The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil(WTPO)into S-doped porous carbon nanorods(labeled as WPCNs)with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template-directed approach.The specific surface area of as-...The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil(WTPO)into S-doped porous carbon nanorods(labeled as WPCNs)with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template-directed approach.The specific surface area of as-obtained porous carbon nanorods can reach up to 1448 m^(2) g^(−1) without the addition of any activating agent.As the capacitive electrode,WPCNs possess the extraordinary compatibility to capacitance,different electrolyte systems as well as long-term cycle life even at a commercial-level areal mass loading(10 mg cm^(−2)).Besides,only an extremely small capacitance fluctuation is observed under the extreme circumstance(−40 to 80℃),reflecting the excellent high-and low-temperature performance.The relationship between the pore structure and capacitive behavior is analyzed by comparing WPCNs with mesopores-dominated asphalt-derived porous carbon nanorods(APCNs)and micropores-dominated activated carbon.The molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the ion diffusion and transfer ability of the as-prepared carbon materials under different pore size distribution.The total ion flow(NT)of WPCNs calculated by the simulation is obviously larger than APCNs and the N_(T) ratio between them is similar with the experimental average capacitance ratio.Furthermore,this work also provides a valuable strategy to prepare the electrode material with high capacitive energy storage ability through the high value-added utilization of WTPO.展开更多
Rational design of advanced structure for transition metal oxides(TMOs) is attractive for achieving high-performance supercapacitors.However, it is hampered by sluggish reaction kinetics, low mass loading, and volume ...Rational design of advanced structure for transition metal oxides(TMOs) is attractive for achieving high-performance supercapacitors.However, it is hampered by sluggish reaction kinetics, low mass loading, and volume change upon cycling. Herein, hierarchical Ni Co_(2)O_(4) architectures with 2D-nanosheets-shell and 3D-nanocages-core(2D/3D h-NCO) are directly assembled on nickel foam via a facile one-step way.The 2D nanosheets are in-situ generated from the self-evolution of initial NCO nanospheres. This 2D/3D hierarchical structures ensure fast ion/electron transport and maintain the structural integrity to buffer the volume expansion. The 2D/3D h-NCO electrode with an ultrahigh mass loading(30 mg cm^(-2)) achieves a high areal capacity of 4.65 C cm^(-2)(equivalent to 1.29 mAh cm^(-2)) at a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2), and retains 3.7 C cm^(-2) even at 50 mA cm^(-2). Furthermore, the assembled solid-state hybrid supercapacitor yields a high volumetric energy density of 4.25 mWh cm^(-3) at a power density of 39.3 mW cm^(-3), with a high capacity retention of 92.4% after 5000 cycles. Therefore, this work provides a new insight to constuct hierarchical electrodes for energy storage application.展开更多
upiter's space environment is highly dynamic,shaped by interactions between the solar wind,Jupiter’s strong magnetic field,and its moons[1].As one of Galilean moons,the volcanic moon Io introduces fresh plasmas t...upiter's space environment is highly dynamic,shaped by interactions between the solar wind,Jupiter’s strong magnetic field,and its moons[1].As one of Galilean moons,the volcanic moon Io introduces fresh plasmas to Jupiter’s space environment,providing a major plasma source in Jupiter’s magnetosphere[2].This process of mass loading is primarily supplied by Io’s dense atmosphere through the sublimation of surface frost[3].Due to interchange instability,cold and dense plasmas sourced from Io are transported outward,while hot and tenuous plasmas move inward[4].The process of plasma interchange instability can be captured observationally in terms of both charged particles and plasma waves[5].展开更多
Graphene-polyaniline(GP)composites are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors but possessing unsatisfied stability,especially under high mass loading,due to the low ion transmission efficiency and serious p...Graphene-polyaniline(GP)composites are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors but possessing unsatisfied stability,especially under high mass loading,due to the low ion transmission efficiency and serious pulverization effect.To address this issue,we propose a scalable method to achieve highly wettable GP electrodes,showing excellent stability.In addition,our results demonstrate that the performance of electrodes is nearly independent of the mass loading,indicating the great potential of such GP electrodes for practical devices.We attribute the remarkable performance of GP to the delicate precursor of nitrogen doped graphene film assembled by wet-spinning technology.This report provides a strategy to promote the ion penetrating efficiency across the electrodes and deter the pulverization effect,aiming at the practical GP supercapacitor electrodes of high mass loading.展开更多
The design of three-dimensional(30)core-shell hetercistructures is an efficient method to achieve high mass specific capacity of electroactive materials under high mass loading.In this work,porous Ni_(4)Co1-0H nanoshe...The design of three-dimensional(30)core-shell hetercistructures is an efficient method to achieve high mass specific capacity of electroactive materials under high mass loading.In this work,porous Ni_(4)Co1-0H nanosheets with a mass loading of 7.7 mg·cm^(-2) are obtained by using Ni_(4)Cor(NO_(3))_(2)(0H)_(4) supported on the CuO nanowires as precursors via an unavoidable electrochemically induced phase reconstruction.During the electrochemical reconstruction process,the N03-anions in Ni_(4)Cor(N0_(3))_(2)(0H)_(4) are easily replaced by OH-anions in the electrolyte.The phase reconstruction is accompanied by the decrease of ionic diffusion.:resistance and the increase of pore volume,and the shift of binding energy.The obtained Ni4Co1-0H nanosheets show a high:mass specific capacity of 363.6 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 mA·cm^(-2).The as-fabricated alkaline hybrid supercapacitor and Ni-Zn battery deliver high energy density of 293.1 and 604.9 Wh·kg^(-1),respectively,indicating.excellent alkaline energy storage performance.展开更多
Mass loading and potential plateau are the two most important issues of potassium(K)-ion batteries(KIBs),but they have long been ignored in previous studies.Herein,we report a simple and scalable method to fabricate a...Mass loading and potential plateau are the two most important issues of potassium(K)-ion batteries(KIBs),but they have long been ignored in previous studies.Herein,we report a simple and scalable method to fabricate acidized carbon clothes(A-CC)as high mass loading(13.1 mg cm−2)anode for KIBs,which achieved a reversible areal-specific capacity of 1.81 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 mA cm−2.Besides,we have proposed the concept of“relative energy density”to reasonably evaluate the electrochemical performance of the anode.According to our calculation method,the A-CC electrode exhibited an ultrahigh relative energy density of 46 Wh m−2 in the initial charge process and remained at 40 Wh m−2 after 50 cycles.Furthermore,we performed the operando Raman spectroscopy(ORS)to investigate the K-ion storage mechanism.We believe that our work might provide a new guideline for the evaluation of anode performance,thereby,opening an avenue for the development of commercial anode.展开更多
