The illicit trafficking of special nuclear materials(SNMs)poses a grave threat to global security and necessitates the development of effective nuclear material identification methods.This study investigated a method ...The illicit trafficking of special nuclear materials(SNMs)poses a grave threat to global security and necessitates the development of effective nuclear material identification methods.This study investigated a method to isotopically identify the SNMs,including^(233,235,238)U,^(239-242)Pu,and^(232)Th,based on the detection of delayedγ-rays from photofission fragments.The delayedγ-ray spectra resulting from the photofission of SNMs irradiated by a 14 MeVγbeam with a total of 10~9 were simulated using Geant4.Three high-yield fission fragments,namely^(138)Cs,^(89)Rb,and^(94)Y,were selected as candidate fragments for SNM identification.The yield ratios of these three fragments were calculated,and the results from the different SNMs were compared.The yield ratio of^(138)Cs/^(89)Rb was used to identify most SNMs,including^(233,235,238)U,^(242)Pu,and^(232)Th,with a confidence level above 95%.To identify^(239-241)Pu with the same confidence,a higher total number of 10^(11)γbeams is required.However,although the^(94)Y/^(89)Rb ratio is suitable for elementally identifying SNMs,isotopic identification is difficult.In addition,the count rate of the delayedγabove 3 MeV can be used to rapidly detect the presence of nuclear materials.展开更多
[Objectives]To further revise and enhance the quality standards of the Yao medicinal material Gendarussa vulgaris,and to provide empirical data to ensure the safety of G.vulgaris medicinal resources and the advancemen...[Objectives]To further revise and enhance the quality standards of the Yao medicinal material Gendarussa vulgaris,and to provide empirical data to ensure the safety of G.vulgaris medicinal resources and the advancement of medicinal material standards.[Methods]The identification of G.vulgaris was conducted through morphological,microscopic,and physicochemical analyses.Parameters such as moisture content,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,extract content,heavy metal concentrations,and organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in accordance with the 2025 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Results]The distinguishing characteristics of G.vulgaris were clearly evident,allowing for the establishment of an identification method for this species.The thin-layer chromatogram exhibited clear and well-resolved separation.Additionally,the permissible ranges for moisture content,total ash,and water-soluble extract in the medicinal materials were defined,while new limit standards for acid-insoluble ash and heavy metal content were concurrently established.[Conclusions]The test method established in this study is both accurate and reliable,thereby enhancing the quality standards of the medicinal material G.vulgaris.展开更多
In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended t...In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.展开更多
Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conduct...Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.展开更多
The reliable operation of power grid secondary equipment is an important guarantee for the safety and stability of the power system.However,various defects could be produced in the secondary equipment during longtermo...The reliable operation of power grid secondary equipment is an important guarantee for the safety and stability of the power system.However,various defects could be produced in the secondary equipment during longtermoperation.The complex relationship between the defect phenomenon andmulti-layer causes and the probabilistic influence of secondary equipment cannot be described through knowledge extraction and fusion technology by existing methods,which limits the real-time and accuracy of defect identification.Therefore,a defect recognition method based on the Bayesian network and knowledge graph fusion is proposed.The defect data of secondary equipment is transformed into the structured knowledge graph through knowledge extraction and fusion technology.The knowledge graph of power grid secondary equipment is mapped to the Bayesian network framework,combined with historical defect data,and introduced Noisy-OR nodes.The prior and conditional probabilities of the Bayesian network are then reasonably assigned to build a model that reflects the probability dependence between defect phenomena and potential causes in power grid secondary equipment.Defect identification of power grid secondary equipment is achieved by defect subgraph search based on the knowledge graph,and defect inference based on the Bayesian network.Practical application cases prove this method’s effectiveness in identifying secondary equipment defect causes,improving identification accuracy and efficiency.展开更多
The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during pen...The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.展开更多
High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP g...High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP genotyping array for wax gourd was developed using genotyping by target sequencing(GBTS),featuring 10,722 SNPs evenly distributed across all 12 chromosomes,including 278 functional loci associated with key economic traits.To demonstrate its utility,genetic distances among 19 elite inbred lines were calculated from SNP data and correlated with heterosis for single fruit weight.The results revealed that greater genetic distance was associated with higher middle parent heterosis(MPH) for single fruit weight.Furthermore,56 commercial wax gourd cultivars collected from eight regions were selected and genotyped.Population structure analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and principal component analysis(PCA) collectively indicated that these cultivars fall into two major groups.Group I,comprising black or dark green skinned wax gourds,exhibited lower genetic diversity than Group II,which includes green or light green skinned varieties,reflecting shorter genetic distances within Group I.Finally,60 polymorphic SNPs were used to construct DNA fingerprints for distinguishing the 56 cultivars.As the first high-throughput genotyping platform for wax gourd,this SNP array provides an effective and powerful tool for genetic analysis.展开更多
Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewa...Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewable,and clinical demand is increasingly difficult to meet,leading to a proliferation of counterfeit products.During prolonged geological burial,static pressure from the surrounding strata severely compromises the microstructural integrity of osteons in Os Draconis,but Os Draconis still largely retains the structural features of mammalian bone.Methods:Using verified authentic Os Draconis samples over 10,000 years old as a baseline,this study summarizes the ultrastructural characteristics of genuine Os Draconis.Employing electron probe microanalysis and optical polarized light microscopy,we examined 28 batches of authentic Os Draconis and 31 batches of counterfeits to identify their ultrastructural differences.Key points for ultrastructural identification of Os Draconis were compiled,and a new identification approach was proposed based on these differences.Results:Authentic Os Draconis exhibited distinct ultrastructural markers:irregularly shaped osteons with traversing fissures,deformed/displaced Haversian canals,and secondary mineral infill(predominantly calcium carbonate).Counterfeits showed regular osteon arrangements,absent traversal fissures,and homogeneous hydroxyapatite composition.Lab-simulated samples lacked structural degradation features.EPMA confirmed calcium carbonate infill in fossilized Haversian canals,while elemental profiles differentiated lacunae types(void vs.mineral-packed).Conclusion:The study established ultrastructural criteria for authentic Os Draconis identification:osteon deformation,geological fissures penetrating bone units,and heterogenous mineral deposition.These features,unattainable in counterfeits or modern processed bones,provide a cost-effective,accurate identification method.This approach bridges gaps in TCM material standardization and supports quality control for clinical applications.展开更多
Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burnin...Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.展开更多
Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as s...Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
Responsive colorimetric materials exhibit significant potential for application in fields such as smart food packaging and wound monitoring.The functional integration of pH-indicators with material carriers enables br...Responsive colorimetric materials exhibit significant potential for application in fields such as smart food packaging and wound monitoring.The functional integration of pH-indicators with material carriers enables breakthrough applications in nontraditional domains.In this study,we developed a novel material covalently grafted with a pH indicator that exhibited naked-eye pH-responsive color shifts.The covalent grafting of pH-responsive bromothymol blue onto carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)was confirmed using advanced characterization techniques,including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The pH-sensitive chromophore was covalently immobilized onto the CMC matrix through esterification,thereby establishing firm chemical conjugation.Moreover,a superior color-changing performance was achieved within several minutes in response to different pH values.The reusability and stability of this material offer distinct advantages over single-use pH test strips.pH-responsive colorimetric materials hold promise for efficient,noninvasive monitoring in intelligent packaging(food freshness),medical diagnostics(wound status,infections),biosensing,and environmental applications.展开更多
This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The vall...This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The valley medium is assumed to be isotropic,linear elastic and nonhomogeneous,such that the shear modulus of the valley has spatial dependency.The valley is surrounded by an isotropic,linear elastic and homogeneous half-space.A strike-slip fault is located at the intersection between the valley and the half-space.The problem is solved analytically by using finite Fourier transform.Displacement functions are obtained in closed-form,in terms of power series and hypergeometric function series.Unknown coefficients of these series are determined from the boundary conditions,leading to an analytical exact solution.Numerical results indicate that the nonhomogeneity of the alluvial valley material has a limited impact on permanent surface dislocations unless there is a significant variation in the material properties within the functionally graded zone.In many cases,approximating the nonhomogeneous alluvial valley as a homogeneous medium is suitable.展开更多
The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials off...The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.展开更多
Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade...Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.展开更多
The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batte...The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).展开更多
Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.B...Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.展开更多
