As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology bas...As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology based on the electrocaloric effect(ECE)has emerged as a highly promising candidate in this field,due to its advantages of high energy efficiency,simple structure,easy miniaturization,low cost,and environmental friendliness.The EC performance of FE materials essentially depends on the phase transition features under the coupled electric and thermal fields,making the E–T phase diagram a core tool for decoding the underlying mechanism of ECE.This paper reviews the development of EC materials,focusing on the comprehensive study of E–T phase diagrams.By correlating the microscopic phase structure of FE materials with the macroscopic physical properties,it clarifies the manipulation mechanism for enhanced ECE performance,providing theoretical support for the targeted design of high-performance EC materials.In the future,the introduction of data-driven methods is expected to enable the high-throughput construction of FE phase diagrams,thereby accelerating the optimization of high-performance EC materials and promoting the practical application of FE refrigeration technology.展开更多
Carbonate gas reservoirs are often characterized by strong heterogeneity,complex inter-well connectivity,extensive edge or bottom water,and unbalanced production,challenges that are also common in many heterogeneous g...Carbonate gas reservoirs are often characterized by strong heterogeneity,complex inter-well connectivity,extensive edge or bottom water,and unbalanced production,challenges that are also common in many heterogeneous gas reservoirs with intricate storage and flow behavior.To address these issues within a unified,data-driven framework,this study develops a multi-block material balance model that accounts for inter-block flow and aquifer influx,and is applicable to a wide range of reservoir types.The model incorporates inter-well and well-group conductive connectivity together with pseudo–steady-state aquifer support.The governing equations are solved using a Newton–Raphson scheme,while particle swarm optimization is employed to estimate formation pressures,inter-well connectivity,and effective aquifer volumes.An unbalanced exploitation factor,UEF,is introduced to quantify production imbalance and to guide development optimization.Validation using a synthetic reservoir model demonstrates that the approach accurately reproduces pressure evolution,crossflow behavior,and water influx.Application to a representative case(the Longwangmiao)field further confirms its robustness under highly heterogeneous conditions,achieving a 12.9%reduction in UEF through optimized production allocation.展开更多
Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptabilit...Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptability and safety.Various materials and actuation strategies have been developed for creating soft robots,among which,ferromagnetic soft materials that self-actuate in response to external magnetic fields have attracted worldwide attention due to their remote controllability and excellent compatibil-ity with biological tissues.This review presents comprehensive and systematic research advancements in the design,fabrication,and applications of ferromagnetic soft materials for miniature robots,providing in-sights into their potential use in biomedical fields and beyond.The programming strategies of ferromag-netic soft materials are summarized and classified,including mold-assisted programming,3D printing-assisted programming,microassembly-assisted programming,and magnetization reprogramming.Each approach possesses unique advantages in manipulating the magnetic responsiveness of ferromagnetic soft materials to achieve outstanding actuation and deformation performances.We then discuss the biomedi-cal applications of ferromagnetic soft material-based soft robots(e.g.,minimally invasive surgery,targeted delivery,and tissue engineering),highlighting their potentials in revolutionizing biomedical technologies.This review also points out the current challenges and provides insights into future research directions,which we hope can serve as a useful reference for the development of next-generation adaptive miniature robots.展开更多
Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,b...Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.展开更多
Supramolecular materials,characterized by dynamic reversibility and responsiveness to environmental stimuli,have found widespread applications in numerous fields.Unlike traditional materials,supramolecular materials t...Supramolecular materials,characterized by dynamic reversibility and responsiveness to environmental stimuli,have found widespread applications in numerous fields.Unlike traditional materials,supramolecular materials that rely on non-covalent interactions can allow spontaneous reorganization and self-healing at room temperature.However,these materials typically exhibit low strength due to the weak bonding energies of non-covalent interactions.This study presents the development of a high-strength self-healing supramolecular material that combines multiple interactions including ionic bonding,hydrogen bonding,and coordination bonding.The material,formed by the aggregation of the negatively charged picolinate-grafted copolymer(PCM)with positively charged hyperbranched molecules(HP),is further enhanced by Eu^(3+)ion complexation.The resulting film exhibits a high modulus of 427 MPa,tensile strength of 10.5 MPa,and toughness of 14.7 MJ m^(−3).Meanwhile,the non-covalent interaction of this supramolecular material endows it with a self-healing efficiency of 92%within 24 h at room temperature,as well as multiple remolding properties.The incorporation of lanthanide ions also imparts tunable fluorescence.This study not only provides insights into the development of high-strength self-healing materials but also offers new possibilities for the functionalization of supramolecular materials.展开更多
Additive manufacturing(AM)offers the unique capability of directly creating three-dimensional complicated ceramic components with high process flexibility and outstanding geometry controllability.However,current ceram...Additive manufacturing(AM)offers the unique capability of directly creating three-dimensional complicated ceramic components with high process flexibility and outstanding geometry controllability.However,current ceramic AM technology is mainly limited to the creation of a single material,which falls short of meeting the multiple functional requirements under increasingly harsh service circumstances.Ceramic multi-material additive manufacturing(MMAM)technology has great potential for integrally producing multi-dimensional multi-functional components,allowing for point-by-point precision manufacturing of programmable performance/functions.However,there is a huge gap between the capabilities of the existing ceramic MMAM technology and the requirements for industrial application.In this review,we discuss and summarize the research status of ceramic MMAM technology from the perspectives of feedstock selection,printing process,post-processing,component performance,and application.Throughout the discussion,the challenges associated with ceramic MMAM such as heterogeneous material coupled printing,heterogeneous interfacial bonding,and co-sintering densification have been put forward.This review aims to bridge the gap between AM technologies and the requirements for multifunctional ceramic components by analyzing the existing limitations in ceramic MMAM and pointing out future needs.展开更多