The capacitance loss caused by slow electron and ion migration kinetics in thick electrode with high-mass loading has been regarded as a great challenge in the field of electrochemical energy storage.Herein,we demonst...The capacitance loss caused by slow electron and ion migration kinetics in thick electrode with high-mass loading has been regarded as a great challenge in the field of electrochemical energy storage.Herein,we demonstrate a facile electrochemical deposition method for coating the heterostructured Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x) onto flexible carbon cloth( Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC).In the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x) heterojunction,the mixed-valence WOx core provides abundant active sites for H+ions accommodation,while Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx shell can not only prevent peeling off the thick WOx but also act as an interconnected conductive network.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC flexible electrode with an ultrahigh mass loading of 34.9 mg·cm^(−2) exhibits a high areal capacitance of 5.73 F·cm^(−2) at 5 mA·cm^(−2) and excellent rate capability.Notably,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode under such a high mass loading still delivers a gravimetric capacitance of 164 F·g^(−1) and areal capacitance of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode increases linearly with the WOx mass loading.Furthermore,a symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode exhibits a good areal energy density of 96.8μWh·cm^(−2) at a power density of 1.5 mW·cm^(−2).This work verifies high mass loading of active materials per unit electrode area for charge storage of supercapacitors in limited space,indicating the great potential in the development of commercially available thick metal-oxide film supercapacitors.展开更多
The design of supercapacitor materials with both high areal capacity(C)and high mass loading is vitally important for enhancing energy density(E).Herein,we prepared a NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH composite film consistin...The design of supercapacitor materials with both high areal capacity(C)and high mass loading is vitally important for enhancing energy density(E).Herein,we prepared a NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH composite film consisting of NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH nanosheets on an expanded graphite paper(EGP)by using a facial anodization method.The as-prepared NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH film exhibits ultra-high C of 11 mA·h·cm^(-2)at a mass loading of 165 mg·cm^(-2),high rate capability of 71%and excellent cycling stability of 95%after 12000 cycles.The outstanding performance is ascribed to the low-crystalline feature of the NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH nanosheets,and the synergistic effect of the NiCosingle bondOH and NiCoOOH phases and high conductive porous EGP.An aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor,assembled with the NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH on EGP and Fe_(2)O_(3)on EGP as positive-and negative-electrode,respectively,shows a highest E of 3.8 mW·h·cm^(-2)at a power density(P)of 4 mW·cm^(-2)and a maximum P of 107 mW·cm^(-2)at an E of 2.7 mW·h·cm^(-2).展开更多
Due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and resistance to degradation,perfluorinated substances(PFASs)have significant impacts on the environment and human health.This study comprehensively analyzed and assessed the ...Due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and resistance to degradation,perfluorinated substances(PFASs)have significant impacts on the environment and human health.This study comprehensively analyzed and assessed the occurrence characteristics,sources,and potential ecological risks of 13 PFASs in the Yangtze River.The results indicated that the concentrations ofΣPFASs range from 5.1 to 57.7 ng/L,with more severe pollution downstream and perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBuS)being the main pollutant.ΣPFASs showed a positive correlation with total organic carbon and absorbance under the condition of UV wavelength 254 nm(UV_(254)),and a negative correlation with total dissolved solids.Positive matrix factorization model analysis revealed that the primary sources of PFASs in the study area are food packaging,the electroplating industry,and the manufacturing and processing of fluoropolymer-containing products.The total ecological risk value of PFASs indicated that the ecological risks to algae,invertebrates,and fish are negligible.The annual load of ΣPFASs in the Yangtze River was 39.00 t,with the highest concentrations of pollutants being PFBuS(26.41 t/year),perfluorobutanoic acid(6.47 t/year),and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA,3.19t/year).While PFASs have not yet posed a risk to aquatic organisms,the increase in the use of short-chain PFASs substitutes(C4-C7)due to the regulation of PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate highlights the need for continued monitoring of short-chain PFASs pollution.展开更多
Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)exhibit unparalleled application value due to the high ionic conductivity and good processability of sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs).Carbon-based conductive agents(CAs)are ...Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)exhibit unparalleled application value due to the high ionic conductivity and good processability of sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs).Carbon-based conductive agents(CAs)are often used in the construction of electronic conductive networks to achieve rapid electron transfer.However,CAs accelerate the formation of decomposition products of SSEs,and their effects on sulfide-based ASSBs are not fully understood.Herein,the effect of CAs(super P,vaper-grown carbonfibers,and carbon nanotubes)on the performance of sulfide-based ASSBs is investigated under different cathode active materials mass loading(8 and 25 mg⋅cm^(-2)).The results show that under low mass loading,the side reaction between the CAs and the SSEs deteriorates the performance of the cell,while the charge transfer promotion caused by the addition of CAs is only manifested under high mass loading.Furthermore,the gradient design strategy(enrichment of CAs near the current collector side and depletion of CAs near the electrolyte side)is applied to maximize the benefits of CAs in electron transport and reduce the adverse effects of CAs.The charge carrier transport barrier inside the high mass loading electrode is significantly reduced through the regulation of electronic conductivity.Consequently,the optimized electrode achieves a high areal capacity of 5.6 mAh⋅cm^(-2)at high current density(1.25 mA⋅cm2,0.2℃)at 25℃with a capacity retention of 87.85%after 100 cycles.This work provides a promising way for the design of high-mass loading electrodes with practical application value.展开更多