Achieving high energy and power densities is currently a core challenge in the fabrication of energy storage materials.Although numerous high-capacity materials have been developed,conventional planar electrodes canno...Achieving high energy and power densities is currently a core challenge in the fabrication of energy storage materials.Although numerous high-capacity materials have been developed,conventional planar electrodes cannot achieve high active material loading and efficient ion/electron transport simultaneously.By contrast,three-dimensional(3D)structures have attracted increasing interest because of their capacity to enhance active material utilization,shorten ion and electron transport pathways,reduce interfacial impedance,and provide spatial accommodation for volume expansion.Additive manufacturing(AM)technology effectively fabricates energy-storage materials with 3D structures by accurately constructing complex 3D structures via layer-by-layer deposition.Recent studies have employed AM to construct ordered 3D electrodes that can optimize ion/electron transport,regulate electric field distribution,or improve the electrode-electrolyte interface,thereby contributing to enhanced kinetic performance and cycling stability.This review systematically summarizes the applications of several AM technologies in the fabrication of energy storage materials and analyzes their respective advantages and limitations.Subsequently,the advantages of AM technology in the fabrication of energy storage materials and several major optimization strategies are comprehensively discussed.Finally,the major challenges and potential applications of AM technology in energy storage material optimization are discussed.展开更多
As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode mate...As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode materials undergo complex ion intercalation and deintercalation processes,accompanied by defect formation and structural evolution.However,the microscopic mechanisms underlying processes such as cation disordering,lattice oxygen loss,and stage structure formation are still not fully understood.To address these challenges,we have developed the Electrode Dynamic Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Simulator(EDIS),a software platform designed to simulate the dynamic processes of ion intercalation and deintercalation in electrode materials.Leveraging high-precision machine learning potentials,EDIS can efficiently model structural evolution and lithium-ion diffusion behavior under various states of charge and discharge,achieving accuracy approaching that of quantum mechanical methods in relevant chemical spaces.The software supports quantitative analysis of how variations in lithium-ion concentration and distribution affect lithium-ion transport properties,enables evaluation of the impact of structural defects,and allows for tracking of both structural evolution and transport characteristics during continuous cycling.EDIS is versatile and can be extended to sodium-ion batteries and related systems.By enabling in-depth analysis of these microscopic processes,EDIS provides a robust theoretical tool for mechanistic studies and the rational design of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
This study explores a novel method for processing cotton stalks—an abundant agricultural byproduct—into long strips that serve as sustainable raw material for engineered bio-based panels.To evaluate the effect of ra...This study explores a novel method for processing cotton stalks—an abundant agricultural byproduct—into long strips that serve as sustainable raw material for engineered bio-based panels.To evaluate the effect of raw material morphology on panel’s performance,two types of cotton stalk-based panels were developed:one using long strips,maintaining fiber continuity,and the other using ground particles,representing conventional processing.A wood strand-based panel made from commercial southern yellow pine strands served as the control.All panels were bonded using phenol-formaldehyde resin and hot-pressed to a target thickness of 12.7 mm and density of 640 kg/m^(3).Their mechanical and physical properties were evaluated through internal bond,bending,thickness swelling,and water absorption tests.Both cotton stalk-based panels showed improved bonding performance compared to the control.The internal bond of the strip-based panel was nearly four times higher than that of the control,while the particlebased panel exceeded it by a factor of two.The strip-based panel showed approximately 15% lower bending stiffness than the wood strand-based panel,yet it surpassed it in load-carrying capacity by 5%.In contrast,the particleboard showed significantly lower bending performance than the strip-based and control panels,despite particle processing being a more conventional method.Both cotton stalk-based panels exhibited higher water absorption and thickness swelling than the wood strand panel.Overall,cotton stalk-based panels—particularly those using strip processing—show promisingmechanical properties,suggesting potential applications in sheathing,furniture,and interior paneling.However,improvements in dimensional stability are needed for broader use.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2022YFA1603300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2230133,12305266,11921006,12405282)National Grand Instrument Project(No.2019YFF01014400)。
文摘The illicit trafficking of special nuclear materials(SNMs)poses a grave threat to global security and necessitates the development of effective nuclear material identification methods.This study investigated a method to isotopically identify the SNMs,including^(233,235,238)U,^(239-242)Pu,and^(232)Th,based on the detection of delayedγ-rays from photofission fragments.The delayedγ-ray spectra resulting from the photofission of SNMs irradiated by a 14 MeVγbeam with a total of 10~9 were simulated using Geant4.Three high-yield fission fragments,namely^(138)Cs,^(89)Rb,and^(94)Y,were selected as candidate fragments for SNM identification.The yield ratios of these three fragments were calculated,and the results from the different SNMs were compared.The yield ratio of^(138)Cs/^(89)Rb was used to identify most SNMs,including^(233,235,238)U,^(242)Pu,and^(232)Th,with a confidence level above 95%.To identify^(239-241)Pu with the same confidence,a higher total number of 10^(11)γbeams is required.However,although the^(94)Y/^(89)Rb ratio is suitable for elementally identifying SNMs,isotopic identification is difficult.In addition,the count rate of the delayedγabove 3 MeV can be used to rapidly detect the presence of nuclear materials.