To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks th...To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks through energy-based strategies,debris flow dynamics are investigated,a coupled SPH-DEM-FEM multiscale model integrating fluid dynamics(SPH),granular mechanics(DEM),and structural mechanics(FEM)is developed to simulate debris flow propagation,material source behavior,and frame structure responses,and to capture cross-scale failure mechanisms.Key findings include the identification of a critical flow velocity threshold of 12 m/s,beyond which solid-phase kinetic energy dominates,inducing 60%-75%capacity loss in central columns via through-cracking.Furthermore,a novel compound failure criterion is proposed based on the solid-liquid energy proportion.The model achieves a boulder impact force prediction error of only 5.47%,significantly outperforming empirical methods in cross-scale accuracy.An optimized 0.3 m layered configuration experimentally reduces impact pulse peaks by 57%through directed energy redistribution,thereby shifting mitigation strategies from structural reinforcement to media modulation.These results establish a robust framework for quantifying failure thresholds,enhancing predictive precision,and innovating energy-based mitigation.By bridging multiscale modeling gaps in geohazard analysis,this study provides actionable insights for infrastructure resilience in debris flow-prone regions through energycentric design principles.展开更多
The bulge test is a widely utilized method for assessing the mechanical properties of thin films,including metals,polymers,and semiconductors.However,as film thickness diminishes to nanometer scales,boundary condition...The bulge test is a widely utilized method for assessing the mechanical properties of thin films,including metals,polymers,and semiconductors.However,as film thickness diminishes to nanometer scales,boundary conditions dominated by weak van der Waals forces significantly impact mechanical responses.Instead of sample fracture,interfacial shear deformation and delamination become the primary deformation modes,thereby challenging the applicability of conventional bulge models.To accommodate the interfacial effect,a modified mechanical model based on the bulge test has been proposed.This review summarizes recent advancements in the bulge test to highlight the potential challenges and opportunities for future research.展开更多
The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in ...The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in the field of life sciences[1−7].Among them,supramolecular materials have garnered increasing attention in life sciences owing to their distinctive self-assembly capabilities and intelligent responsiveness[8−12].展开更多
In recent years,reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality has become an urgent issue for environmental protection and sustainable development.Converting CO_(2) into valuable chemical products through elec...In recent years,reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality has become an urgent issue for environmental protection and sustainable development.Converting CO_(2) into valuable chemical products through electrocatalysis powered by renewable electricity exhibits great potential.However,the electroreduction of CO_(2) heavily relies on efficient catalysts to overcome the required energy barrier due to the high stability of CO_(2).p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts have been proven to be efficient catalysts for electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)due to their unique electronic structure and clear active sites.However,factors such as conductivity and stability limit the practical application of p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts.In this review,we summarize the latest progress of MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts based on typical p-block metals in the field of CO_(2)RR.Then the modification strategies for MOFs-based catalysts and the related catalytic mechanism are briefly introduced.Furthermore,we offer the challenges and prospects of p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts in the hope of providing guidance for potential applications.展开更多
Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with ...Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.展开更多
Supramolecular luminescent materials(SLMs)exhibit exceptional luminescence properties and the ability to be intelligently regulated through diverse assembly approaches,making them highly attractive in the field of lum...Supramolecular luminescent materials(SLMs)exhibit exceptional luminescence properties and the ability to be intelligently regulated through diverse assembly approaches,making them highly attractive in the field of luminescent materials.In recent years,the novel macrocyclic arenes characterized by unique electron-rich structures,ease of derivatization,tunable conformations and even inherent luminescence properties afford much opportunities to create such dynamic smart luminescent materials.The incorporation of macrocyclic arenes into SLMs leads to simple preparation process,diverse photophysical phenomena and sophisticated regulatory mechanisms,which is also currently one of the most frontier and hot topics in macrocyclic and supramolecular chemistry and even luminescent materials.In this review,the research advances in construction and applications of SLMs based on macrocyclic arenes in the last several years will be presented from the different assembly strategies,including host-vip complexes,supramolecular polymers,nanoparticles,and other assemblies.Moreover,some insights into future directions for this research area will also be offered.展开更多
Investigating thermal transport mechanisms at the interface between phase change materials(PCMs)and high thermally conductive fillers has become increasingly significant in developing phase change energy storage techn...Investigating thermal transport mechanisms at the interface between phase change materials(PCMs)and high thermally conductive fillers has become increasingly significant in developing phase change energy storage technologies.This study explores the interfacial thermal transport between a representative PCM,erythritol,and various fillers,including crystalline(Si C,Si_(3)N_(4))and amorphous(Si O_(2))nanoparticles,using molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.Additionally,time-domain thermoreflectance(TDTR)experiments were performed to quantify the interfacial thermal conductance between erythritol and the three types of fillers,yielding values of 50.1,40.0,and25.6 MW m^(–2)K^(-1).These results align well with the trends observed in the simulations.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of interfacial heat transfer were analyzed by examining the phonon density of states,overlap energy,and interaction energy.This research provides innovative insights into nanoscale interfacial thermal transport in composite PCMs.This could lead to significant advancements in thermal management technologies,particularly in developing more efficient thermal energy storage systems.展开更多
CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development o...CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.展开更多
Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforce...Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforced with thermally conductive fillers are widely adopted as thermal interface materials(TIMs).However,the three dimensional(3D)-stacked heterogenous integration of electronic devices has posed the problem that high-density heat sources are spatially distributed in the package.This situation puts forward new requirements for TIMs,where efficient heat dissipation channels must be established according to the specific distribution of discrete heat sources.To address this challenge,a 3D printing-assisted streamline orientation(3D-PSO)method was proposed to fabricate composite thermal materials with 3D programmable microstructures and orientations of fillers,which combines the shape-design capability of 3D printing and oriented control ability of fluid.The mechanism of fluid-based filler orientation control along streamlines was revealed by mechanical analysis of fillers in matrix.Thanks to the designed heat dissipation channels,composites showed better thermal and mechanical properties in comparison to random composites.Specifically,the thermal conductivity of 3D mesh-shape polydimethylsiloxane/liquid metal(PDMS/LM)composite was5.8 times that of random PDMS/LM composite under filler loading of 34.8 vol%.The thermal conductivity enhancement efficiency of 3D mesh-shape PDMS/carbon fibers composite reached101.05%under filler loading of 5.2 vol%.In the heat dissipation application of 3D-stacked chips,the highest chip temperature with 3D-PSO composite was 42.14℃lower than that with random composites.This is mainly attributed to the locally aggregated and oriented fillers'microstructure in fluid channels,which contributes to thermal percolation phenomena.The3D-PSO method exhibits excellent programmable design capabilities to adopt versatile distributions of heat sources,paving a new way to solve the complicated heat dissipation issue in 3D-stacked chips integration application.展开更多
Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for ...Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.展开更多
Under hydrothermal and solvothermal conditions,two novel cobalt-based complexes,{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dtb)]·3.2H_(2)O}n(HU23)and{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dib)]·3.5H2O·DMF}n(HU24),were successfully construct...Under hydrothermal and solvothermal conditions,two novel cobalt-based complexes,{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dtb)]·3.2H_(2)O}n(HU23)and{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dib)]·3.5H2O·DMF}n(HU24),were successfully constructed by coordinatively assembling the semi-rigid multidentate ligand 5-(1-carboxyethoxy)isophthalic acid(H₃CIA)with the Nheterocyclic ligands 1,4-di(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzene(1,4-dtb)and 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene(1,4-dib),respectively,around Co^(2+)ions.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that in both complexes HU23 and HU24,the CIA^(3-)anions adopt aκ^(7)-coordination mode,bridging six Co^(2+)ions via their five carboxylate oxygen atoms and one ether oxygen atom.This linkage forms tetranuclear[Co4(μ3-OH)2]^(6+)units.These Co-oxo cluster units were interconnected by CIA^(3-)anions to assemble into 2D kgd-type structures featuring a 3,6-connected topology.The 2D layers were further connected by 1,4-dtb and 1,4-dib,resulting in 3D pillar-layered frameworks for HU23 and HU24.Notably,despite the similar configurations of 1,4-dtb and 1,4-dib,differences in their coordination spatial orientations lead to topological divergence in the 3D frameworks of HU23 and HU24.Topological analysis indicates that the frameworks of HU23 and HU24 can be simplified into a 3,10-connected net(point symbol:(4^(10).6^(3).8^(2))(4^(3))_(2))and a 3,8-connected tfz-d net(point symbol:(4^(3))_(2)((4^(6).6^(18).8^(4)))),respectively.This structural differentiation confirms the precise regulatory role of ligands on the topology of metal-organic frameworks.Moreover,the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra confirmed that HU23 and HU24 have strong absorption capabilities for ultraviolet and visible light.According to the Kubelka-Munk method,their bandwidths were 2.15 and 2.08 eV,respectively,which are consistent with those of typical semiconductor materials.Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements(2-300 K)revealed significant antiferromagnetic coupling in both complexes,with their effective magnetic moments decreasing markedly as the temperature lowered.CCDC:2457554,HU23;2457553,HU24.展开更多
The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during pen...The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale p...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.展开更多
Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burnin...Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U25A20232,52325208,52173217,52202128)the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB(Grant No.FRF-IDRY24-002)。
文摘As electronic technology continues to evolve towards miniaturization and integration,the demand for micro-refrigeration technology in microelectronic systems is increasing.Ferroelectric(FE)refrigeration technology based on the electrocaloric effect(ECE)has emerged as a highly promising candidate in this field,due to its advantages of high energy efficiency,simple structure,easy miniaturization,low cost,and environmental friendliness.The EC performance of FE materials essentially depends on the phase transition features under the coupled electric and thermal fields,making the E–T phase diagram a core tool for decoding the underlying mechanism of ECE.This paper reviews the development of EC materials,focusing on the comprehensive study of E–T phase diagrams.By correlating the microscopic phase structure of FE materials with the macroscopic physical properties,it clarifies the manipulation mechanism for enhanced ECE performance,providing theoretical support for the targeted design of high-performance EC materials.In the future,the introduction of data-driven methods is expected to enable the high-throughput construction of FE phase diagrams,thereby accelerating the optimization of high-performance EC materials and promoting the practical application of FE refrigeration technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52104018,52274030)China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)Innovation Foundation(No.2024DQ02-0303)China National Petroleum Corporation(CNPC)14th Five-Year Plan Major Strategic Scientific and Technological Project for Prospective and Fundamental Research(2024DJ86).