In this study we compared weekly GNSS position time series with modelled values of crustal deformations on the basis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） data. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems ...In this study we compared weekly GNSS position time series with modelled values of crustal deformations on the basis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） data. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems （GNSS） time series were taken from homogeneously reprocessed global network solutions within the International GNSS Service （IGS） Reprucessing 1 project and from regional solutions performed by Warsaw University of Technology （WUT） European Permanent Network （EPN） Local Analysis Center （LAC） within the EPN reprocessing project. Eight GNSS sites from the territory of Poland with observation timespans between 2.5 and 13 years were selected for this study. The Total Water Equivalent （TWE） estimation from GRACE data was used to compute deformations using the Green＇s function formalism. High frequency components were removed from GRACE data to avoid aliasing problems. Since GRACE observes mainly the mass transport in continental storage of water, we also compared GRACE deformations and the GNSS position time series, with the deformations computed on the basis of a hydrosphere model. We used the output of Water GAP Hydrology Model （WGHM） to compute deformations in the same manner as for the GRACE data. The WGHM gave slightly larger amplitudes than GNSS and GRACE. The atmospheric non-tidal loading effect was removed from GNSS position time series before comparing them with modelled deformations. The results confirmed that the major part of observed seasonal variations for GNSS vertical components can be attributed to the hy- drosphere loading. The results for these components agree very well both in the amplitude and phase. The decrease in standard deviation of the residual GNSS position time series for vertical components corrected for the hydrosphere loading reached maximally 36% and occurred for all but one stations for both global and regional solutions. For horizontal components the amplitudes are about three times smaller than for vertical components therefore the comparison is much more complicated and the conclusions are ambiguous.展开更多
This paper presents a method for retrieving optical parameters from volcanic sulfate aerosols from the AHI radiometer on board the Himawari-8 satellite.The proposed method is based on optical models for various mixtur...This paper presents a method for retrieving optical parameters from volcanic sulfate aerosols from the AHI radiometer on board the Himawari-8 satellite.The proposed method is based on optical models for various mixtures of aerosol components from volcanic clouds,including ash particles,ice crystals,water drops,and sulfate aerosol droplets.The application of multi-component optical models of various aerosol compositions allows for the optical thickness and mass loading of sulfate aerosol to be estimated in the sulfuric cloud formed after the Karymsky volcano eruption on 3 November 2021.A comprehensive analysis of the brightness temperatures of the sulfuric cloud in the infrared bands was performed,which revealed that the cloud was composed of a mixture of sulfate aerosol and water droplets.Using models of various aerosol compositions allows for the satellite-based estimation of optical parameters not only for sulfate aerosol but also for the whole aerosol mixture.展开更多
Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-ti...Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-tively low mass loading(<3.5 mg cm^(−2)),which has seriously restricted the areal capacity and its potential in practical devices.Maximizing areal capacity with such high-capacity materials is critical for capitalizing their potential in practi-cal technologies.Herein,we report a monolithic three-dimensional(3D)large-sheet holey gra-phene framework/SiO(LHGF/SiO)composite for high-mass-loading electrode.By specifically using large-sheet holey graphene building blocks,we construct LHGF with super-elasticity and exceptional mechanical robustness,which is essential for accommodating the large volume change of SiO and ensuring the structure integrity even at ultrahigh mass loading.Additionally,the 3D porous graphene network structure in LHGF ensures excellent electron and ion transport.By systematically tailoring microstructure design,we show the LHGF/SiO anode with a mass loading of 44 mg cm^(−2)delivers a high areal capacity of 35.4 mAh cm^(−2)at a current of 8.8 mA cm^(−2)and retains a capacity of 10.6 mAh cm^(−2)at 17.6 mA cm^(−2),greatly exceeding those of the state-of-the-art commercial or research devices.Furthermore,we show an LHGF/SiO anode with an ultra-high mass loading of 94 mg cm^(−2)delivers an unprecedented areal capacity up to 140.8 mAh cm^(−2).The achievement of such high areal capacities marks a critical step toward realizing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.展开更多
The growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems(EESSs)with high energy densities for electric vehicles and portable electronics is driving the electrode revolution,in which the development of hi...The growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems(EESSs)with high energy densities for electric vehicles and portable electronics is driving the electrode revolution,in which the development of high-mass-loading electrodes(HMLEs)is a promising route to improve the energy density of batteries packed in limited spaces through the optimal enlargement of active material loading ratios and reduction of inactive component ratios in overall cell devices.However,HMLEs face significant challenges including inferior charge kinetics,poor electrode structural stability,and complex and expensive production processes.Based on this,this review will provide a comprehensive summary of HMLEs,beginning with a basic presentation of factors influencing HMLE electrochemical properties,the understanding of which can guide optimal HMLE designs.Rational strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of HMLEs accompanied by corresponding advantages and bottlenecks are subsequently discussed in terms of various factors ranging from inactive component modification to active material design to structural engineering at the electrode scale.This review will also present the recent progress and approaches of HMLEs applied in various EESSs,including advanced secondary batteries(lithium-/sodium-/potassium-/aluminum-/calcium-ion batteries,lithium metal anodes,lithium-sulfur batteries,lithium-air batteries,zinc batteries,magnesium batteries)and supercapacitors.Finally,this review will examine the challenges and prospects of HMLE commercialization with a focus on thermal safety,performance evaluation,advanced characterization,and production cost assessment to guide future development.展开更多
The Li-ion capacitors(LICs)develop rapidly due to their double-high features of high-energy density and high-power density.However,the relative low capacity of cathode and sluggish kinetics of anode seriously impede t...The Li-ion capacitors(LICs)develop rapidly due to their double-high features of high-energy density and high-power density.However,the relative low capacity of cathode and sluggish kinetics of anode seriously impede the development of LICs.Herein,the precisely pore-engineered and heteroatomtailored defective hierarchical porous carbons(DHPCs)as large-capacity cathode and high-rate anode to construct high-performance dual-carbon LICs have been developed.The DHPCs are prepared based on triple-activation mechanisms by direct pyrolysis of sustainable lignin with urea to generate the interconnected hierarchical porous structure and plentiful heteroatominduced defects.Benefiting from these advanced merits,DHPCs show the well-matched high capacity and fast kinetics of both cathode and anode,exhibiting large capacities,superior rate capability and long-term lifespan.Both experimental and computational results demonstrate the strong synergistic effect of pore and dopants for Li storage.Consequently,the assembled dual-carbon LIC exhibits high voltage of 4.5 V,high-energy density of 208 Wh kg^(−1),ultrahigh power density of 53.4 kW kg^(−1)and almost zerodecrement cycling lifetime.Impressively,the full device with high mass loading of 9.4 mg cm^(−2)on cathode still outputs high-energy density of 187 Wh kg^(−1),demonstrative of their potential as electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical devices.展开更多