基金Supported by Drug Research and Development Plan Project of Drug Administration of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GYJKZS[2023]033)Research Project on the Formulation and Revision of National Drug Standards by National Pharmacopoeia Commission(BZ2022134).
文摘[Objectives]To further revise and enhance the quality standards of the Yao medicinal material Gendarussa vulgaris,and to provide empirical data to ensure the safety of G.vulgaris medicinal resources and the advancement of medicinal material standards.[Methods]The identification of G.vulgaris was conducted through morphological,microscopic,and physicochemical analyses.Parameters such as moisture content,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,extract content,heavy metal concentrations,and organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in accordance with the 2025 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Results]The distinguishing characteristics of G.vulgaris were clearly evident,allowing for the establishment of an identification method for this species.The thin-layer chromatogram exhibited clear and well-resolved separation.Additionally,the permissible ranges for moisture content,total ash,and water-soluble extract in the medicinal materials were defined,while new limit standards for acid-insoluble ash and heavy metal content were concurrently established.[Conclusions]The test method established in this study is both accurate and reliable,thereby enhancing the quality standards of the medicinal material G.vulgaris.
基金Supported by Guangxi Degree and Postgraduate Education Reform Project(JGY2023213,JGY2023211).
文摘In order to improve the traditional teaching model of traditional Chinese medicine identification course for graduate students of pharmacy,this paper described the research on constructing and practicing the blended teaching model of"online+offline"based on the teaching concept of TfU by taking the course of"Authentic Medicinal Materials and Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine"as an example.In the preparatory phase,through resource integration and course content decomposition,it identifies"generative topics"to engage students in pre-class online discussions.During the instructional phase,"comprehension-oriented objectives"are established based on learning analytics,followed by the implementation of"understanding-focused activities"for guided inquiry in offline classrooms.The post-class phase employs online extended materials to conduct"sustained assessment"through evaluations and summaries,thereby continuously optimizing subsequent teaching practices.This pedagogical framework not only effectively cultivates investigative research thinking among graduate students but also enhances standardized management and scientific development of the teaching team.The practical research outcomes and experiences derived from this model can provide valuable references for analogous course reforms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52374301)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.E2024501010)+2 种基金Shijiazhuang Basic Research Project(No.241790667A)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.N2423054)the Performance Subsidy Fund for Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province(No.22567627H).
文摘Bi-based transition metal oxide(Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15))has become a highly hopeful anode material for lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to its large theoretical capacity and affordable availability.Unfortunately,poor conductivity,as well as volume expansion and pulverization during repeated reactions will result in bad specific capacity and inferior cycling stability.Hence,Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@C anode materials for LIBs were successfully synthesized using sucrose as a carbon source through a two-step high-temperature solid-phase method.Physical characterizations and electrochemical tests suggest that the highly conductive carbon shell derived from sucrose provides fast channels for Li^(+)transport and greatly reduces the charge transfer resistance.Moreover,ex situ scanning electron microscopy(SEM)indicates that the presence of carbon effectively suppresses the aggregation and pulverization of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles in the reaction process,effectively ensuring the integrity of Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) particles.Benefiting from the above merits,the C-modified Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15),especially Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)@8%C(BNO-C3),holds charge capacity of 414.6 and 281.4 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.1 and 0.5 A·g^(−1),respectively.Additionally,the high specific capacity of 379.5 mAh·g^(−1) is much greater than that of the bare Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15)(only 158.7 mAh·g^(−1))after 200 cycles.Importantly,cyclic voltammetry(CV)combined with ex situ X-ray diffraction(XRD)confirms the conversion reaction between Bi_(5)Nb_(3)O_(15) and Bi during cycling.This work provides a method for suppressing volume expansion and pulverization during cycling of Bi-based transition metal oxides and constructing high-performance LIBs anode materials.