文摘Carbonate gas reservoirs are often characterized by strong heterogeneity,complex inter-well connectivity,extensive edge or bottom water,and unbalanced production,challenges that are also common in many heterogeneous gas reservoirs with intricate storage and flow behavior.To address these issues within a unified,data-driven framework,this study develops a multi-block material balance model that accounts for inter-block flow and aquifer influx,and is applicable to a wide range of reservoir types.The model incorporates inter-well and well-group conductive connectivity together with pseudo–steady-state aquifer support.The governing equations are solved using a Newton–Raphson scheme,while particle swarm optimization is employed to estimate formation pressures,inter-well connectivity,and effective aquifer volumes.An unbalanced exploitation factor,UEF,is introduced to quantify production imbalance and to guide development optimization.Validation using a synthetic reservoir model demonstrates that the approach accurately reproduces pressure evolution,crossflow behavior,and water influx.Application to a representative case(the Longwangmiao)field further confirms its robustness under highly heterogeneous conditions,achieving a 12.9%reduction in UEF through optimized production allocation.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFE0208700)National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(No.92163109 and 52072095)+7 种基金Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.RCJC20231211090000001,GXWD20231129101105001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52205590)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220834)the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(No.RF1028623098)the State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems(HIT)(No.SKLRS-2024-KF-11)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52202348)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2023A1515011491)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.GXWD20220818224716001,KJZD20231023100302006).
文摘Due to the small size,active mobility,and intrinsic softness,miniature soft robots hold promising po-tentials in reaching the deep region inside living bodies otherwise inaccessible with compelling agility,adaptability and safety.Various materials and actuation strategies have been developed for creating soft robots,among which,ferromagnetic soft materials that self-actuate in response to external magnetic fields have attracted worldwide attention due to their remote controllability and excellent compatibil-ity with biological tissues.This review presents comprehensive and systematic research advancements in the design,fabrication,and applications of ferromagnetic soft materials for miniature robots,providing in-sights into their potential use in biomedical fields and beyond.The programming strategies of ferromag-netic soft materials are summarized and classified,including mold-assisted programming,3D printing-assisted programming,microassembly-assisted programming,and magnetization reprogramming.Each approach possesses unique advantages in manipulating the magnetic responsiveness of ferromagnetic soft materials to achieve outstanding actuation and deformation performances.We then discuss the biomedi-cal applications of ferromagnetic soft material-based soft robots(e.g.,minimally invasive surgery,targeted delivery,and tissue engineering),highlighting their potentials in revolutionizing biomedical technologies.This review also points out the current challenges and provides insights into future research directions,which we hope can serve as a useful reference for the development of next-generation adaptive miniature robots.
基金funding support by the National Science Foundation(NSF)under grant numbers CBET-2110603the Air Force Office of Scientific Research(AFOSR)under contract number FA9550-12-1-0225supported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation(award number ECCS-2025064).
