During drilling operations in deep fractured tight gas reservoirs,lost circulation of working fluid frequently occurs due to the formationʼs low pressure-bearing capacity.Adding lost circulation materials(LCMs)to dril...During drilling operations in deep fractured tight gas reservoirs,lost circulation of working fluid frequently occurs due to the formationʼs low pressure-bearing capacity.Adding lost circulation materials(LCMs)to drilling fluids is the most common method for controlling lost circulation.Among these,granular LCMs are widely used,but the application frequency of flaky LCMs has been increasing annually due to their unique morphology.However,the migration and plugging behavior of flaky LCMs within fractures,and the mechanisms enhancing the pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging zone are not well understood.Therefore,this study conducted visual plugging experiments and dynamic fracture plugging experiments to evaluate the plugging mode and pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging slurry with various particle sizes and concentrations of flaky LCMs.The experimental results demonstrate that the fracture plugging process can be divided into four stages:uniform flow stage of the plugging slurry,formation and development stage of the bridging area,formation and development stage of the plugging area,and pressure-bearing stage of the plugging zone.The inclusion of flaky LCMs notably reduces the duration of stages 1 and 2,while simultaneously increasing the proportion of the plugging zone and enhancing its surface porosity.Flaky LCMs reduce the effective fracture width through“interception”and“co-bridging”modes,thus improving plugging zone formation efficiency.Appropriate particle size and concentration of flaky LCMs increase the area and length of the plugging zone.This reduces the fracture width increment caused by injection pressure and enhances frictional force between the plugging zone and fracture surface,thereby improving the pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging zone.However,excessively high concentrations of flaky LCMs result in decreased structural stability of the plugging zone,and excessively large particle sizes increase the risk of plugging outside fracture inlet.The recommended concentration of flaky LCMs in the plugging slurry is 2%–3%,with a particle size 1.2 to 1.5 times that of the bridging granular LCMs and not exceeding twice the fracture width.This study provides a theoretical foundation for selecting LCMs and designing plugging formulations for field applications.展开更多
Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(L...Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(LCMs)to seal fractures associated with the wellbore.In this work,a numerical model accounting for the deformation of surrounding rock,fluid flow in the fracture,fracture propagation,and the transport of LCMs is presented to investigate the wellbore strengthening,from the fracture initiation to the fracture arrest,due to plugs formed by LCMs.The equations governing the rock deformation and fluid flow are solved by the dual boundary element method and the finite volume method,respectively.The transport of LCMs is solved based on an empirical constitutive model in suspension flow,and several characteristic quantities are derived by dimensional analysis.It is found that two dimensionless parameters,dimensionless toughness and normalized initial particle concentration,control the migration of LCM particles.The numerical results show that the dimensionless toughness influences the entrance and bridging of LCMs while the initial concentration controls the location of the particle bridging.When the initial concentration is larger than 0.8,the particle bridging tends to occur near the fracture entry.Conversely,when the initial concentration is less than 0.8,the particle bridging occurs near the fracture tip.This work provides an effective tool to predict the LCM transport and plugging in the wellbore strengthening process.展开更多
Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulatio...Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulation.However,conventional LCMs seem ineffective in high-temperature formations.This may be due to the changes in the mechanical properties of LCMs and their sealing performance under high-temperature conditions.To understand how high temperature affects the fracture sealing performance of LCMs,we developed a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method(CFD-DEM)model to simulate the behavior of granular LCMs in fractures.We summarized the literature on the effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of LCMs and the rheological properties of drilling fluid.We conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate how changing LCM slurry properties affected the fracture sealing efficiency at increasing temperatures.The results show that high temperature reduces the size,strength,and friction coefficient of LCMs as well as the drilling fluid viscosity.Smaller,softer,and less frictional LCM particles have lower bridging probability and slower bridging initiation.Smaller particles tend to form dual-particle bridges rather than single-particle bridges.These result in a deeper,tighter,but unstable sealing zone.Reduced drilling fluid viscosity leads to faster and shallower sealing zones.展开更多
