Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal an...Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal and semantic perspectives： formal markedness, distributional markedness, and semantic markedness. These three types of markedness are accounted for in detail from their definitions to their characteristics. Then the relationship of these three types of markedness is explicated. The ultimate aim of this paper is to give an insight to markedness phenomenon not only from linguistic form or structure, but from its semantic distinctions and pragmatic use. The study also aims to help foster the greater application of Markedness Theory to other linguistic fields＇ study展开更多
Markedness refers to the asymmetric phenomenon in a linguistic category. Unmarked item, compared with marked item,is more natural, more neutral, more fundamental, and has higher using frequency and wider distribution....Markedness refers to the asymmetric phenomenon in a linguistic category. Unmarked item, compared with marked item,is more natural, more neutral, more fundamental, and has higher using frequency and wider distribution. From the perspective of markedness theory, the study, collecting 86 English passives and 85 Chinese passives(including 35 notional passives and 50 Beisentences), contrastively analyzes the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives from the aspects of patient animacy, emotional color, and tense through example-illustration and description. The analysis shows that the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives has different expressions in the three aspects. Inanimate patient has stronger unmarkedness in both English and Chinese passives, for it is more frequently-used than animate patient. According to people's cognition and language using habits, the emotional color of English passives and Chinese notional passives is neutral in most cases, so the neutral emotional color is unmarked.But in Chinese Bei-sentences, negative emotional color has stronger unmarkedness. As for the tense expression, English passives have wider distributions in time span and simpler structure than Chinese passives. Thus, English passives possess stronger unmarkedness in the light of tense. According to the analysis, the study proposes feasible advice for second language acquisition and translation.展开更多
Chinese tourism becomes a thriving field with the promotion of China reform and opening policy and the rapid development of social economy. The translation of tourist materials thus weighs a lot in the economic develo...Chinese tourism becomes a thriving field with the promotion of China reform and opening policy and the rapid development of social economy. The translation of tourist materials thus weighs a lot in the economic development and cross-cultural communication. But the condition is not satisfactory, there are still existing some problems in the translation of tourist publicity materials. Therefor the readers can't receive the equal information that the original text expressed. Based on this fact,the paper attempts to analyze what pragmatic failures there are in the translation of tourist materials and to analyze how the Pragmaticmarkedness Equivalence Principle(PMEP) approach can be applied to the translation of tourist publicity materials to achieve the translation equivalence.展开更多
Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined...Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.展开更多
Chinese negative transfer makes negative effects on English vocabulary acquisition of Chinese high school students, andone of the important reasons is that Chinese is weak marked while English is strong marked. Theref...Chinese negative transfer makes negative effects on English vocabulary acquisition of Chinese high school students, andone of the important reasons is that Chinese is weak marked while English is strong marked. Therefore, it is easy for Chinese highschool students to transfer the solidified usage of Chinese words into English when they acquire English words. The thesis analyzesthe negative effects of Chinese negative transfer in English lexical morphology acquisition in terms of two categories inflections andderivations according to markedness theory.展开更多
Research on students' avoidance in the production of English relative clauses is of vital importance, which can help researchers and teachers know better how students learn languages. However, there are only few e...Research on students' avoidance in the production of English relative clauses is of vital importance, which can help researchers and teachers know better how students learn languages. However, there are only few experimental studies on it and no consensus has been achieved. When it comes to Mainland Chinese foreign language learners, hardly any relevant research on such a phenomenon has been conducted so far. This paper has analyzed a sample of materials out of Chinese Learner English Corpus, and used sentence-completion and sentence-joining tests to investigate 37 college students' behavior on four types of relative clauses, in order to explore the relationship between their avoidance and typological markedness.展开更多
Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixe...Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixed-gender discourse,such as limited involvement in activity as an agent,markedness,and gender-differentiated roles,to clarify how women in STEM position themselves or are positioned by the society.Using corpus linguistics and content analysis,it is clarified that female researchers are usually linguistically marked or tend to distinguish themselves as non-experts.Thus,their portrayal within a misogynistic society may considerably interact with how female researchers represent themselves.展开更多
This paper aims to study the interlanguage syntactic system of L1 Chinese learners of English. A data base is constructed and designed to exam the writing of the English majors in vocational college and a special atte...This paper aims to study the interlanguage syntactic system of L1 Chinese learners of English. A data base is constructed and designed to exam the writing of the English majors in vocational college and a special attention is paid to the pseudo passive produced in the writing. Results show that due to the fact that Chinese is a topic-prominent language while English is a subjectprominent, the learners tend to transfer the subjectless structures to English production, which is reflected in the interlanguage grammar. What is more, the English passive requires more markers while the Chinese one less, which indicates that English passive is more marked than the Chinese counterpart. As a result, it is more difficult for the L1 Chinese learners to produce a wellformed English passive. In this regard, the roles of the differences between native language and target language and language transfer both play an important role in developing the interlanguage syntactic system. Based on such results, teachers should pay special attention to the teaching of English passive.展开更多