文摘Thermoelectric materials,capable of converting temperature gradients into electrical power,have been traditionally limited by a trade-off between thermopower and electrical conductivity.This study introduces a novel,broadly applicable approach that enhances both the spin-driven thermopower and the thermoelectric figure-of-merit(zT)without compromising electrical conductivity,using temperature-driven spin crossover.Our approach,supported by both theoretical and experimental evidence,is demonstrated through a case study of chromium doped-manganese telluride,but is not confined to this material and can be extended to other magnetic materials.By introducing dopants to create a high crystal field and exploiting the entropy changes associated with temperature-driven spin crossover,we achieved a significant increase in thermopower,by approximately 136μV K^(-1),representing more than a 200%enhancement at elevated temperatures within the paramagnetic domain.Our exploration of the bipolar semiconducting nature of these materials reveals that suppressing bipolar magnon/paramagnon-drag thermopower is key to understanding and utilizing spin crossover-driven thermopower.These findings,validated by inelastic neutron scattering,X-ray photoemission spectroscopy,thermal transport,and energy conversion measurements,shed light on crucial material design parameters.We provide a comprehensive framework that analyzes the interplay between spin entropy,hopping transport,and magnon/paramagnon lifetimes,paving the way for the development of high-performance spin-driven thermoelectric materials.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under(LD22A020002)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473116,22322508)+1 种基金International Cooperation Project of Ningbo City(2023H019)the Sino-German mobility program(M-0424).
文摘Supramolecular materials,characterized by dynamic reversibility and responsiveness to environmental stimuli,have found widespread applications in numerous fields.Unlike traditional materials,supramolecular materials that rely on non-covalent interactions can allow spontaneous reorganization and self-healing at room temperature.However,these materials typically exhibit low strength due to the weak bonding energies of non-covalent interactions.This study presents the development of a high-strength self-healing supramolecular material that combines multiple interactions including ionic bonding,hydrogen bonding,and coordination bonding.The material,formed by the aggregation of the negatively charged picolinate-grafted copolymer(PCM)with positively charged hyperbranched molecules(HP),is further enhanced by Eu^(3+)ion complexation.The resulting film exhibits a high modulus of 427 MPa,tensile strength of 10.5 MPa,and toughness of 14.7 MJ m^(−3).Meanwhile,the non-covalent interaction of this supramolecular material endows it with a self-healing efficiency of 92%within 24 h at room temperature,as well as multiple remolding properties.The incorporation of lanthanide ions also imparts tunable fluorescence.This study not only provides insights into the development of high-strength self-healing materials but also offers new possibilities for the functionalization of supramolecular materials.
基金supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52205363,52235008 and U2037203)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.2019kfyRCPY044 and 2021GCRC002)+1 种基金Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team(No.2018QYTD04)the Program for Innovative Research Team of the Ministry of Education(No.IRT1244)。
文摘Additive manufacturing(AM)offers the unique capability of directly creating three-dimensional complicated ceramic components with high process flexibility and outstanding geometry controllability.However,current ceramic AM technology is mainly limited to the creation of a single material,which falls short of meeting the multiple functional requirements under increasingly harsh service circumstances.Ceramic multi-material additive manufacturing(MMAM)technology has great potential for integrally producing multi-dimensional multi-functional components,allowing for point-by-point precision manufacturing of programmable performance/functions.However,there is a huge gap between the capabilities of the existing ceramic MMAM technology and the requirements for industrial application.In this review,we discuss and summarize the research status of ceramic MMAM technology from the perspectives of feedstock selection,printing process,post-processing,component performance,and application.Throughout the discussion,the challenges associated with ceramic MMAM such as heterogeneous material coupled printing,heterogeneous interfacial bonding,and co-sintering densification have been put forward.This review aims to bridge the gap between AM technologies and the requirements for multifunctional ceramic components by analyzing the existing limitations in ceramic MMAM and pointing out future needs.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(D2025201012)Highlevel Innovative Talents Program of Hebei University(Grant No.521100222055)President's Fund of Hebei University(Grant No.XZJJ202205)。
文摘To evaluate the dynamic interactions between debris flows,entrained material sources,and infrastructure in the Naojiao Gully watershed of Beijing,and to develop a predictive framework for mitigating geohazard risks through energy-based strategies,debris flow dynamics are investigated,a coupled SPH-DEM-FEM multiscale model integrating fluid dynamics(SPH),granular mechanics(DEM),and structural mechanics(FEM)is developed to simulate debris flow propagation,material source behavior,and frame structure responses,and to capture cross-scale failure mechanisms.Key findings include the identification of a critical flow velocity threshold of 12 m/s,beyond which solid-phase kinetic energy dominates,inducing 60%-75%capacity loss in central columns via through-cracking.Furthermore,a novel compound failure criterion is proposed based on the solid-liquid energy proportion.The model achieves a boulder impact force prediction error of only 5.47%,significantly outperforming empirical methods in cross-scale accuracy.An optimized 0.3 m layered configuration experimentally reduces impact pulse peaks by 57%through directed energy redistribution,thereby shifting mitigation strategies from structural reinforcement to media modulation.These results establish a robust framework for quantifying failure thresholds,enhancing predictive precision,and innovating energy-based mitigation.By bridging multiscale modeling gaps in geohazard analysis,this study provides actionable insights for infrastructure resilience in debris flow-prone regions through energycentric design principles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22072031,12372107,11832010,and 11890682)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDB36000000).