Loss of drilling fluids in large porous and fractured zones inevitably up-regulates the overall cost of drilling.As a type of acid-soluble cement,magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement is arousing huge attention for the less...Loss of drilling fluids in large porous and fractured zones inevitably up-regulates the overall cost of drilling.As a type of acid-soluble cement,magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement is arousing huge attention for the less hygroscopic nature and less damaging to steel casings compared with magnesium oxychloride(MOC)cement.The present study developed MOS cement as a fast setting,high strength and acid-soluble lost circulation material to reduce the problem of losses.As suggested in this study,a higher strength of MOS cement at 70℃could be achieved by elevating M_(g)O/MgSO_(4)·7 H_(2)O molar ratio or downregulating H_(2)O/MgSO_(4)·7 H_(2)O molar ratio.Boric acid and borax could act as effective retarders.Plugging slurry based on MOS cement could effectively block the simulated porous loss zones exhibiting a diameter from 1.24 mm to 1.55 mm,as well as the fractured loss zones with a width from 2 mm to 5 mm and bearing a pressure difference up to 8 MPa.Permeability recovery test demonstrated that it facilitated future oil and gas production.The successful field application in the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,China verified the significant plugging effect of MOS cement for severe loss problems.展开更多
Lost circulations have presented great challenges to the petroleum industry, causing great expenditures of cash and time to fighting the problem. Probably the most problematic situations are the naturally fractured fo...Lost circulations have presented great challenges to the petroleum industry, causing great expenditures of cash and time to fighting the problem. Probably the most problematic situations are the naturally fractured formations where the operator may face total loss with no mud return in the annular. The voids or large fracture encountered in this case are often far too large to be plugged with conventional Lost Circulation Material. This paper will give a detailed introduction on a novel composite gel material usable to control severe losses and pressurization sealing. The plugging mechanics of this new composite gel material, which is different from conventional lost circulation materials, were elaborated as well. In addition, the properties of the new composite gel material such as thermostability, sealing strength and bearing resistance are characterized with specific experimental devices. The experimental results proved that the breakdown pressure of the new plugging reached more than 20MPa, and the maximum degraded temperature can be exceed 130℃. The field application at 4 wells in Puguang gas field, SINOPEC, demonstrated that the new composite gel material solved the serious loss in Ordovician carbonate fractured formation successfully and guaranteed the following completion cement operation smoothly. The composite gel sealing slurries, which was easily prepared on site, gives remarkable properties regarding pumping through drill pipes, adjustment of setting time and excellent sealing strength of the lost zone sealing, additionally, the whole pressurization sealing process was complicated within only ten hours. The on-site results show that the plugging ratio of the new composite gel was reached 100%, and the success rate of sealing operation kept above 80%.Thus the new LCM can guarantee safe drilling jobs and save operation cost more effectively.展开更多
On basis of analysis on agroforestry-animal husbandry ecosystem characters, the research explored nutrient flow model of material cycle and carbon cycle and agroforestry-animal husbandry mutualism model and supporting...On basis of analysis on agroforestry-animal husbandry ecosystem characters, the research explored nutrient flow model of material cycle and carbon cycle and agroforestry-animal husbandry mutualism model and supporting technology in Yangtze-Huaihe Region, taking Robinia pseudoacacia stand and rubber garden as an example.展开更多
