The origin of ancient banded iron formation （BIF） has remained unclear for a long time. How the precipitation process occurred and what the environmental condition was have been widely discussed among scientists, be...The origin of ancient banded iron formation （BIF） has remained unclear for a long time. How the precipitation process occurred and what the environmental condition was have been widely discussed among scientists, because the period when the major BIFs deposited （-2.8 to 1.8Ga） is the same time when biosphere and atmosphere significantly changed. Based on the discovery of modern seafloor hydrothermal vents, it is possible that reductive environment controlled by vent system is related to the environment where BIF was deposited. According to matter source.展开更多
Subducted sediments,as an integral part of subducted slab,can strongly influence the chemistry of volcanic arc lavas,and clarify the relationship between subduction input and arc output,which is the focus of the subdu...Subducted sediments,as an integral part of subducted slab,can strongly influence the chemistry of volcanic arc lavas,and clarify the relationship between subduction input and arc output,which is the focus of the subduction factory theory in the context of plate tectonics.In this study,we analyzed major and trace element compositions of the subducting sediments from two sites[Deep Sea Drilling Program(DSDP)Site 495 and Ocean Drilling Program(ODP)Site 1039]at the different locations along the Middle America Trench.The results showed that the sediments from these two sites are mainly composed of terrigenous material,carbonate components,and biogenic silicate in different proportions.In order to reduce the effects of the variations in subduction topography on the chemical composition of sediments,we recalculated the bulk subducted sediment composition at northern and southern Central America subduction zone,and identified the Nicaragua Fracture Zone as the dividing line for northern and southern subducting sediments at Middle America Trench.Compared to the global trench subducting sediment,both the subducting sediments from northern and southern Central America subduction zone exhibit lower contents of terrigenous material-controlled elements and are more enriched in the biogenic components-controlled elements.We suggested that the variations in both chemical compositions for sediments and subduction angles are responsible for the different contributions of subducting sediments to volcanic arc magmatism in the northern Central America.展开更多
High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values.Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass,both wastes were f...High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values.Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass,both wastes were fully utilized,thus reducing the negative impact on the environment.In this study,variables such as temperature,time,and amount of reactants were changed to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction of steel slag with carbonized rice husk at high temperatures.The actual amount of reducing agent consumed during the reduction was significantly greater than that predicted by theoretical calculations.Adding three carbon equivalent of carbonized rice husk and maintaining at 1500℃ for 30 min could remove 79.25% of P_(2)O_(5) in the slag.By modeling the material cycle in which high phosphorus steel slag was treated with biomass,the product could be used for crop growth.Meanwhile,the reduced iron and residual steel slag can be used tomake steel again,thereby leading to a sharp reduction in fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions in this process.展开更多
By the application of life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, this paper estimates the environmental impacts of production and disposal of traction motors used in electric vehicles in China. The results show that the ...By the application of life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, this paper estimates the environmental impacts of production and disposal of traction motors used in electric vehicles in China. The results show that the total energy use, the criteria emissions and the greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions of a traction motor production and disposal are about 2,899,MJ, 4.5,kg and 259.5,kg per motor, respectively. Among the regulated emissions, the SOxemission ranks first by total mass, followed by CO, PM10, NOx, PM2.5, and volatile organic compound(VOC). The motor material production stage accounts for most of the energy consumption and emissions, followed by the assembly stage and the end-of-life disposal stage. In this study, the environmental performance analysis is extended to the comparison between the use of secondary material and primary material for the material production stage. It is found that using 100% secondary material results in a 52.9% reduction in energy consumption, a 49.8% reduction in regulated emissions, and a 49.3% reduction in GHG emissions compared with the use of 100% primary material.展开更多
To alleviate the main limitations of lithium ion diffusion rate and poor electronic conductivity for LiFePO4 cathode material, it is desirable to synthesize nano-size LiFePO4 material due to its enhanced electronic an...To alleviate the main limitations of lithium ion diffusion rate and poor electronic conductivity for LiFePO4 cathode material, it is desirable to synthesize nano-size LiFePO4 material due to its enhanced electronic and lithium ion transport rates and thus an improved high-rate performance. However, our previous synthesized LiFePO4 nanorods only exhibited low high-rate and slightly unstable cycle performance. Possible reasons are the poor crystallization and Fe2＋ oxidation of LiFePO4 nanorods prepared by hydrothermal method. In this paper, LiFePO4 nanorods were simply dealt with at 700 ℃ for 4 h under the protection of Ar and H2 mixture gas. The electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/Li cells were investigated by galvanostatic test and cyclic voltammetry（CV）. The experimental results indicated that the annealed LiFePO4 nanorods delivered an excellent cycling stability and obviously improved capacity of 150 mA·h·g-1 at 1C, and even 122 mA·h·g-1 at 5C.展开更多
Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for a...Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.展开更多
1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth&...1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth's different spheres,and gives rise to a series of geological,resource,and environmental effects(Plank and Manning,2019;Zheng,2023;Sun,2024).展开更多
Subduction zone fluids are a key agent for mass transfer and energy transport at convergent plate margins.Fluid action in subduction zones is of great significance for understanding volcanism,earthquakes,crust-mantle ...Subduction zone fluids are a key agent for mass transfer and energy transport at convergent plate margins.Fluid action in subduction zones is of great significance for understanding volcanism,earthquakes,crust-mantle material cycling,and the evolution of Earth's habitability.In general,subduction zone fluids are generated by breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducting lithosphere,and the thermodynamic stability of such minerals is dictated by the thermal structure,rock composition and tectonic evolution of subduction zones.Therefore,understanding the stability of hydrous minerals is the key to constraining the source,property,migration,and effect of subduction zone fluids.Fluid geochemistry provides an integrated approach to address this key issue.Although the existence of fluid components in subduction zones was recognized as early as the 1970s,the geochemical composition of subduction zone fluids was reasonably determined with the advances in high-pressure hightemperature experimental techniques and micro-scale in-situ analytical methods since entering the 21 st century.The property of subduction zone fluids has been progressively recognized from aqueous solutions through hydrous melts to supercritical fluids.Current geochemical research on subduction zone fluids has integrated various major influencing factors such as the thermal structure of subduction zones,the chemical composition and physical properties of different types of fluids,and geodynamic processes of generating the fluids.This has led to a series of systematic progresses that have greatly advanced the knowledge of crustal material cycling and crust-mantle interaction in subduction zones.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41376077)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant No.XDB06020204)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(grant No.2013CB429703)
文摘The origin of ancient banded iron formation （BIF） has remained unclear for a long time. How the precipitation process occurred and what the environmental condition was have been widely discussed among scientists, because the period when the major BIFs deposited （-2.8 to 1.8Ga） is the same time when biosphere and atmosphere significantly changed. Based on the discovery of modern seafloor hydrothermal vents, it is possible that reductive environment controlled by vent system is related to the environment where BIF was deposited. According to matter source.
基金The Laoshan Laboratory Project under contract No.LSKJ202204103the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41322036 and 41776070+1 种基金the Qingdao Postdoctoral Sustentation Foundation under contract No.QDBSH20220202147the Taishan Scholarship from Shandong Province under contract No.tstp20230643.
文摘Subducted sediments,as an integral part of subducted slab,can strongly influence the chemistry of volcanic arc lavas,and clarify the relationship between subduction input and arc output,which is the focus of the subduction factory theory in the context of plate tectonics.In this study,we analyzed major and trace element compositions of the subducting sediments from two sites[Deep Sea Drilling Program(DSDP)Site 495 and Ocean Drilling Program(ODP)Site 1039]at the different locations along the Middle America Trench.The results showed that the sediments from these two sites are mainly composed of terrigenous material,carbonate components,and biogenic silicate in different proportions.In order to reduce the effects of the variations in subduction topography on the chemical composition of sediments,we recalculated the bulk subducted sediment composition at northern and southern Central America subduction zone,and identified the Nicaragua Fracture Zone as the dividing line for northern and southern subducting sediments at Middle America Trench.Compared to the global trench subducting sediment,both the subducting sediments from northern and southern Central America subduction zone exhibit lower contents of terrigenous material-controlled elements and are more enriched in the biogenic components-controlled elements.We suggested that the variations in both chemical compositions for sediments and subduction angles are responsible for the different contributions of subducting sediments to volcanic arc magmatism in the northern Central America.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51574019)
文摘High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values.Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass,both wastes were fully utilized,thus reducing the negative impact on the environment.In this study,variables such as temperature,time,and amount of reactants were changed to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction of steel slag with carbonized rice husk at high temperatures.The actual amount of reducing agent consumed during the reduction was significantly greater than that predicted by theoretical calculations.Adding three carbon equivalent of carbonized rice husk and maintaining at 1500℃ for 30 min could remove 79.25% of P_(2)O_(5) in the slag.By modeling the material cycle in which high phosphorus steel slag was treated with biomass,the product could be used for crop growth.Meanwhile,the reduced iron and residual steel slag can be used tomake steel again,thereby leading to a sharp reduction in fossil fuel usage and greenhouse gas emissions in this process.