文摘The bulge test is a widely utilized method for assessing the mechanical properties of thin films,including metals,polymers,and semiconductors.However,as film thickness diminishes to nanometer scales,boundary conditions dominated by weak van der Waals forces significantly impact mechanical responses.Instead of sample fracture,interfacial shear deformation and delamination become the primary deformation modes,thereby challenging the applicability of conventional bulge models.To accommodate the interfacial effect,a modified mechanical model based on the bulge test has been proposed.This review summarizes recent advancements in the bulge test to highlight the potential challenges and opportunities for future research.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22101043)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2205013,N232410019,N2405013)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2023-MSBA-068)the Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing(SKLHOP202203006)the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids,Ministry of Education(FMS2023005)Northeastern University。
文摘The convergence of materials science and biotechnology has catalyzed the development of innovative platforms,including nanotechnology,smart sensors,and supramolecular materials,significantly advancing the progress in the field of life sciences[1−7].Among them,supramolecular materials have garnered increasing attention in life sciences owing to their distinctive self-assembly capabilities and intelligent responsiveness[8−12].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22061019 and 22261021)the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Nos.20224BAB203002,20232ACB203018,20232BAB203005,and 20224BAB213001)+5 种基金the Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Functional Crystalline Materials Chemistry(No.2024SSY05161)the Ganzhou Key Research and Development Program(No.2023PNS26963)the Youth Jinggang Scholars Program in Jiangxi Province(No.QNJG2019053)the Two Thousand Talents Program in Jiangxi Province(No.jxsq2019201068)the Doctor’s Starting Research Foundation of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology(No.205200100597)the Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(No.GJJ2200860).
文摘In recent years,reducing carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality has become an urgent issue for environmental protection and sustainable development.Converting CO_(2) into valuable chemical products through electrocatalysis powered by renewable electricity exhibits great potential.However,the electroreduction of CO_(2) heavily relies on efficient catalysts to overcome the required energy barrier due to the high stability of CO_(2).p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts have been proven to be efficient catalysts for electrochemical CO_(2) reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)due to their unique electronic structure and clear active sites.However,factors such as conductivity and stability limit the practical application of p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts.In this review,we summarize the latest progress of MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts based on typical p-block metals in the field of CO_(2)RR.Then the modification strategies for MOFs-based catalysts and the related catalytic mechanism are briefly introduced.Furthermore,we offer the challenges and prospects of p-block metal-based MOFs and MOF-derived catalysts in the hope of providing guidance for potential applications.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China(No.52325506)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.DUT22LAB501)。
文摘Ultrasonic-Assisted Grinding(UAG)is a novel manufacturing technology that shows promising promise for use in processing Ceramic Matrix Composites(CMCs).Nevertheless,analyzing the material removal process of CMCs with multidirectional structure during UAG is challenging,impeding the progress and improvement of the UAG process.This work examined the impact of ultrasonic vibration on the dynamic mechanical characteristics during processing.Additionally,we experimentally elucidated the material removal mechanism of CMCs during the scratching process under the influence of vertical vibration.The results indicate that the introduction of ultrasonic vibration causes a strain rate effect,resulting in a modification of the material removal mechanism,subsequently impacting the processing quality.Ultrasonic vibration increases the dynamic strength and brittleness of the fibers in CMCs,leading to more cracks at fracture,which changes from the original bending fracture to shear fracture.In addition,ultrasonic vibration can effectively inhibit the impact of scratching depth and anisotropy on the removal mechanism of CMCs,resulting in a more uniform surface of CMCs after processing.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22171272,22031010)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0520302)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2021035)for financial support。
文摘Supramolecular luminescent materials(SLMs)exhibit exceptional luminescence properties and the ability to be intelligently regulated through diverse assembly approaches,making them highly attractive in the field of luminescent materials.In recent years,the novel macrocyclic arenes characterized by unique electron-rich structures,ease of derivatization,tunable conformations and even inherent luminescence properties afford much opportunities to create such dynamic smart luminescent materials.The incorporation of macrocyclic arenes into SLMs leads to simple preparation process,diverse photophysical phenomena and sophisticated regulatory mechanisms,which is also currently one of the most frontier and hot topics in macrocyclic and supramolecular chemistry and even luminescent materials.In this review,the research advances in construction and applications of SLMs based on macrocyclic arenes in the last several years will be presented from the different assembly strategies,including host-vip complexes,supramolecular polymers,nanoparticles,and other assemblies.Moreover,some insights into future directions for this research area will also be offered.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52222602,and52236006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.FRF-EYIT-23-05,and FRF-TP-22-001C1)+1 种基金Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2023ZD0500902)the member of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association Foundation of CAS,China(No.2023310)。
