60 min and three HPEF parameters have a better effect on gas production in the order of voltage>time>frequency;and that the effect degree of treatment parameters on peak daily gas production is voltage,frequency and time in turn.It is concluded that HPEF can improve material utilization ratio and gas production rate of hybrid Pennisetum by anaerobic fermentation and shorten the gas production cycle.By virtue of this physical pretreatment method,the resource of Pennisetum is utilized sufficiently and the classes of energy plants are enlarged effectively.