Smart construction of battery-type anodes with high rate and good mechanical properties is significant for advanced sodium ion capacitors(SICs).Herein,a flexible film consisting of MoO_(2) subnanoclusters encapsulated...Smart construction of battery-type anodes with high rate and good mechanical properties is significant for advanced sodium ion capacitors(SICs).Herein,a flexible film consisting of MoO_(2) subnanoclusters encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers(MoO_(2) SCs@N-CNFs)is designed and synthesized via electrospinning toward SICs as anodes.The strong N-Mo interaction guarantees the stable yet uniform dispersion of high loading MoO_(2) SCs(≈40 wt.%)in the flexible carbonaceous substrate.The sub-nanoscale effect of SCs restrains electrode pulverization and improves the Na+diffusion kinetics,rendering better pseudocapacitance-dominated Na+-storage properties than the nanocrystal counterpart.The MoO_(2) SCs@N-CNFs paper with mass loadings of 2.2–10.1 mg cm^(−2) can be directly used as free-standing anode for SICs,which exhibit high reversible gravimetric/areal capacities both in liquid and quasi-solid-state electrolytes.The assembled flexible SICs competitively exhibit exceptional energy density and cycling stability.More significantly,the sub-nanoscale engineering strategy here is promisingly generalized to future electrode design for other electrochemical energy-related applications and beyond.展开更多
The development of insertion-type anodes is the key to designing“rocking chair”zinc-ion batteries.However,there is rare report on high mass loading anode with high performances.Here,{001}-oriented Bi OCl nanosheets ...The development of insertion-type anodes is the key to designing“rocking chair”zinc-ion batteries.However,there is rare report on high mass loading anode with high performances.Here,{001}-oriented Bi OCl nanosheets with Sn doping are proposed as a promising insertion-type anode.The designs of cross-linked CNTs conductive network,{001}-oriented nanosheet,and Sn doping significantly enhance ion/electron transport,proved via experimental tests and theoretical calculations(density of states and diffusion barrier).The H^(+)/Zn^(2+)synergistic co-insertion mechanism is proved via ex situ XRD,Raman,XPS,and SEM tests.Accordingly,this optimized electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 194 m A h g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)with a voltage of≈0.37 V and an impressive cyclability with 128 m A h g^(-1)over 2500 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also shows satisfactory performances at an ultrahigh mass loading of 10 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Sn-Bi OCl//MnO_(2)full cell displays a reversible capacity of 85 m A h g^(-1)at 0.2 A g^(-1)during cyclic test.展开更多
The nearly nine-year continuous GPS data collected since 1 March 1999 from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China(CMONOC) were consistently analyzed.Most of the nonlinear movements in the cumulative position ...The nearly nine-year continuous GPS data collected since 1 March 1999 from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China(CMONOC) were consistently analyzed.Most of the nonlinear movements in the cumulative position time series pro-duced by CMONOC data center disappeared;and more accurate vertical terms and tectonic signals were extracted.Displacements caused by atmospheric pressure loading,nontidal ocean loading,soil moisture mass loading,and snow cover mass loading using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) Reanalysis I/II models and Estimation of the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean(ECCO) data can explain most of the vertical annual terms at many stations,while only parts can be explained at Lhasa and southern coastal sites,indicating that there are some deformation mechanisms that are still unknown or not modeled accurately.The remarkable differences in vertical position time series for short-baseline sites reveal that GPS stations can be greatly affected by lo-cal factors;and attention should be paid when explaining observed GPS velocity vectors.展开更多
The flow instability of nanofluids in a jet is studied numerically under various shape factors of the velocity profile, Reynolds numbers, nanoparticle mass loadings,Knudsen numbers, and Stokes numbers. The numerical r...The flow instability of nanofluids in a jet is studied numerically under various shape factors of the velocity profile, Reynolds numbers, nanoparticle mass loadings,Knudsen numbers, and Stokes numbers. The numerical results are compared with the available theoretical results for validation. The results show that the presence of nanoparticles enhances the flow stability, and there exists a critical particle mass loading beyond which the flow is stable. As the shape factor of the velocity profile and the Reynolds number increase, the flow becomes more unstable. However, the flow becomes more stable with the increase of the particle mass loading. The wavenumber corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification becomes large with the increase of the shape factor of the velocity profile, and with the decrease of the particle mass loading and the Reynolds number. The variations of wave amplification with the Stokes number and the Knudsen number are not monotonic increasing or decreasing, and there exists a critical Stokes number and a Knudsen number with which the flow is relatively stable and most unstable,respectively, when other parameters remain unchanged. The perturbation with the first azimuthal mode makes the flow unstable more easily than that with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode. The wavenumbers corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification are more concentrated for the perturbation with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode.展开更多
Silicon is recognized as the most advantageous next-generation anode material for LIBs in terms of its extremely high theoretical capacity and appropriate operating voltage.However,the application of Si anode is limit...Silicon is recognized as the most advantageous next-generation anode material for LIBs in terms of its extremely high theoretical capacity and appropriate operating voltage.However,the application of Si anode is limited by huge volume expansion emerging with cycling,which in turn induces the collapse of the electrode structure,resulting in rapid capacity decay.Here,we report a strategy using self-swelling artificial laponite to prepare a laponite/MXene/CNT composite framework with both rigidity and flexibility,which can excellently address these challenges of Si anode.The self-swelling artificial laponite participates in the construction of hierarchical and porous structures,providing sufficient buffer space to mitigate the volume expansion of the LixSi alloying reaction.Meanwhile,tough and tightly cross-linked silicate nanosheets can improve the mechanical strength of the framework for strong structural stability.More importantly,the negative charge between the layers of artificial laponite can effectively promote fast Li-ion transport in the electrode.This free-standing silicon anode enables the preparation of high areal capacity electrodes to further enhance the energy density of LIBs and a higher reversible capacity of 2381.8 mAh/g at 0.1 C after 50 cycles with an initial coulombic of 85.6%.This work provides a simple and practical fabrication strategy for developing high-performance Si-based batteries,which can speed up their commercialization.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC1902603).