Ultra-deep geological conditions are complex, often leading to leakage issues. As the depth increases during ultra-deep bridging lost-circulation operations, the varying settling velocities of different types of lost ...Ultra-deep geological conditions are complex, often leading to leakage issues. As the depth increases during ultra-deep bridging lost-circulation operations, the varying settling velocities of different types of lost circulation materials(LCMs) lead to gravitational differentiation. This causes stratification of the LCMs, forming an unevenly dispersed system and reduced plugging efficacy. An experimental methodology is described for assessing the density suitability between LCMs and drilling fluids, which calculates the density suitability factor(DSF) by measuring the density of the plugging slurry at various locations after a designated resting period, ultimately evaluating its density suitability based on the DSF. Experimental results indicate that LCMs with lower densities demonstrate superior density suitability compared to those with higher densities. Smaller particle sizes(10-40 mesh) show better density suitability than larger ones(2-6 mesh). Fracture-plugging experiments validated this method, the plugging slurry composed of a good density suitability material, such as walnut shells, exhibited no notable gravitational differentiation after 2 h, achieving a maximum plugging pressure of 16.4 MPa with88 m L of total volume loss. In contrast, the slurry formed with poorly density suitability materials, such as calcite, showed significant gravitational differentiation after 2 h, achieving only 9.6 MPa in maximum plugging pressure and a total volume loss of 96 m L. These findings highlight that LCMs with superior density suitability enhance plugging efficiency, highlighting the critical role of density suitability testing and the optimization of plugging formulations to improve the success of plugging operations.展开更多
By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured f...By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured formations have been summarized. Meanwhile, based on the types of lost circulation materials, the advantages, disadvantages, and application effects of corresponding plugging technologies have been analyzed to sort out the key problems existing in the current lost circulation control technologies. On this basis, the development direction of plugging technology for severe loss have been pointed out. It is suggested that that the lost circulation control technology should combine different disciplines such as geology, engineering and materials to realize integration, intelligence and systematization in the future. Five research aspects should be focused on:(1) the study on mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control to provide basis for scientific selection of lost circulation material formulas, control methods and processes;(2) the research and development of self-adaptive lost circulation materials to improve the matching relationship between lost control materials and fracture scales;(3) the research and development of lost circulation materials with strong retention and strong filling in three-dimensional fracture space, to enhance the retention and filling capacities of materials in fractures and improve the lost circulation control effect;(4) the research and development of lost circulation materials with high temperature tolerance, to ensure the long-term plugging effect of deep high-temperature formations;(5) the study on digital and intelligent lost circulation control technology, to promote the development of lost circulation control technology to digital and intelligent direction.展开更多
Lost circulation of drilling fluid is an international engineering problem during drilling.Aiming at the problems of the first-time lost circulation control success rate and poor adaptability of traditional lost circu...Lost circulation of drilling fluid is an international engineering problem during drilling.Aiming at the problems of the first-time lost circulation control success rate and poor adaptability of traditional lost circulation materials,a new self-healing lost circulation material based on dynamic disulfide bonds was prepared and named CKSH.In this paper,the particle size of self-healing lost circulation material was from 0.1 to 5 mm.The structure was analyzed by modern characterization means,and the drilling fluid compatibility,self-healing performance were evaluated.The self-healing and bridging-filling-sealing mechanism of CKSH were revealed.The results showed that the healing rate of CKSH could reach100%after 12 h over 70℃.It showed good compatibility with drilling fluid,with no effect on rheology or filtration loss.It could be stably suspended in drilling fluid,and the temperature resistance reached140℃.Healing by self-healing lost circulation materials of different particle size,the pressure bearing capacity of plugging zone were over 12 MPa for fracture opening of 1–5 mm.It could play a synergistic role with traditional lost circulation materials by chemical bonding,and the repeated loss caused by physical plugging was avoided.The research results of this paper can improve the bridging plugging bearing pressure strength and the first-time lost circulation control success rate,which is of great significance for improving drilling efficiency and reducing non-productive time.展开更多