基金supported by the State Grid Southwest Branch Project“Research on Defect Diagnosis and Early Warning Technology of Relay Protection and Safety Automation Devices Based on Multi-Source Heterogeneous Defect Data”.
文摘The reliable operation of power grid secondary equipment is an important guarantee for the safety and stability of the power system.However,various defects could be produced in the secondary equipment during longtermoperation.The complex relationship between the defect phenomenon andmulti-layer causes and the probabilistic influence of secondary equipment cannot be described through knowledge extraction and fusion technology by existing methods,which limits the real-time and accuracy of defect identification.Therefore,a defect recognition method based on the Bayesian network and knowledge graph fusion is proposed.The defect data of secondary equipment is transformed into the structured knowledge graph through knowledge extraction and fusion technology.The knowledge graph of power grid secondary equipment is mapped to the Bayesian network framework,combined with historical defect data,and introduced Noisy-OR nodes.The prior and conditional probabilities of the Bayesian network are then reasonably assigned to build a model that reflects the probability dependence between defect phenomena and potential causes in power grid secondary equipment.Defect identification of power grid secondary equipment is achieved by defect subgraph search based on the knowledge graph,and defect inference based on the Bayesian network.Practical application cases prove this method’s effectiveness in identifying secondary equipment defect causes,improving identification accuracy and efficiency.
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302460)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.YBKT24-02)。
文摘The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Talent Support Project of Hunan Province,China (2022TJ-N15)the Hunan Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China (2024CX90 and 2024CX65)the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China (2021NK1006)。
文摘High-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) arrays have emerged as essential genotyping tools,significantly accelerating breeding programs and advancing basic research.In this study,a high-throughput 10K SNP genotyping array for wax gourd was developed using genotyping by target sequencing(GBTS),featuring 10,722 SNPs evenly distributed across all 12 chromosomes,including 278 functional loci associated with key economic traits.To demonstrate its utility,genetic distances among 19 elite inbred lines were calculated from SNP data and correlated with heterosis for single fruit weight.The results revealed that greater genetic distance was associated with higher middle parent heterosis(MPH) for single fruit weight.Furthermore,56 commercial wax gourd cultivars collected from eight regions were selected and genotyped.Population structure analysis,phylogenetic analysis,and principal component analysis(PCA) collectively indicated that these cultivars fall into two major groups.Group I,comprising black or dark green skinned wax gourds,exhibited lower genetic diversity than Group II,which includes green or light green skinned varieties,reflecting shorter genetic distances within Group I.Finally,60 polymorphic SNPs were used to construct DNA fingerprints for distinguishing the 56 cultivars.As the first high-throughput genotyping platform for wax gourd,this SNP array provides an effective and powerful tool for genetic analysis.
基金supported by the Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CI2021A04013)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82204610)+1 种基金the Qihang Talent Program(L2022046)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(ZZ15-YQ-041 and L2021029).
文摘Background:The medicinal material known as Os Draconis(Longgu)originates from fossilized remains of ancient mammals and is widely used in treating emotional and mental conditions.However,fossil resources are nonrenewable,and clinical demand is increasingly difficult to meet,leading to a proliferation of counterfeit products.During prolonged geological burial,static pressure from the surrounding strata severely compromises the microstructural integrity of osteons in Os Draconis,but Os Draconis still largely retains the structural features of mammalian bone.Methods:Using verified authentic Os Draconis samples over 10,000 years old as a baseline,this study summarizes the ultrastructural characteristics of genuine Os Draconis.Employing electron probe microanalysis and optical polarized light microscopy,we examined 28 batches of authentic Os Draconis and 31 batches of counterfeits to identify their ultrastructural differences.Key points for ultrastructural identification of Os Draconis were compiled,and a new identification approach was proposed based on these differences.Results:Authentic Os Draconis exhibited distinct ultrastructural markers:irregularly shaped osteons with traversing fissures,deformed/displaced Haversian canals,and secondary mineral infill(predominantly calcium carbonate).Counterfeits showed regular osteon arrangements,absent traversal fissures,and homogeneous hydroxyapatite composition.Lab-simulated samples lacked structural degradation features.EPMA confirmed calcium carbonate infill in fossilized Haversian canals,while elemental profiles differentiated lacunae types(void vs.mineral-packed).Conclusion:The study established ultrastructural criteria for authentic Os Draconis identification:osteon deformation,geological fissures penetrating bone units,and heterogenous mineral deposition.These features,unattainable in counterfeits or modern processed bones,provide a cost-effective,accurate identification method.This approach bridges gaps in TCM material standardization and supports quality control for clinical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52573220)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3404201)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IDRY-GD24-005)the State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials(No.SWR-2022-009).