文摘The conversion of waste tire pyrolysis oil(WTPO)into S-doped porous carbon nanorods(labeled as WPCNs)with hierarchical pore structure is realized by a simple template-directed approach.The specific surface area of as-obtained porous carbon nanorods can reach up to 1448 m^(2) g^(−1) without the addition of any activating agent.As the capacitive electrode,WPCNs possess the extraordinary compatibility to capacitance,different electrolyte systems as well as long-term cycle life even at a commercial-level areal mass loading(10 mg cm^(−2)).Besides,only an extremely small capacitance fluctuation is observed under the extreme circumstance(−40 to 80℃),reflecting the excellent high-and low-temperature performance.The relationship between the pore structure and capacitive behavior is analyzed by comparing WPCNs with mesopores-dominated asphalt-derived porous carbon nanorods(APCNs)and micropores-dominated activated carbon.The molecular dynamics simulation further reveals the ion diffusion and transfer ability of the as-prepared carbon materials under different pore size distribution.The total ion flow(NT)of WPCNs calculated by the simulation is obviously larger than APCNs and the N_(T) ratio between them is similar with the experimental average capacitance ratio.Furthermore,this work also provides a valuable strategy to prepare the electrode material with high capacitive energy storage ability through the high value-added utilization of WTPO.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21908245 and 21776308)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing (No. 2462018YJRC009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2018T110187)。
文摘Rational design of advanced structure for transition metal oxides(TMOs) is attractive for achieving high-performance supercapacitors.However, it is hampered by sluggish reaction kinetics, low mass loading, and volume change upon cycling. Herein, hierarchical Ni Co_(2)O_(4) architectures with 2D-nanosheets-shell and 3D-nanocages-core(2D/3D h-NCO) are directly assembled on nickel foam via a facile one-step way.The 2D nanosheets are in-situ generated from the self-evolution of initial NCO nanospheres. This 2D/3D hierarchical structures ensure fast ion/electron transport and maintain the structural integrity to buffer the volume expansion. The 2D/3D h-NCO electrode with an ultrahigh mass loading(30 mg cm^(-2)) achieves a high areal capacity of 4.65 C cm^(-2)(equivalent to 1.29 mAh cm^(-2)) at a current density of 4 mA cm^(-2), and retains 3.7 C cm^(-2) even at 50 mA cm^(-2). Furthermore, the assembled solid-state hybrid supercapacitor yields a high volumetric energy density of 4.25 mWh cm^(-3) at a power density of 39.3 mW cm^(-3), with a high capacity retention of 92.4% after 5000 cycles. Therefore, this work provides a new insight to constuct hierarchical electrodes for energy storage application.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42025404,42188101,and 423B2409)the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFF0503700)the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB41000000).
文摘upiter's space environment is highly dynamic,shaped by interactions between the solar wind,Jupiter’s strong magnetic field,and its moons[1].As one of Galilean moons,the volcanic moon Io introduces fresh plasmas to Jupiter’s space environment,providing a major plasma source in Jupiter’s magnetosphere[2].This process of mass loading is primarily supplied by Io’s dense atmosphere through the sublimation of surface frost[3].Due to interchange instability,cold and dense plasmas sourced from Io are transported outward,while hot and tenuous plasmas move inward[4].The process of plasma interchange instability can be captured observationally in terms of both charged particles and plasma waves[5].
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51533008,21325417,51603183,51703194,51803177 and 21805242)the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFA0200200)+3 种基金Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects(2018HZ0001-2)Hundred Talents Program of Zhejiang University(188020*194231701/113)the Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province(2018C01049)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2017QNA4036 and 2017XZZX001-04).
文摘Graphene-polyaniline(GP)composites are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors but possessing unsatisfied stability,especially under high mass loading,due to the low ion transmission efficiency and serious pulverization effect.To address this issue,we propose a scalable method to achieve highly wettable GP electrodes,showing excellent stability.In addition,our results demonstrate that the performance of electrodes is nearly independent of the mass loading,indicating the great potential of such GP electrodes for practical devices.We attribute the remarkable performance of GP to the delicate precursor of nitrogen doped graphene film assembled by wet-spinning technology.This report provides a strategy to promote the ion penetrating efficiency across the electrodes and deter the pulverization effect,aiming at the practical GP supercapacitor electrodes of high mass loading.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51772148)Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(TAPP,PPZY2015B128)the Project funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘The design of three-dimensional(30)core-shell hetercistructures is an efficient method to achieve high mass specific capacity of electroactive materials under high mass loading.In this work,porous Ni_(4)Co1-0H nanosheets with a mass loading of 7.7 mg·cm^(-2) are obtained by using Ni_(4)Cor(NO_(3))_(2)(0H)_(4) supported on the CuO nanowires as precursors via an unavoidable electrochemically induced phase reconstruction.During the electrochemical reconstruction process,the N03-anions in Ni_(4)Cor(N0_(3))_(2)(0H)_(4) are easily replaced by OH-anions in the electrolyte.The phase reconstruction is accompanied by the decrease of ionic diffusion.:resistance and the increase of pore volume,and the shift of binding energy.The obtained Ni4Co1-0H nanosheets show a high:mass specific capacity of 363.6 mAh·g^(-1) at 5 mA·cm^(-2).The as-fabricated alkaline hybrid supercapacitor and Ni-Zn battery deliver high energy density of 293.1 and 604.9 Wh·kg^(-1),respectively,indicating.excellent alkaline energy storage performance.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51702056 and 51772135)the Ministry of Education of China(6141A02022516),China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M622902 and 2019T120790)+1 种基金funding from the University of Macao(SRG2016-00092-IAPME,MYRG2018-00079-IAPME,and MYRG2019-00115IAPME)the Science and Technology Development Fund,Macao SAR(FDCT081/2017/A2,FDCT0059/2018/A2,and FDCT009/2017/AMJ).
文摘Mass loading and potential plateau are the two most important issues of potassium(K)-ion batteries(KIBs),but they have long been ignored in previous studies.Herein,we report a simple and scalable method to fabricate acidized carbon clothes(A-CC)as high mass loading(13.1 mg cm−2)anode for KIBs,which achieved a reversible areal-specific capacity of 1.81 mAh cm−2 at 0.2 mA cm−2.Besides,we have proposed the concept of“relative energy density”to reasonably evaluate the electrochemical performance of the anode.According to our calculation method,the A-CC electrode exhibited an ultrahigh relative energy density of 46 Wh m−2 in the initial charge process and remained at 40 Wh m−2 after 50 cycles.Furthermore,we performed the operando Raman spectroscopy(ORS)to investigate the K-ion storage mechanism.We believe that our work might provide a new guideline for the evaluation of anode performance,thereby,opening an avenue for the development of commercial anode.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51572092,51872098,and 51922042)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2021A1515010452)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities,China(No.2020ZYGXZR074).