The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referr...The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referring to Behaviorism,Contrastive Analysis Hy-pothesis,Error Analysis Hypothesis,Creative Construction Hypothesis,Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis,and MarkednessTheory,etc.,so as to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis of the role L1 plays in L2 acquisition.展开更多
Linguistic marker is a common phenomenon, and there are different levels of markers in various languages. Mark theory was first proposed by the Prague School in 1930s, which is an important principle of language analy...Linguistic marker is a common phenomenon, and there are different levels of markers in various languages. Mark theory was first proposed by the Prague School in 1930s, which is an important principle of language analysis system. The function and meaning of markup languages are mainly pragmatic, which have procedural meaning and no conceptual meaning. Markedness phenomenon is not only the inherent characteristics of language symbols, but also the product of social life and different cultures. Due to the great difference between cultural background and social environment of Chinese and English speaker, thus there are many similarities and differences in the language, society and culture mark. The mark phenomena of English nouns are mainly related to the category of nouns and the opposite nouns. However, Chinese nouns have no strict morphological changes. In this paper, we discuss the theory of mark phenomenon and analyze a contrastive study on mark phenomena of English and Chinese Languages.展开更多
Mountainous torrents often carry large amounts of loose materials into the rivers, thus causing strong sediment transport. Experimentally it was found for the first time that when the intensive sediment motion occurs ...Mountainous torrents often carry large amounts of loose materials into the rivers, thus causing strong sediment transport. Experimentally it was found for the first time that when the intensive sediment motion occurs downstream over a gentle slope, the siltation of the riverbed is induced and the sediment particles can move upstream rapidly in the form of a retrograde sand wave, resulting in a higher water level along the river. To further study the complex mechanisms of this problem, a sediment mass model in the framework of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH) method was presented to simulate the riverbed evolution, sediment particle motion, and the generation and development of dynamic hydraulic jump under the condition of sufficient sediment supply over a steep slope with varying angles. Because the sediment is not a continuous medium, the marker particle tracking approach was proposed to represent a piece of sediment with a marked sediment particle. The twophase SPH model realizes the interaction between the sediment and fluid by moving the bed boundary particles up and down, so it can reasonably treat the fluid-sediment interfaces with high CPU efficiency. The critical triggering condition of sediment motion, the propagation of the hydraulic jump and the initial siltation position were all systematically studied. The experimental and numerical results revealed the extra disastrous sediment effect in a mountainous flood. The findings will be useful references to the disaster prevention and mitigation in mountainous rivers.展开更多
Life science research aims to continuously improve the quality and standard of human life. One of the major challenges in this area is to maintain food safety and security. A number of image processing techniques have...Life science research aims to continuously improve the quality and standard of human life. One of the major challenges in this area is to maintain food safety and security. A number of image processing techniques have been used to investigate the quality of food products. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to effectively segment connected grains so that each of them can be inspected in a later processing stage. One family of the existing segmentation methods is based on the idea of watersheding, and it has shown promising results in practice. However, due to the over-segmentation issue, this technique has experienced poor performance in various applications, such as inhomogeneous background and connected targets. To solve this problem, we present a combination of two classical techniques to handle this issue. In the first step, a mean shift filter is used to eliminate the inhomogeneous background,where entropy is used to be a converging criterion. Secondly, a color gradient algorithm is used in order to detect the most significant edges, and a marked watershed transform is applied to segment cluttered objects out of the previous processing stages. The proposed framework is capable of compromising among execution time, usability, efficiency and segmentation outcome in analyzing ring die pellets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effectiveness and robust.展开更多
We have carried out clinical observations on 34 patients with peripheral facial paralysis treatedby acupuncture therapy prescribed according to selection of treatment regimen on the basis of fa-cial thermogram and tem...We have carried out clinical observations on 34 patients with peripheral facial paralysis treatedby acupuncture therapy prescribed according to selection of treatment regimen on the basis of fa-cial thermogram and temperature.A comparison was made with a control group of 97 patientswho received conventional acupuncture therapy only.It was found that 1)The cure rate in thegroup of selecting acupoints by thermorgram(hereinafter referred to as the thermography-aidedtreatment group)was 67.65%,with a marked improvement rate of 26.40%;while the cure rateof the conventional acupuncture treatment group(hereinafter called the conventional treatmentgroup)was 46.39%,the marked improvement rate being 29.90%,indicating a significant differ-ence in therapeutic efficacy between the two groups(P【0.02).2)The average duration ofacupuncture therapy for the thermography aided treatment group was 6.02 weeks,whereas thatfor the conventional treatment group,24 weeks.There was also a significant difference betweenthe two groups(P【0.01).And 3)During the entire therapeutic course,25.2 sessions of treatmentwere given on the average in the thermography-aided treatment group,and 78.8 sessions in theconventional treatment group,showing a very significant difference(P【0.001).The present thermography-aided method exhibits advantages over the conventional one in en-hancing the cure rate and shortening the duration of treatment,which is worthy to be popularizedin clinical practice.And it is also of certain significance in standardization and-scientification ofacupuncture therapy.展开更多