文摘Investigating thermal transport mechanisms at the interface between phase change materials(PCMs)and high thermally conductive fillers has become increasingly significant in developing phase change energy storage technologies.This study explores the interfacial thermal transport between a representative PCM,erythritol,and various fillers,including crystalline(Si C,Si_(3)N_(4))and amorphous(Si O_(2))nanoparticles,using molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.Additionally,time-domain thermoreflectance(TDTR)experiments were performed to quantify the interfacial thermal conductance between erythritol and the three types of fillers,yielding values of 50.1,40.0,and25.6 MW m^(–2)K^(-1).These results align well with the trends observed in the simulations.Furthermore,the underlying mechanisms of interfacial heat transfer were analyzed by examining the phonon density of states,overlap energy,and interaction energy.This research provides innovative insights into nanoscale interfacial thermal transport in composite PCMs.This could lead to significant advancements in thermal management technologies,particularly in developing more efficient thermal energy storage systems.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2025YFE0109700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52106150)。
文摘CO_(2) capture and utilization(CCU)technologies have been recognized as crucial strategies for mitigating global warming,reducing carbon emission,and promoting resource circularity.As such,the design and development of related materials have attracted considerable research attention.Carbon-based materials,characterized by tunable pore structures,abundant active sites,high specific surface area,and excellent chemical stability,demonstrate significant potential for applications in CO_(2) capture and utilization.This review systematically analyzes the adsorption behaviors and performance variations of typical carbon materials,including activated carbon,porous carbon,graphene,and carbon nanotubes during CO_(2) capture processes.Concerning CO_(2) utilization,emphasis is placed on recent advances in the catalytic applications of carbon-based materials in key reactions such as methanation,reverse water-gas shift,dry reforming of methane,and alcohol synthesis.Moreover,the benefits and drawbacks of carbon materials in terms of CO_(2) adsorption capacity,catalytic activity,and stability are thoroughly evaluated,and their potential applications in integrated CO_(2) capture and utilization technologies are discussed.Finally,key strategies for enhancing the performance of carbonaceous materials through structural modulation and surface modification are elucidated.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the future development and large-scale implementation of carbon-based materials in CCU technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52106089)the National Key R&D Project from Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant No.2022YFA1203100)。
文摘Filler-reinforced polymer composites demonstrate pervasive applications due to their strengthened performances,multi-degree tunability,and ease of manufacturing.In thermal management field,polymer composites reinforced with thermally conductive fillers are widely adopted as thermal interface materials(TIMs).However,the three dimensional(3D)-stacked heterogenous integration of electronic devices has posed the problem that high-density heat sources are spatially distributed in the package.This situation puts forward new requirements for TIMs,where efficient heat dissipation channels must be established according to the specific distribution of discrete heat sources.To address this challenge,a 3D printing-assisted streamline orientation(3D-PSO)method was proposed to fabricate composite thermal materials with 3D programmable microstructures and orientations of fillers,which combines the shape-design capability of 3D printing and oriented control ability of fluid.The mechanism of fluid-based filler orientation control along streamlines was revealed by mechanical analysis of fillers in matrix.Thanks to the designed heat dissipation channels,composites showed better thermal and mechanical properties in comparison to random composites.Specifically,the thermal conductivity of 3D mesh-shape polydimethylsiloxane/liquid metal(PDMS/LM)composite was5.8 times that of random PDMS/LM composite under filler loading of 34.8 vol%.The thermal conductivity enhancement efficiency of 3D mesh-shape PDMS/carbon fibers composite reached101.05%under filler loading of 5.2 vol%.In the heat dissipation application of 3D-stacked chips,the highest chip temperature with 3D-PSO composite was 42.14℃lower than that with random composites.This is mainly attributed to the locally aggregated and oriented fillers'microstructure in fluid channels,which contributes to thermal percolation phenomena.The3D-PSO method exhibits excellent programmable design capabilities to adopt versatile distributions of heat sources,paving a new way to solve the complicated heat dissipation issue in 3D-stacked chips integration application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52305388,BE0200030)Shanghai Pujiang Program(22PJ1407600)+1 种基金SJTU Explore X programShanghai Jiao Tong University Initiative Scientific Research Program(WH220402021)。
文摘Moisture electricity generation(MEG)has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy,which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics.In this review,we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion,electric double layer formation,and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments.A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows,highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials,conductive polymers,hydrogels,and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance,scalability,and biocompatibility.We then explore a range of device architectures,from planar and layered systems to flexible,miniaturized,and textile-integrated designs,engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration.Key challenges are analyzed,along with strategies for overcoming them.We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions,including hybrid energy systems,AI-assisted material design,and real-world deployment.This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.