文摘Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.
基金supported by Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A20228).
文摘Root rot is a prevalent soil-borne fungal disease in citrus.Citron C-05(Citrus medica)stands out as a germplasm within Citrus spp.due to its complete resistance to citrus canker and favorable characteristics such as single embryo and easy rooting.However,Citron C-05 was found to be highly susceptible to root rot during cultivation,with the specific pathogens previously unknown.In this study,four candidate fungal species were isolated from Citron C-05 roots.Sequence analysis of ITS,EF-1a,RPB1,and RPB2 identified two Fusarium solani strains,Rr-2 and Rr-4,as the candidates causing root rot in Citron C-05.Resistance tests showed these two pathogens increased root damage rate from 10.30%to 35.69%in Citron C-05,sour orange(Citrus aurantium),sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)and pummelo(Citrus grandis).F.solani exhibited the weak pathogenicity towards trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata).DAB staining revealed none of reddish-brown precipitation in the four susceptible citrus germplasm after infection with F.solani,while trifoliate orange exhibited significant H2O2 accumulation.Trypan blue staining indicated increased cell death in the four susceptible citrus germplasm following infection with these two pathogens but not in trifoliate orange.These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of citrus root rot and support future research on the mechanisms of root rot resistance in citrus.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52303209)the“Lingyan”Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2024C03076)+1 种基金Zhejiang University K.P.Chao’s High Technology Development Foundationthe generous support provided by the joint research fund from the Shaoxing Institute of Zhejiang University and Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital。
文摘Responsive colorimetric materials exhibit significant potential for application in fields such as smart food packaging and wound monitoring.The functional integration of pH-indicators with material carriers enables breakthrough applications in nontraditional domains.In this study,we developed a novel material covalently grafted with a pH indicator that exhibited naked-eye pH-responsive color shifts.The covalent grafting of pH-responsive bromothymol blue onto carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC)was confirmed using advanced characterization techniques,including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The pH-sensitive chromophore was covalently immobilized onto the CMC matrix through esterification,thereby establishing firm chemical conjugation.Moreover,a superior color-changing performance was achieved within several minutes in response to different pH values.The reusability and stability of this material offer distinct advantages over single-use pH test strips.pH-responsive colorimetric materials hold promise for efficient,noninvasive monitoring in intelligent packaging(food freshness),medical diagnostics(wound status,infections),biosensing,and environmental applications.
文摘This study focuses on permanent surface dislocations caused by a strike-slip fault in an alluvial valley.A twodimensional mathematical model is utilized,considering the valley to have a half-cylindrical shape.The valley medium is assumed to be isotropic,linear elastic and nonhomogeneous,such that the shear modulus of the valley has spatial dependency.The valley is surrounded by an isotropic,linear elastic and homogeneous half-space.A strike-slip fault is located at the intersection between the valley and the half-space.The problem is solved analytically by using finite Fourier transform.Displacement functions are obtained in closed-form,in terms of power series and hypergeometric function series.Unknown coefficients of these series are determined from the boundary conditions,leading to an analytical exact solution.Numerical results indicate that the nonhomogeneity of the alluvial valley material has a limited impact on permanent surface dislocations unless there is a significant variation in the material properties within the functionally graded zone.In many cases,approximating the nonhomogeneous alluvial valley as a homogeneous medium is suitable.