Lost circulation critically jeopardizes drilling safety and efficiency,and remains an unresolved challenge in oil and gas engineering.In this paper,by utilizing the self-developed dynamic plugging apparatus and synthe...Lost circulation critically jeopardizes drilling safety and efficiency,and remains an unresolved challenge in oil and gas engineering.In this paper,by utilizing the self-developed dynamic plugging apparatus and synthetic cores containing large-scale fractures,experimental research on the circulation plugging of different materials was conducted.Based on the D90 rule and fracture mechanical aperture model,we analyze the location of plugging layer under dynamic plugging mechanism.By setting different parameters of fracture width and injection pressure,the laws of cyclic plugging time,pressure bearing capacity and plugging layers formation were investigated.The results show that the comprehensive analysis of particle size and fracture aperture provides an accurate judgment of the entrance-plugging phenomenon.The bridging of solid materials in the leakage channel is a gradual process,and the formation of a stable plug requires 2–3 plug-leakage cycles.The first and second cyclic plugging time was positively correlated with the fracture width.Different scales of fractures were successfully plugged with the bearing pressure greater than 6 MPa,but there were significant differences in the composition of the plugging layer.The experimental results can effectively prove that the utilized plugging agent is effective and provides an effective reference for dynamic plugging operation.展开更多
Using Na15NO3 and 15NH4Cl as tracer, we studied the transfer of 15N along the food chain composed oforganisms such as Platymonas subcordiformis, Artemia salina, Penaeus penicillatus and Liza carinatus . The abundancea...Using Na15NO3 and 15NH4Cl as tracer, we studied the transfer of 15N along the food chain composed oforganisms such as Platymonas subcordiformis, Artemia salina, Penaeus penicillatus and Liza carinatus . The abundanceand atomic percentage of 15N in each organism, as well as the transfer of 15N among different biological phases weremeasured. Results show that, in the nutrient transfer from low level to high level along the md chain in the mediaof 15NH4Cl, the transfer rate of Artemia salina→Liza carinatus exceeded 3% and was higher than that in Na15NO3; the accumulation of 15N in the bodies of Liza carinatus with 15NH4Cl as media was also higher than that withNa 15NO3 as media.展开更多
Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and...Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and all the factors influencing the mud to bridge through fractures or pore throat of exposed rocks.Loss circulation materials(LCMs)are commonly introduced into the drilling mud to prevent or minimize filtrate loss.This study investigates silica nanoparticle(SNP)derived from rice husk(RH)termed RH-SNP using the wet-milling method as an LCM inwater-based mud(WBM).The impact of the RH-SNP in the enhancement of rheology and filtrate loss control properties of WBM was studied.Subsequently,the sealing integrity of the RH-SNP in a 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min was determined using a stainless-steel slotted filter disk.The performance of the developed RH-SNP was compared with the widely applied nutshell.The synthesized RH-SNP at amount of 2.0 wt% significantly enhanced the yield point and plastic viscosity of the WBM by 75% and 386%,respectively,and minimized the fluid loss of the WBM by 47% at 80°F.The enhancement is due to the particles ability to spread and interact efficiently with the WBM.With the use of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min,the mud loss volume of the base mud reduced by 50%,66.7%,86%,and 90%(for 1 mm)and 40%,65.7%,77.1%,and 80%(for 2 mm)with the inclusion of 0.5 wt%,1.0 wt%,1.5 wt%,and 2.0 wt% of RH-SNP,respectively.Overall,the results showed that RH-SNP enhanced the seal integrity of the drilling mud and was more resistant to deformation compared to the nutshell.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of RH-SNP as a loss circulation agent owing to its superior ability to seal fractured formation compared with the often used nutshell.展开更多
Working fluids loss is a major contributor to low productivity during production process of fractured tight reservoirs.Lost circulation control effect directly related to the tribological behavior between fracture sur...Working fluids loss is a major contributor to low productivity during production process of fractured tight reservoirs.Lost circulation control effect directly related to the tribological behavior between fracture surface and lost circulation materials(LCMs).In this study,the friction coefficient(FC)was investigated using typical clastic rocks and LCMs by considering multiple effect factors divided into external condition and internal condition.The results show that normal load had a relatively high effect on sliding model.A positive correlation was observed between FC and asperities heights.FC decreased induced by particle size degradation of rigid LCMs.Elastic LCMs manifested higher FC compared with rigid LCMs.Under the lubrication condition by working fluid,FC of rigid LCMs was mainly controlled by their surface wettability.FC of organic LCMs is more sensitive to high temperature aging than inorganic LCMs.Fracture plugging experiments show that LCMs optimized based on the research results can effectively improve the efficiency and strength of fracture plugging.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274009).