文摘The capacitance loss caused by slow electron and ion migration kinetics in thick electrode with high-mass loading has been regarded as a great challenge in the field of electrochemical energy storage.Herein,we demonstrate a facile electrochemical deposition method for coating the heterostructured Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x) onto flexible carbon cloth( Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC).In the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x) heterojunction,the mixed-valence WOx core provides abundant active sites for H+ions accommodation,while Ti_(3)C_(2)Tx shell can not only prevent peeling off the thick WOx but also act as an interconnected conductive network.The Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC flexible electrode with an ultrahigh mass loading of 34.9 mg·cm^(−2) exhibits a high areal capacitance of 5.73 F·cm^(−2) at 5 mA·cm^(−2) and excellent rate capability.Notably,the Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode under such a high mass loading still delivers a gravimetric capacitance of 164 F·g^(−1) and areal capacitance of Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode increases linearly with the WOx mass loading.Furthermore,a symmetrical supercapacitor assembled with Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)/WO_(x)@CC electrode exhibits a good areal energy density of 96.8μWh·cm^(−2) at a power density of 1.5 mW·cm^(−2).This work verifies high mass loading of active materials per unit electrode area for charge storage of supercapacitors in limited space,indicating the great potential in the development of commercially available thick metal-oxide film supercapacitors.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51972234,92163118).
文摘The design of supercapacitor materials with both high areal capacity(C)and high mass loading is vitally important for enhancing energy density(E).Herein,we prepared a NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH composite film consisting of NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH nanosheets on an expanded graphite paper(EGP)by using a facial anodization method.The as-prepared NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH film exhibits ultra-high C of 11 mA·h·cm^(-2)at a mass loading of 165 mg·cm^(-2),high rate capability of 71%and excellent cycling stability of 95%after 12000 cycles.The outstanding performance is ascribed to the low-crystalline feature of the NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH nanosheets,and the synergistic effect of the NiCosingle bondOH and NiCoOOH phases and high conductive porous EGP.An aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor,assembled with the NiCosingle bondOH/NiCoOOH on EGP and Fe_(2)O_(3)on EGP as positive-and negative-electrode,respectively,shows a highest E of 3.8 mW·h·cm^(-2)at a power density(P)of 4 mW·cm^(-2)and a maximum P of 107 mW·cm^(-2)at an E of 2.7 mW·h·cm^(-2).
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB0750000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52270012 and 52470018)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFC3203705 and2021YFC3200904)。
文摘Due to their persistence,bioaccumulation,and resistance to degradation,perfluorinated substances(PFASs)have significant impacts on the environment and human health.This study comprehensively analyzed and assessed the occurrence characteristics,sources,and potential ecological risks of 13 PFASs in the Yangtze River.The results indicated that the concentrations ofΣPFASs range from 5.1 to 57.7 ng/L,with more severe pollution downstream and perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBuS)being the main pollutant.ΣPFASs showed a positive correlation with total organic carbon and absorbance under the condition of UV wavelength 254 nm(UV_(254)),and a negative correlation with total dissolved solids.Positive matrix factorization model analysis revealed that the primary sources of PFASs in the study area are food packaging,the electroplating industry,and the manufacturing and processing of fluoropolymer-containing products.The total ecological risk value of PFASs indicated that the ecological risks to algae,invertebrates,and fish are negligible.The annual load of ΣPFASs in the Yangtze River was 39.00 t,with the highest concentrations of pollutants being PFBuS(26.41 t/year),perfluorobutanoic acid(6.47 t/year),and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA,3.19t/year).While PFASs have not yet posed a risk to aquatic organisms,the increase in the use of short-chain PFASs substitutes(C4-C7)due to the regulation of PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate highlights the need for continued monitoring of short-chain PFASs pollution.
基金supported by Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department(No.2021JJ10058).
文摘Sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)exhibit unparalleled application value due to the high ionic conductivity and good processability of sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs).Carbon-based conductive agents(CAs)are often used in the construction of electronic conductive networks to achieve rapid electron transfer.However,CAs accelerate the formation of decomposition products of SSEs,and their effects on sulfide-based ASSBs are not fully understood.Herein,the effect of CAs(super P,vaper-grown carbonfibers,and carbon nanotubes)on the performance of sulfide-based ASSBs is investigated under different cathode active materials mass loading(8 and 25 mg⋅cm^(-2)).The results show that under low mass loading,the side reaction between the CAs and the SSEs deteriorates the performance of the cell,while the charge transfer promotion caused by the addition of CAs is only manifested under high mass loading.Furthermore,the gradient design strategy(enrichment of CAs near the current collector side and depletion of CAs near the electrolyte side)is applied to maximize the benefits of CAs in electron transport and reduce the adverse effects of CAs.The charge carrier transport barrier inside the high mass loading electrode is significantly reduced through the regulation of electronic conductivity.Consequently,the optimized electrode achieves a high areal capacity of 5.6 mAh⋅cm^(-2)at high current density(1.25 mA⋅cm2,0.2℃)at 25℃with a capacity retention of 87.85%after 100 cycles.This work provides a promising way for the design of high-mass loading electrodes with practical application value.
文摘In this study we compared weekly GNSS position time series with modelled values of crustal deformations on the basis of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） data. The Global Navigation Satellite Systems （GNSS） time series were taken from homogeneously reprocessed global network solutions within the International GNSS Service （IGS） Reprucessing 1 project and from regional solutions performed by Warsaw University of Technology （WUT） European Permanent Network （EPN） Local Analysis Center （LAC） within the EPN reprocessing project. Eight GNSS sites from the territory of Poland with observation timespans between 2.5 and 13 years were selected for this study. The Total Water Equivalent （TWE） estimation from GRACE data was used to compute deformations using the Green＇s function formalism. High frequency components were removed from GRACE data to avoid aliasing problems. Since GRACE observes mainly the mass transport in continental storage of water, we also compared GRACE deformations and the GNSS position time series, with the deformations computed on the basis of a hydrosphere model. We used the output of Water GAP Hydrology Model （WGHM） to compute deformations in the same manner as for the GRACE data. The WGHM gave slightly larger amplitudes than GNSS and GRACE. The atmospheric non-tidal loading effect was removed from GNSS position time series before comparing them with modelled deformations. The results confirmed that the major part of observed seasonal variations for GNSS vertical components can be attributed to the hy- drosphere loading. The results for these components agree very well both in the amplitude and phase. The decrease in standard deviation of the residual GNSS position time series for vertical components corrected for the hydrosphere loading reached maximally 36% and occurred for all but one stations for both global and regional solutions. For horizontal components the amplitudes are about three times smaller than for vertical components therefore the comparison is much more complicated and the conclusions are ambiguous.