基金supported by the IITP(Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)-ITRC(Information Technology Research Center) grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT) (IITP-2025-RS-2024-00437191, and RS-2025-02303505)partly supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute (National Research Facilities and Equipment Center) grant funded by the Ministry of Education. (No. 2022R1A6C101A774)the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, through Large Research Project under grant number RGP-2/527/46
文摘The growing global energy demand and worsening climate change highlight the urgent need for clean,efficient and sustainable energy solutions.Among emerging technologies,atomically thin two-dimensional(2D)materials offer unique advantages in photovoltaics due to their tunable optoelectronic properties,high surface area and efficient charge transport capabilities.This review explores recent progress in photovoltaics incorporating 2D materials,focusing on their application as hole and electron transport layers to optimize bandgap alignment,enhance carrier mobility and improve chemical stability.A comprehensive analysis is presented on perovskite solar cells utilizing 2D materials,with a particular focus on strategies to enhance crystallization,passivate defects and improve overall cell efficiency.Additionally,the application of 2D materials in organic solar cells is examined,particularly for reducing recombination losses and enhancing charge extraction through work function modification.Their impact on dye-sensitized solar cells,including catalytic activity and counter electrode performance,is also explored.Finally,the review outlines key challenges,material limitations and performance metrics,offering insight into the future development of nextgeneration photovoltaic devices encouraged by 2D materials.
文摘Conventional ignition methods are proving to be ineffective for low-sensitivity energetic materials,highlighting the need to investigate alternative ignition systems,such as laser-based techniques.Over the past decade,lasers have emerged as a promising solution,providing focused energy beams for controllable,efficient,and reliable ignition in the field of energetic materials.This study presents a comparative analysis of two state-of-the-art ignition approaches:direct laser ignition and laser-driven flyer ignition.Experiments were performed using a Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet(Nd:YAG)laser at different energy beam levels to systematically evaluate ignition onset.In the direct laser ignition test setup,the laser beam was applied directly to the energetic tested material,while laserdriven flyer ignition utilized 40 and 100μm aluminum foils,propelled at velocities ranging from 300 to 1250 m/s.Comparative analysis with the Lawrence and Trott model substantiated the velocity data and provided insight into the ignition mechanisms.Experimental results indicate that the ignition time for the laser-driven flyer method was significantly shorter,with the pyrotechnic composition achieving complete combustion faster compared to direct laser ignition.Moreover,precise ignition thresholds were determined for both methods,providing critical parameters for optimizing ignition systems in energetic materials.This work elucidates the advantages and limitations of each technique while advancing next-generation ignition technology,enhancing the reliability and safety of propulsion systems.
基金supported by the Low-Cost Long-Life Batteries program,China(No.WL-24-08-01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22279007)。
文摘The outstanding performance of O3-type NaNi_(1/3)Fe_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O_(2)(NFM111)at both high and low temperatures coupled with its impressive specific capacity makes it an excellent cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.However,its poor cycling,owing to highpressure phase transitions,is one of its disadvantages.In this study,Cu/Ti was introduced into NFM111 cathode material using a solidphase method.Through both theoretically and experimentally,this study found that Cu doping provides a higher redox potential in NFM111,improving its reversible capacity and charge compensation process.The introduction of Ti would enhance the cycling stability of the material,smooth its charge and discharge curves,and suppress its high-voltage phase transitions.Accordingly,the NaNi_(0.27)Fe_(0.28)Mn_(0.33)Cu_(0.05)Ti_(0.06)O_(2)sample used in the study exhibited a remarkable rate performance of 142.97 mAh·g^(-1)at 0.1 C(2.0-4.2 V)and an excellent capacity retention of 72.81%after 300 cycles at 1C(1C=150 mA·g^(-1)).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52276196)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion(FSKLCCA2508)the High-level Talent Foundation of Anhui Agricultural University(rc412307).
文摘Flash Joule heating(FJH),as a high-efficiency and low-energy consumption technology for advanced materials synthesis,has shown significant potential in the synthesis of graphene and other functional carbon materials.Based on the Joule effect,the solid carbon sources can be rapidly heated to ultra-high temperatures(>3000 K)through instantaneous high-energy current pulses during FJH,thus driving the rapid rearrangement and graphitization of carbon atoms.This technology demonstrates numerous advantages,such as solvent-and catalyst-free features,high energy conversion efficiency,and a short process cycle.In this review,we have systematically summarized the technology principle and equipment design for FJH,as well as its raw materials selection and pretreatment strategies.The research progress in the FJH synthesis of flash graphene,carbon nanotubes,graphene fibers,and anode hard carbon,as well as its by-products,is also presented.FJH can precisely optimize the microstructures of carbon materials(e.g.,interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphene,defect concentration,and heteroatom doping)by regulating its operation parameters like flash voltage and flash time,thereby enhancing their performances in various applications,such as composite reinforcement,metal-ion battery electrodes,supercapacitors,and electrocatalysts.However,this technology is still challenged by low process yield,macroscopic material uniformity,and green power supply system construction.More research efforts are also required to promote the transition of FJH from laboratory to industrial-scale applications,thus providing innovative solutions for advanced carbon materials manufacturing and waste management toward carbon neutrality.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52574411)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.2242043).