文摘During drilling operations in deep fractured tight gas reservoirs,lost circulation of working fluid frequently occurs due to the formationʼs low pressure-bearing capacity.Adding lost circulation materials(LCMs)to drilling fluids is the most common method for controlling lost circulation.Among these,granular LCMs are widely used,but the application frequency of flaky LCMs has been increasing annually due to their unique morphology.However,the migration and plugging behavior of flaky LCMs within fractures,and the mechanisms enhancing the pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging zone are not well understood.Therefore,this study conducted visual plugging experiments and dynamic fracture plugging experiments to evaluate the plugging mode and pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging slurry with various particle sizes and concentrations of flaky LCMs.The experimental results demonstrate that the fracture plugging process can be divided into four stages:uniform flow stage of the plugging slurry,formation and development stage of the bridging area,formation and development stage of the plugging area,and pressure-bearing stage of the plugging zone.The inclusion of flaky LCMs notably reduces the duration of stages 1 and 2,while simultaneously increasing the proportion of the plugging zone and enhancing its surface porosity.Flaky LCMs reduce the effective fracture width through“interception”and“co-bridging”modes,thus improving plugging zone formation efficiency.Appropriate particle size and concentration of flaky LCMs increase the area and length of the plugging zone.This reduces the fracture width increment caused by injection pressure and enhances frictional force between the plugging zone and fracture surface,thereby improving the pressure-bearing capacity of the plugging zone.However,excessively high concentrations of flaky LCMs result in decreased structural stability of the plugging zone,and excessively large particle sizes increase the risk of plugging outside fracture inlet.The recommended concentration of flaky LCMs in the plugging slurry is 2%–3%,with a particle size 1.2 to 1.5 times that of the bridging granular LCMs and not exceeding twice the fracture width.This study provides a theoretical foundation for selecting LCMs and designing plugging formulations for field applications.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52371279)the Program for International Exchange and Cooperation in Education by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China(Grant No.57220500123).
文摘Lost circulation of drilling fluid is one of the most common and costly problems in drilling operations.This highlights the importance of wellbore strengthening treatment sthat can utilize lost circulation materials(LCMs)to seal fractures associated with the wellbore.In this work,a numerical model accounting for the deformation of surrounding rock,fluid flow in the fracture,fracture propagation,and the transport of LCMs is presented to investigate the wellbore strengthening,from the fracture initiation to the fracture arrest,due to plugs formed by LCMs.The equations governing the rock deformation and fluid flow are solved by the dual boundary element method and the finite volume method,respectively.The transport of LCMs is solved based on an empirical constitutive model in suspension flow,and several characteristic quantities are derived by dimensional analysis.It is found that two dimensionless parameters,dimensionless toughness and normalized initial particle concentration,control the migration of LCM particles.The numerical results show that the dimensionless toughness influences the entrance and bridging of LCMs while the initial concentration controls the location of the particle bridging.When the initial concentration is larger than 0.8,the particle bridging tends to occur near the fracture entry.Conversely,when the initial concentration is less than 0.8,the particle bridging occurs near the fracture tip.This work provides an effective tool to predict the LCM transport and plugging in the wellbore strengthening process.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52274009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M723501)Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province(Grant No.2021YJ0359).