基金The studies were carried out using the resources of the Center for Shared Use of Scientific Equipment“Center for Processing and Storage of Scientific Data of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”(Sorokin et al.,2017)(Project No.075-15-2021-663).
文摘This paper presents a method for retrieving optical parameters from volcanic sulfate aerosols from the AHI radiometer on board the Himawari-8 satellite.The proposed method is based on optical models for various mixtures of aerosol components from volcanic clouds,including ash particles,ice crystals,water drops,and sulfate aerosol droplets.The application of multi-component optical models of various aerosol compositions allows for the optical thickness and mass loading of sulfate aerosol to be estimated in the sulfuric cloud formed after the Karymsky volcano eruption on 3 November 2021.A comprehensive analysis of the brightness temperatures of the sulfuric cloud in the infrared bands was performed,which revealed that the cloud was composed of a mixture of sulfate aerosol and water droplets.Using models of various aerosol compositions allows for the satellite-based estimation of optical parameters not only for sulfate aerosol but also for the whole aerosol mixture.
基金support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52074113,22005091)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities(No.531107051048)+6 种基金the Changsha Municipal Natural Science Foundantion(Grant No.43184)the CITIC Metals Ningbo Energy Co.Ltd.(No.H202191380246)Xidong Duan acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51991343,51991340,61804050 and 51872086)the Hunan Key Laboratory of Two-Dimensional Materials(No.2018TP1010)Junfei Liang acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1910208)the National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.201901D111137)Tao Wang acknowledges support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22005092).
文摘Silicon monoxide(SiO)is an attractive anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries for its ultra-high theoretical capacity of 2680 mAh g−1.The studies to date have been limited to electrodes with a rela-tively low mass loading(<3.5 mg cm^(−2)),which has seriously restricted the areal capacity and its potential in practical devices.Maximizing areal capacity with such high-capacity materials is critical for capitalizing their potential in practi-cal technologies.Herein,we report a monolithic three-dimensional(3D)large-sheet holey gra-phene framework/SiO(LHGF/SiO)composite for high-mass-loading electrode.By specifically using large-sheet holey graphene building blocks,we construct LHGF with super-elasticity and exceptional mechanical robustness,which is essential for accommodating the large volume change of SiO and ensuring the structure integrity even at ultrahigh mass loading.Additionally,the 3D porous graphene network structure in LHGF ensures excellent electron and ion transport.By systematically tailoring microstructure design,we show the LHGF/SiO anode with a mass loading of 44 mg cm^(−2)delivers a high areal capacity of 35.4 mAh cm^(−2)at a current of 8.8 mA cm^(−2)and retains a capacity of 10.6 mAh cm^(−2)at 17.6 mA cm^(−2),greatly exceeding those of the state-of-the-art commercial or research devices.Furthermore,we show an LHGF/SiO anode with an ultra-high mass loading of 94 mg cm^(−2)delivers an unprecedented areal capacity up to 140.8 mAh cm^(−2).The achievement of such high areal capacities marks a critical step toward realizing the full potential of high-capacity alloy-type electrode materials in practical lithium-ion batteries.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2015CB251100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21975026)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.L182056).
文摘The growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy storage systems(EESSs)with high energy densities for electric vehicles and portable electronics is driving the electrode revolution,in which the development of high-mass-loading electrodes(HMLEs)is a promising route to improve the energy density of batteries packed in limited spaces through the optimal enlargement of active material loading ratios and reduction of inactive component ratios in overall cell devices.However,HMLEs face significant challenges including inferior charge kinetics,poor electrode structural stability,and complex and expensive production processes.Based on this,this review will provide a comprehensive summary of HMLEs,beginning with a basic presentation of factors influencing HMLE electrochemical properties,the understanding of which can guide optimal HMLE designs.Rational strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of HMLEs accompanied by corresponding advantages and bottlenecks are subsequently discussed in terms of various factors ranging from inactive component modification to active material design to structural engineering at the electrode scale.This review will also present the recent progress and approaches of HMLEs applied in various EESSs,including advanced secondary batteries(lithium-/sodium-/potassium-/aluminum-/calcium-ion batteries,lithium metal anodes,lithium-sulfur batteries,lithium-air batteries,zinc batteries,magnesium batteries)and supercapacitors.Finally,this review will examine the challenges and prospects of HMLE commercialization with a focus on thermal safety,performance evaluation,advanced characterization,and production cost assessment to guide future development.
基金financialy supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 22005298,22125903,51872283,22075279,22279137)Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents(2019RT09)+3 种基金Dalian National Laboratory For Clean Energy(DNL),CAS,DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201912,DNL201915,DNL202016,DNL202019),DICP(DICP I2020032)The Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(YLUDNL Fund 2021002,YLU-DNL Fund 2021009)Suzhou University Scientific Research Platform(2021XJPT07)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019 M661141)
文摘The Li-ion capacitors(LICs)develop rapidly due to their double-high features of high-energy density and high-power density.However,the relative low capacity of cathode and sluggish kinetics of anode seriously impede the development of LICs.Herein,the precisely pore-engineered and heteroatomtailored defective hierarchical porous carbons(DHPCs)as large-capacity cathode and high-rate anode to construct high-performance dual-carbon LICs have been developed.The DHPCs are prepared based on triple-activation mechanisms by direct pyrolysis of sustainable lignin with urea to generate the interconnected hierarchical porous structure and plentiful heteroatominduced defects.Benefiting from these advanced merits,DHPCs show the well-matched high capacity and fast kinetics of both cathode and anode,exhibiting large capacities,superior rate capability and long-term lifespan.Both experimental and computational results demonstrate the strong synergistic effect of pore and dopants for Li storage.Consequently,the assembled dual-carbon LIC exhibits high voltage of 4.5 V,high-energy density of 208 Wh kg^(−1),ultrahigh power density of 53.4 kW kg^(−1)and almost zerodecrement cycling lifetime.Impressively,the full device with high mass loading of 9.4 mg cm^(−2)on cathode still outputs high-energy density of 187 Wh kg^(−1),demonstrative of their potential as electrode materials for high-performance electrochemical devices.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51772127,51772131,and 52072151)Jinan Independent Innovative Team (2020GXRC015)+2 种基金Taishan Schol-ars (No.ts201712050)Natural Science Doctoral Foundation of Shandong Pro-vince (ZR2019BEM038)Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong.