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China("863"Program,No.2011AA11A288)
文摘By the application of life cycle assessment(LCA) methodology, this paper estimates the environmental impacts of production and disposal of traction motors used in electric vehicles in China. The results show that the total energy use, the criteria emissions and the greenhouse gases(GHG) emissions of a traction motor production and disposal are about 2,899,MJ, 4.5,kg and 259.5,kg per motor, respectively. Among the regulated emissions, the SOxemission ranks first by total mass, followed by CO, PM10, NOx, PM2.5, and volatile organic compound(VOC). The motor material production stage accounts for most of the energy consumption and emissions, followed by the assembly stage and the end-of-life disposal stage. In this study, the environmental performance analysis is extended to the comparison between the use of secondary material and primary material for the material production stage. It is found that using 100% secondary material results in a 52.9% reduction in energy consumption, a 49.8% reduction in regulated emissions, and a 49.3% reduction in GHG emissions compared with the use of 100% primary material.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51208396 and 21277017)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2013-Ia-36 and 2013-Ia-39)the Selfdetermined and Innovative Research Funds of WUT(136814016)
文摘To alleviate the main limitations of lithium ion diffusion rate and poor electronic conductivity for LiFePO4 cathode material, it is desirable to synthesize nano-size LiFePO4 material due to its enhanced electronic and lithium ion transport rates and thus an improved high-rate performance. However, our previous synthesized LiFePO4 nanorods only exhibited low high-rate and slightly unstable cycle performance. Possible reasons are the poor crystallization and Fe2＋ oxidation of LiFePO4 nanorods prepared by hydrothermal method. In this paper, LiFePO4 nanorods were simply dealt with at 700 ℃ for 4 h under the protection of Ar and H2 mixture gas. The electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/Li cells were investigated by galvanostatic test and cyclic voltammetry（CV）. The experimental results indicated that the annealed LiFePO4 nanorods delivered an excellent cycling stability and obviously improved capacity of 150 mA·h·g-1 at 1C, and even 122 mA·h·g-1 at 5C.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42288201,42202162,92255303,and 42372162)。
文摘Oil and gas will remain the dominant components of global primary energy consumption during the energy transition period.Innovations in petroleum geology and exploration and development technologies are critical for advancing the energy revolution.Building on a systematic review of the formation and evolution of classical petroleum geology,this paper proposes a new theoretical content and research framework of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment through in-depth analyses of the Earth's multi-spheric coupling mechanisms and cross-spheric cycling processes of volatiles.The core concept of this new theory lies in the principles of Earth system science and multi-spheric interactions,and the aim is to unravel the interplay between Earth system materials and energy cycles and dynamic processes in controlling hydrocarbon formation and enrichment.We reassess the global oil and gas resource potential and identify future exploration priorities and frontier domains for petroleum geology.By focusing on volatile-mediated multi-spheric exchange processes and setting them as a breakthrough,this framework aims to examine the genetic linkages among deep Earth processes,climatic environments,basin evolution,biological activities,and petroleum systems.The additional goals of this research are to decode the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrocarbon resources across diverse scales and types and to establish a novel theoretical paradigm for optimizing target prioritization of both mature field revitalization and frontier play assessment.By integrating the theory of multi-spheric interaction-driven hydrocarbon formation and enrichment with the artificial intelligence powered large-scale model tailored to the petroleum exploration and production industry,this initiative provides transformative scientific and technological underpinning for advancing the ongoing global energy revolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42322303)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFF0804404)。
文摘1.Introduction Plate tectonics is a vital process in maintaining Earth's habitability.Subduction,as one of the primary driving forces of plate tectonics,triggers material cycling and energy transfer between Earth's different spheres,and gives rise to a series of geological,resource,and environmental effects(Plank and Manning,2019;Zheng,2023;Sun,2024).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42273043)。
文摘Subduction zone fluids are a key agent for mass transfer and energy transport at convergent plate margins.Fluid action in subduction zones is of great significance for understanding volcanism,earthquakes,crust-mantle material cycling,and the evolution of Earth's habitability.In general,subduction zone fluids are generated by breakdown of hydrous minerals in the subducting lithosphere,and the thermodynamic stability of such minerals is dictated by the thermal structure,rock composition and tectonic evolution of subduction zones.Therefore,understanding the stability of hydrous minerals is the key to constraining the source,property,migration,and effect of subduction zone fluids.Fluid geochemistry provides an integrated approach to address this key issue.Although the existence of fluid components in subduction zones was recognized as early as the 1970s,the geochemical composition of subduction zone fluids was reasonably determined with the advances in high-pressure hightemperature experimental techniques and micro-scale in-situ analytical methods since entering the 21 st century.The property of subduction zone fluids has been progressively recognized from aqueous solutions through hydrous melts to supercritical fluids.Current geochemical research on subduction zone fluids has integrated various major influencing factors such as the thermal structure of subduction zones,the chemical composition and physical properties of different types of fluids,and geodynamic processes of generating the fluids.This has led to a series of systematic progresses that have greatly advanced the knowledge of crustal material cycling and crust-mantle interaction in subduction zones.