文摘Lost circulation is a common downhole problem of drilling in geothermal and high-temperature,high-pressure(HTHP)formations.Lost circulation material(LCM)is a regular preventive and remedial measure for lost circulation.However,conventional LCMs seem ineffective in high-temperature formations.This may be due to the changes in the mechanical properties of LCMs and their sealing performance under high-temperature conditions.To understand how high temperature affects the fracture sealing performance of LCMs,we developed a coupled computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method(CFD-DEM)model to simulate the behavior of granular LCMs in fractures.We summarized the literature on the effects of high temperature on the mechanical properties of LCMs and the rheological properties of drilling fluid.We conducted sensitivity analyses to investigate how changing LCM slurry properties affected the fracture sealing efficiency at increasing temperatures.The results show that high temperature reduces the size,strength,and friction coefficient of LCMs as well as the drilling fluid viscosity.Smaller,softer,and less frictional LCM particles have lower bridging probability and slower bridging initiation.Smaller particles tend to form dual-particle bridges rather than single-particle bridges.These result in a deeper,tighter,but unstable sealing zone.Reduced drilling fluid viscosity leads to faster and shallower sealing zones.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.51874329 and Grant No.52004297 and Grant No.51991361)the National Natural Science Innovation Population of China(Grant No.51821092)+1 种基金the Strategic Cooperation Technology Projects of CNPC and CUPB(Grant No.ZLZX2020-01)Cooperation projects of CCDC and CUPB(CQ2021B-33-Z2-3)。
文摘Loss of drilling fluids in large porous and fractured zones inevitably up-regulates the overall cost of drilling.As a type of acid-soluble cement,magnesium oxysulfate(MOS)cement is arousing huge attention for the less hygroscopic nature and less damaging to steel casings compared with magnesium oxychloride(MOC)cement.The present study developed MOS cement as a fast setting,high strength and acid-soluble lost circulation material to reduce the problem of losses.As suggested in this study,a higher strength of MOS cement at 70℃could be achieved by elevating M_(g)O/MgSO_(4)·7 H_(2)O molar ratio or downregulating H_(2)O/MgSO_(4)·7 H_(2)O molar ratio.Boric acid and borax could act as effective retarders.Plugging slurry based on MOS cement could effectively block the simulated porous loss zones exhibiting a diameter from 1.24 mm to 1.55 mm,as well as the fractured loss zones with a width from 2 mm to 5 mm and bearing a pressure difference up to 8 MPa.Permeability recovery test demonstrated that it facilitated future oil and gas production.The successful field application in the Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,China verified the significant plugging effect of MOS cement for severe loss problems.
文摘Lost circulations have presented great challenges to the petroleum industry, causing great expenditures of cash and time to fighting the problem. Probably the most problematic situations are the naturally fractured formations where the operator may face total loss with no mud return in the annular. The voids or large fracture encountered in this case are often far too large to be plugged with conventional Lost Circulation Material. This paper will give a detailed introduction on a novel composite gel material usable to control severe losses and pressurization sealing. The plugging mechanics of this new composite gel material, which is different from conventional lost circulation materials, were elaborated as well. In addition, the properties of the new composite gel material such as thermostability, sealing strength and bearing resistance are characterized with specific experimental devices. The experimental results proved that the breakdown pressure of the new plugging reached more than 20MPa, and the maximum degraded temperature can be exceed 130℃. The field application at 4 wells in Puguang gas field, SINOPEC, demonstrated that the new composite gel material solved the serious loss in Ordovician carbonate fractured formation successfully and guaranteed the following completion cement operation smoothly. The composite gel sealing slurries, which was easily prepared on site, gives remarkable properties regarding pumping through drill pipes, adjustment of setting time and excellent sealing strength of the lost zone sealing, additionally, the whole pressurization sealing process was complicated within only ten hours. The on-site results show that the plugging ratio of the new composite gel was reached 100%, and the success rate of sealing operation kept above 80%.Thus the new LCM can guarantee safe drilling jobs and save operation cost more effectively.
基金Supported by the National S&T Support Program during the Twelfth Five-year Pla Period(2012BAD14B13)~~
文摘On basis of analysis on agroforestry-animal husbandry ecosystem characters, the research explored nutrient flow model of material cycle and carbon cycle and agroforestry-animal husbandry mutualism model and supporting technology in Yangtze-Huaihe Region, taking Robinia pseudoacacia stand and rubber garden as an example.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52274009,51604236)the Sichuan Province Youth Science and technology innovation team project(No.2021JDTD0017)the Sichuan Province Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2018JY0436).