文摘Smart construction of battery-type anodes with high rate and good mechanical properties is significant for advanced sodium ion capacitors(SICs).Herein,a flexible film consisting of MoO_(2) subnanoclusters encapsulated in nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers(MoO_(2) SCs@N-CNFs)is designed and synthesized via electrospinning toward SICs as anodes.The strong N-Mo interaction guarantees the stable yet uniform dispersion of high loading MoO_(2) SCs(≈40 wt.%)in the flexible carbonaceous substrate.The sub-nanoscale effect of SCs restrains electrode pulverization and improves the Na+diffusion kinetics,rendering better pseudocapacitance-dominated Na+-storage properties than the nanocrystal counterpart.The MoO_(2) SCs@N-CNFs paper with mass loadings of 2.2–10.1 mg cm^(−2) can be directly used as free-standing anode for SICs,which exhibit high reversible gravimetric/areal capacities both in liquid and quasi-solid-state electrolytes.The assembled flexible SICs competitively exhibit exceptional energy density and cycling stability.More significantly,the sub-nanoscale engineering strategy here is promisingly generalized to future electrode design for other electrochemical energy-related applications and beyond.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (52102312,51672234,and 52072325)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province of China (2021JJ40528)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682581)the Macao Young Scholars Program (AM2021011)the College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (S202210530051)。
文摘The development of insertion-type anodes is the key to designing“rocking chair”zinc-ion batteries.However,there is rare report on high mass loading anode with high performances.Here,{001}-oriented Bi OCl nanosheets with Sn doping are proposed as a promising insertion-type anode.The designs of cross-linked CNTs conductive network,{001}-oriented nanosheet,and Sn doping significantly enhance ion/electron transport,proved via experimental tests and theoretical calculations(density of states and diffusion barrier).The H^(+)/Zn^(2+)synergistic co-insertion mechanism is proved via ex situ XRD,Raman,XPS,and SEM tests.Accordingly,this optimized electrode delivers a high reversible capacity of 194 m A h g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1)with a voltage of≈0.37 V and an impressive cyclability with 128 m A h g^(-1)over 2500 cycles at 1 A g^(-1).It also shows satisfactory performances at an ultrahigh mass loading of 10 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Sn-Bi OCl//MnO_(2)full cell displays a reversible capacity of 85 m A h g^(-1)at 0.2 A g^(-1)during cyclic test.
基金Supported by the Research Grant from Institute of Crustal Dynamics (No. ZDJ2010-17)
文摘The nearly nine-year continuous GPS data collected since 1 March 1999 from the Crustal Motion Observation Network of China(CMONOC) were consistently analyzed.Most of the nonlinear movements in the cumulative position time series pro-duced by CMONOC data center disappeared;and more accurate vertical terms and tectonic signals were extracted.Displacements caused by atmospheric pressure loading,nontidal ocean loading,soil moisture mass loading,and snow cover mass loading using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP) Reanalysis I/II models and Estimation of the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean(ECCO) data can explain most of the vertical annual terms at many stations,while only parts can be explained at Lhasa and southern coastal sites,indicating that there are some deformation mechanisms that are still unknown or not modeled accurately.The remarkable differences in vertical position time series for short-baseline sites reveal that GPS stations can be greatly affected by lo-cal factors;and attention should be paid when explaining observed GPS velocity vectors.
基金Project supported by the Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11132008)
文摘The flow instability of nanofluids in a jet is studied numerically under various shape factors of the velocity profile, Reynolds numbers, nanoparticle mass loadings,Knudsen numbers, and Stokes numbers. The numerical results are compared with the available theoretical results for validation. The results show that the presence of nanoparticles enhances the flow stability, and there exists a critical particle mass loading beyond which the flow is stable. As the shape factor of the velocity profile and the Reynolds number increase, the flow becomes more unstable. However, the flow becomes more stable with the increase of the particle mass loading. The wavenumber corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification becomes large with the increase of the shape factor of the velocity profile, and with the decrease of the particle mass loading and the Reynolds number. The variations of wave amplification with the Stokes number and the Knudsen number are not monotonic increasing or decreasing, and there exists a critical Stokes number and a Knudsen number with which the flow is relatively stable and most unstable,respectively, when other parameters remain unchanged. The perturbation with the first azimuthal mode makes the flow unstable more easily than that with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode. The wavenumbers corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification are more concentrated for the perturbation with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51871113)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20200047).
文摘Silicon is recognized as the most advantageous next-generation anode material for LIBs in terms of its extremely high theoretical capacity and appropriate operating voltage.However,the application of Si anode is limited by huge volume expansion emerging with cycling,which in turn induces the collapse of the electrode structure,resulting in rapid capacity decay.Here,we report a strategy using self-swelling artificial laponite to prepare a laponite/MXene/CNT composite framework with both rigidity and flexibility,which can excellently address these challenges of Si anode.The self-swelling artificial laponite participates in the construction of hierarchical and porous structures,providing sufficient buffer space to mitigate the volume expansion of the LixSi alloying reaction.Meanwhile,tough and tightly cross-linked silicate nanosheets can improve the mechanical strength of the framework for strong structural stability.More importantly,the negative charge between the layers of artificial laponite can effectively promote fast Li-ion transport in the electrode.This free-standing silicon anode enables the preparation of high areal capacity electrodes to further enhance the energy density of LIBs and a higher reversible capacity of 2381.8 mAh/g at 0.1 C after 50 cycles with an initial coulombic of 85.6%.This work provides a simple and practical fabrication strategy for developing high-performance Si-based batteries,which can speed up their commercialization.