文摘Achieving high energy and power densities is currently a core challenge in the fabrication of energy storage materials.Although numerous high-capacity materials have been developed,conventional planar electrodes cannot achieve high active material loading and efficient ion/electron transport simultaneously.By contrast,three-dimensional(3D)structures have attracted increasing interest because of their capacity to enhance active material utilization,shorten ion and electron transport pathways,reduce interfacial impedance,and provide spatial accommodation for volume expansion.Additive manufacturing(AM)technology effectively fabricates energy-storage materials with 3D structures by accurately constructing complex 3D structures via layer-by-layer deposition.Recent studies have employed AM to construct ordered 3D electrodes that can optimize ion/electron transport,regulate electric field distribution,or improve the electrode-electrolyte interface,thereby contributing to enhanced kinetic performance and cycling stability.This review systematically summarizes the applications of several AM technologies in the fabrication of energy storage materials and analyzes their respective advantages and limitations.Subsequently,the advantages of AM technology in the fabrication of energy storage materials and several major optimization strategies are comprehensively discussed.Finally,the major challenges and potential applications of AM technology in energy storage material optimization are discussed.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB1040300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52172258)。
文摘As the core determinant of lithium-ion battery performance,electrode materials play a crucial role in defining the battery's capacity,cycling stability,and durability.During charging and discharging,electrode materials undergo complex ion intercalation and deintercalation processes,accompanied by defect formation and structural evolution.However,the microscopic mechanisms underlying processes such as cation disordering,lattice oxygen loss,and stage structure formation are still not fully understood.To address these challenges,we have developed the Electrode Dynamic Ion Intercalation/Deintercalation Simulator(EDIS),a software platform designed to simulate the dynamic processes of ion intercalation and deintercalation in electrode materials.Leveraging high-precision machine learning potentials,EDIS can efficiently model structural evolution and lithium-ion diffusion behavior under various states of charge and discharge,achieving accuracy approaching that of quantum mechanical methods in relevant chemical spaces.The software supports quantitative analysis of how variations in lithium-ion concentration and distribution affect lithium-ion transport properties,enables evaluation of the impact of structural defects,and allows for tracking of both structural evolution and transport characteristics during continuous cycling.EDIS is versatile and can be extended to sodium-ion batteries and related systems.By enabling in-depth analysis of these microscopic processes,EDIS provides a robust theoretical tool for mechanistic studies and the rational design of high-performance electrode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
基金supported by the intramural research program of the U.S.Department of Agriculture,National Institute of Food and Agriculture,Biobased Economy Through Biobased Products,under Award#2023-68016-40132.
文摘This study explores a novel method for processing cotton stalks—an abundant agricultural byproduct—into long strips that serve as sustainable raw material for engineered bio-based panels.To evaluate the effect of raw material morphology on panel’s performance,two types of cotton stalk-based panels were developed:one using long strips,maintaining fiber continuity,and the other using ground particles,representing conventional processing.A wood strand-based panel made from commercial southern yellow pine strands served as the control.All panels were bonded using phenol-formaldehyde resin and hot-pressed to a target thickness of 12.7 mm and density of 640 kg/m^(3).Their mechanical and physical properties were evaluated through internal bond,bending,thickness swelling,and water absorption tests.Both cotton stalk-based panels showed improved bonding performance compared to the control.The internal bond of the strip-based panel was nearly four times higher than that of the control,while the particlebased panel exceeded it by a factor of two.The strip-based panel showed approximately 15% lower bending stiffness than the wood strand-based panel,yet it surpassed it in load-carrying capacity by 5%.In contrast,the particleboard showed significantly lower bending performance than the strip-based and control panels,despite particle processing being a more conventional method.Both cotton stalk-based panels exhibited higher water absorption and thickness swelling than the wood strand panel.Overall,cotton stalk-based panels—particularly those using strip processing—show promisingmechanical properties,suggesting potential applications in sheathing,furniture,and interior paneling.However,improvements in dimensional stability are needed for broader use.