文摘Ultra-deep geological conditions are complex, often leading to leakage issues. As the depth increases during ultra-deep bridging lost-circulation operations, the varying settling velocities of different types of lost circulation materials(LCMs) lead to gravitational differentiation. This causes stratification of the LCMs, forming an unevenly dispersed system and reduced plugging efficacy. An experimental methodology is described for assessing the density suitability between LCMs and drilling fluids, which calculates the density suitability factor(DSF) by measuring the density of the plugging slurry at various locations after a designated resting period, ultimately evaluating its density suitability based on the DSF. Experimental results indicate that LCMs with lower densities demonstrate superior density suitability compared to those with higher densities. Smaller particle sizes(10-40 mesh) show better density suitability than larger ones(2-6 mesh). Fracture-plugging experiments validated this method, the plugging slurry composed of a good density suitability material, such as walnut shells, exhibited no notable gravitational differentiation after 2 h, achieving a maximum plugging pressure of 16.4 MPa with88 m L of total volume loss. In contrast, the slurry formed with poorly density suitability materials, such as calcite, showed significant gravitational differentiation after 2 h, achieving only 9.6 MPa in maximum plugging pressure and a total volume loss of 96 m L. These findings highlight that LCMs with superior density suitability enhance plugging efficiency, highlighting the critical role of density suitability testing and the optimization of plugging formulations to improve the success of plugging operations.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51991361,52074327,U1762212)Major Engineering Technology Field Tes Project of CNPC(2020F-45)。
文摘By reviewing the mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control in fractured formations, the applicability and working mechanisms of different kinds of lost circulation materials in plugging fractured formations have been summarized. Meanwhile, based on the types of lost circulation materials, the advantages, disadvantages, and application effects of corresponding plugging technologies have been analyzed to sort out the key problems existing in the current lost circulation control technologies. On this basis, the development direction of plugging technology for severe loss have been pointed out. It is suggested that that the lost circulation control technology should combine different disciplines such as geology, engineering and materials to realize integration, intelligence and systematization in the future. Five research aspects should be focused on:(1) the study on mechanisms of drilling fluid lost circulation and its control to provide basis for scientific selection of lost circulation material formulas, control methods and processes;(2) the research and development of self-adaptive lost circulation materials to improve the matching relationship between lost control materials and fracture scales;(3) the research and development of lost circulation materials with strong retention and strong filling in three-dimensional fracture space, to enhance the retention and filling capacities of materials in fractures and improve the lost circulation control effect;(4) the research and development of lost circulation materials with high temperature tolerance, to ensure the long-term plugging effect of deep high-temperature formations;(5) the study on digital and intelligent lost circulation control technology, to promote the development of lost circulation control technology to digital and intelligent direction.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(52304006,52274032,and 51774062)the General Project of the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation(CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1554 and CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0349)Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Reservoir Protection Technology of Oilfields and Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Field Chemistry,Universities of Shaanxi Province(XSYU-CCCE-2402).
文摘Lost circulation of drilling fluid is an international engineering problem during drilling.Aiming at the problems of the first-time lost circulation control success rate and poor adaptability of traditional lost circulation materials,a new self-healing lost circulation material based on dynamic disulfide bonds was prepared and named CKSH.In this paper,the particle size of self-healing lost circulation material was from 0.1 to 5 mm.The structure was analyzed by modern characterization means,and the drilling fluid compatibility,self-healing performance were evaluated.The self-healing and bridging-filling-sealing mechanism of CKSH were revealed.The results showed that the healing rate of CKSH could reach100%after 12 h over 70℃.It showed good compatibility with drilling fluid,with no effect on rheology or filtration loss.It could be stably suspended in drilling fluid,and the temperature resistance reached140℃.Healing by self-healing lost circulation materials of different particle size,the pressure bearing capacity of plugging zone were over 12 MPa for fracture opening of 1–5 mm.It could play a synergistic role with traditional lost circulation materials by chemical bonding,and the repeated loss caused by physical plugging was avoided.The research results of this paper can improve the bridging plugging bearing pressure strength and the first-time lost circulation control success rate,which is of great significance for improving drilling efficiency and reducing non-productive time.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52422402)。
文摘Lost circulation critically jeopardizes drilling safety and efficiency,and remains an unresolved challenge in oil and gas engineering.In this paper,by utilizing the self-developed dynamic plugging apparatus and synthetic cores containing large-scale fractures,experimental research on the circulation plugging of different materials was conducted.Based on the D90 rule and fracture mechanical aperture model,we analyze the location of plugging layer under dynamic plugging mechanism.By setting different parameters of fracture width and injection pressure,the laws of cyclic plugging time,pressure bearing capacity and plugging layers formation were investigated.The results show that the comprehensive analysis of particle size and fracture aperture provides an accurate judgment of the entrance-plugging phenomenon.The bridging of solid materials in the leakage channel is a gradual process,and the formation of a stable plug requires 2–3 plug-leakage cycles.The first and second cyclic plugging time was positively correlated with the fracture width.Different scales of fractures were successfully plugged with the bearing pressure greater than 6 MPa,but there were significant differences in the composition of the plugging layer.The experimental results can effectively prove that the utilized plugging agent is effective and provides an effective reference for dynamic plugging operation.