文摘Under hydrothermal and solvothermal conditions,two novel cobalt-based complexes,{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dtb)]·3.2H_(2)O}n(HU23)and{[Co_(2)(CIA)(OH)(1,4-dib)]·3.5H2O·DMF}n(HU24),were successfully constructed by coordinatively assembling the semi-rigid multidentate ligand 5-(1-carboxyethoxy)isophthalic acid(H₃CIA)with the Nheterocyclic ligands 1,4-di(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzene(1,4-dtb)and 1,4-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene(1,4-dib),respectively,around Co^(2+)ions.Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that in both complexes HU23 and HU24,the CIA^(3-)anions adopt aκ^(7)-coordination mode,bridging six Co^(2+)ions via their five carboxylate oxygen atoms and one ether oxygen atom.This linkage forms tetranuclear[Co4(μ3-OH)2]^(6+)units.These Co-oxo cluster units were interconnected by CIA^(3-)anions to assemble into 2D kgd-type structures featuring a 3,6-connected topology.The 2D layers were further connected by 1,4-dtb and 1,4-dib,resulting in 3D pillar-layered frameworks for HU23 and HU24.Notably,despite the similar configurations of 1,4-dtb and 1,4-dib,differences in their coordination spatial orientations lead to topological divergence in the 3D frameworks of HU23 and HU24.Topological analysis indicates that the frameworks of HU23 and HU24 can be simplified into a 3,10-connected net(point symbol:(4^(10).6^(3).8^(2))(4^(3))_(2))and a 3,8-connected tfz-d net(point symbol:(4^(3))_(2)((4^(6).6^(18).8^(4)))),respectively.This structural differentiation confirms the precise regulatory role of ligands on the topology of metal-organic frameworks.Moreover,the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra confirmed that HU23 and HU24 have strong absorption capabilities for ultraviolet and visible light.According to the Kubelka-Munk method,their bandwidths were 2.15 and 2.08 eV,respectively,which are consistent with those of typical semiconductor materials.Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements(2-300 K)revealed significant antiferromagnetic coupling in both complexes,with their effective magnetic moments decreasing markedly as the temperature lowered.CCDC:2457554,HU23;2457553,HU24.
基金the support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12302460)the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Safety Protection(Grant No.YBKT24-02)。
文摘The reactive materials filled structure(RMFS)is a structural penetrator that replaces high explosive(HE)with reactive materials,presenting a novel self-distributed initiation,multiple deflagrations behavior during penetrating multi-layered plates,and generating a multipeak overpressure behind the plates.Here analytical models of RMFS self-distributed energy release and equivalent deflagration are developed.The multipeak overpressure formation model based on the single deflagration overpressure expression was promoted.The impact tests of RMFS on multi-layered plates at 584 m/s,616 m/s,and819 m/s were performed to validate the analytical model.Further,the influence of a single overpressure peak and time intervals versus impact velocity is discussed.The analysis results indicate that the deflagration happened within 20.68 mm behind the plate,the initial impact velocity and plate thickness are the crucial factors that dominate the self-distributed multipeak overpressure effect.Three formation patterns of multipeak overpressure are proposed.
基金support for carrying out this work was provided by the Doctoral Research Foundation of Weifang University(2024BS20)Science and Technology Development Plan Foundation of Weifang(2024GX017).
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation (PNF) is a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process.It achieves green ammonia production by utilizing solar energy for nitrogen fixation under mild conditions.While nanoscale photocatalysts offer enhanced performance due to their high surface area and abundant active sites,their small size makes them difficult to recover and prone to agglomeration.These bottlenecks severely limit industrial application.A promising solution is to immobilize the catalysts onto support surfaces.This paper provides a systematic review of recent advances in the design of immobilized photocatalysts for ammonia synthesis.It begins by outlining the key benefits of immobilization strategies,particularly in improving catalyst stability,recyclability,and overall photocatalytic performance.The working mechanisms and features of various immobilization techniques are then categorized and explained,covering physical adsorption/deposition,chemical bonding,in situ growth,and hybrid physico-chemical methods.Supported materials and common substrate types are also summarized.Furthermore,the widely used configurations of photoreactors suitable for immobilized systems are introduced.Finally,the review identifies current research limitations and challenges,and offers perspectives on future developments in the field of immobilized photocatalysis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52573220)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3404201)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.FRF-IDRY-GD24-005)the State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials(No.SWR-2022-009).
文摘Coal cinder is an abundant byproduct of the extensive consumption of coal in industrial production and daily life.Making full use of the cinder is conducive to a low-carbon economy.In this study,inspired by the burning of coal,a new method for constructing a silica-based composite porous material(SiO_(2)-CPM)was developed by combusting a siloxane-modified anthracite coal gel(CSiO_(2) gel).During this process,the combustion product was directly converted into a porous material,and the calorific value of the coal remained nearly unchanged(~98%of the original calorific value was retained),demonstrating the viability of this method for energy-efficient applications.The SiO_(2)-CPM exhibited an ultra-low thermal conductivity(0.036 W/(m·K)at room temperature),outperforming conventional insulation materials(e.g.,cotton~0.05 W/(m·K)).Additionally,it showed enhanced mechanical strength(fracture stress of 41.8 kPa)compared to the powder state of the coal cinder.Experimental results indicate that the amount of siloxane,structure-directing agent,and an acidic environment were critical for mechanical enhancement.The SiO_(2)-CPM showed good dimensional stability against thermal expansion and exhibited excellent thermal insulation and fire resistance even at 900℃.Meanwhile,the SiO_(2)-CPM with complex geometry could be easily fabricated using this method owing to the excellent shaping ability of the CSiO_(2) gel.Compared to conventional methods such as sol-gel synthesis or freeze-drying,this approach for fabricating SiO_(2)-CPM is simpler and cost-effective and allows the direct utilization of coal cinder post-combustion.