文摘Using Na15NO3 and 15NH4Cl as tracer, we studied the transfer of 15N along the food chain composed oforganisms such as Platymonas subcordiformis, Artemia salina, Penaeus penicillatus and Liza carinatus . The abundanceand atomic percentage of 15N in each organism, as well as the transfer of 15N among different biological phases weremeasured. Results show that, in the nutrient transfer from low level to high level along the md chain in the mediaof 15NH4Cl, the transfer rate of Artemia salina→Liza carinatus exceeded 3% and was higher than that in Na15NO3; the accumulation of 15N in the bodies of Liza carinatus with 15NH4Cl as media was also higher than that withNa 15NO3 as media.
基金Ministry of Higher Education,Malaysia and UTM for the grants used to support this research(Q.J130000.3551.07G12,R.J130000.7851.5F030,Q.J1300003551.06G68,R.J1300007351.4B545)。
文摘Seepage or loss of the mix-water from the drilling muds into the porous and permeable formations is a common problem during drilling operation.The drilling mud design requires a good knowledge of sealing integrity and all the factors influencing the mud to bridge through fractures or pore throat of exposed rocks.Loss circulation materials(LCMs)are commonly introduced into the drilling mud to prevent or minimize filtrate loss.This study investigates silica nanoparticle(SNP)derived from rice husk(RH)termed RH-SNP using the wet-milling method as an LCM inwater-based mud(WBM).The impact of the RH-SNP in the enhancement of rheology and filtrate loss control properties of WBM was studied.Subsequently,the sealing integrity of the RH-SNP in a 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min was determined using a stainless-steel slotted filter disk.The performance of the developed RH-SNP was compared with the widely applied nutshell.The synthesized RH-SNP at amount of 2.0 wt% significantly enhanced the yield point and plastic viscosity of the WBM by 75% and 386%,respectively,and minimized the fluid loss of the WBM by 47% at 80°F.The enhancement is due to the particles ability to spread and interact efficiently with the WBM.With the use of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated fracture for 7 min,the mud loss volume of the base mud reduced by 50%,66.7%,86%,and 90%(for 1 mm)and 40%,65.7%,77.1%,and 80%(for 2 mm)with the inclusion of 0.5 wt%,1.0 wt%,1.5 wt%,and 2.0 wt% of RH-SNP,respectively.Overall,the results showed that RH-SNP enhanced the seal integrity of the drilling mud and was more resistant to deformation compared to the nutshell.The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the application of RH-SNP as a loss circulation agent owing to its superior ability to seal fractured formation compared with the often used nutshell.
基金the Science and technology program of Sichuan Province(2018JY0436)the Innovation Fund for Postgraduates Research of Southwest Petroleum University(2019cxyb027)+2 种基金Important and Special Project of China(No.2016ZX05052)sponsored by the Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China(51604236).
文摘Working fluids loss is a major contributor to low productivity during production process of fractured tight reservoirs.Lost circulation control effect directly related to the tribological behavior between fracture surface and lost circulation materials(LCMs).In this study,the friction coefficient(FC)was investigated using typical clastic rocks and LCMs by considering multiple effect factors divided into external condition and internal condition.The results show that normal load had a relatively high effect on sliding model.A positive correlation was observed between FC and asperities heights.FC decreased induced by particle size degradation of rigid LCMs.Elastic LCMs manifested higher FC compared with rigid LCMs.Under the lubrication condition by working fluid,FC of rigid LCMs was mainly controlled by their surface wettability.FC of organic LCMs is more sensitive to high temperature aging than inorganic LCMs.Fracture plugging experiments show that LCMs optimized based on the research results can effectively improve the efficiency and strength of fracture plugging.