The immediate,short-term and long-term depressor effects,the immediate effects on cardiacfunctions in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ vascular hypertension,and the effects on angiotensin Ⅱ ingrade Ⅲ vascular hypertension by a...The immediate,short-term and long-term depressor effects,the immediate effects on cardiacfunctions in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ vascular hypertension,and the effects on angiotensin Ⅱ ingrade Ⅲ vascular hypertension by acupuncture at otoacupoint Heart were studied in 30 cases ofvascular hypertensive patients.The immediate depressor effect of acupuncture at otoacupointStomach was also recorded for comparison.It was found that acupuncture at otoacupoint Heartproduced marked immediate depressor effect,and the short-term effective rate was 100%,thelong-term effective rate was 63.3%,as well as evident immediate effects on cardiac functionalactivities in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ hypertension and marked effects on angiotensin Ⅱ in grade Ⅲhypertension.Acupuncture at otoacupoint Stomach produced no depressor effect on vascularhypertension.展开更多
文摘Markedness Theory is one of the most important theories in structural linguistics. Its academic significance has long attracted more scholars and linguists. This paper intends to explore markedness from both formal and semantic perspectives： formal markedness, distributional markedness, and semantic markedness. These three types of markedness are accounted for in detail from their definitions to their characteristics. Then the relationship of these three types of markedness is explicated. The ultimate aim of this paper is to give an insight to markedness phenomenon not only from linguistic form or structure, but from its semantic distinctions and pragmatic use. The study also aims to help foster the greater application of Markedness Theory to other linguistic fields＇ study
文摘Markedness refers to the asymmetric phenomenon in a linguistic category. Unmarked item, compared with marked item,is more natural, more neutral, more fundamental, and has higher using frequency and wider distribution. From the perspective of markedness theory, the study, collecting 86 English passives and 85 Chinese passives(including 35 notional passives and 50 Beisentences), contrastively analyzes the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives from the aspects of patient animacy, emotional color, and tense through example-illustration and description. The analysis shows that the unmarkedness of English and Chinese passives has different expressions in the three aspects. Inanimate patient has stronger unmarkedness in both English and Chinese passives, for it is more frequently-used than animate patient. According to people's cognition and language using habits, the emotional color of English passives and Chinese notional passives is neutral in most cases, so the neutral emotional color is unmarked.But in Chinese Bei-sentences, negative emotional color has stronger unmarkedness. As for the tense expression, English passives have wider distributions in time span and simpler structure than Chinese passives. Thus, English passives possess stronger unmarkedness in the light of tense. According to the analysis, the study proposes feasible advice for second language acquisition and translation.
文摘Chinese tourism becomes a thriving field with the promotion of China reform and opening policy and the rapid development of social economy. The translation of tourist materials thus weighs a lot in the economic development and cross-cultural communication. But the condition is not satisfactory, there are still existing some problems in the translation of tourist publicity materials. Therefor the readers can't receive the equal information that the original text expressed. Based on this fact,the paper attempts to analyze what pragmatic failures there are in the translation of tourist materials and to analyze how the Pragmaticmarkedness Equivalence Principle(PMEP) approach can be applied to the translation of tourist publicity materials to achieve the translation equivalence.
文摘Some researches have been conducted concerning the Markedness Theory about the marked and the unmarked, from aspects of Phonetics, Grammar, Pragmatic, Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic. Few researches have combined the Markedness Theory with literature theories and even no research has been done to study the Feminism Theory from the perspective of the Markedness Theory. This paper discusses markedness theory with regard to two basic issues: Why it is ok to say"历史"in Chinese, but the equivalent in English is"history", not"*herstory". Why the meaning of"governor"and"governess"is distinctively different? No research concerning the issues from the perspective of markedness has been conducted yet. This paper gives a brief review of the studies concerning the Markedness Theory, on the basis of which the question is aroused.
文摘Chinese negative transfer makes negative effects on English vocabulary acquisition of Chinese high school students, andone of the important reasons is that Chinese is weak marked while English is strong marked. Therefore, it is easy for Chinese highschool students to transfer the solidified usage of Chinese words into English when they acquire English words. The thesis analyzesthe negative effects of Chinese negative transfer in English lexical morphology acquisition in terms of two categories inflections andderivations according to markedness theory.
文摘Research on students' avoidance in the production of English relative clauses is of vital importance, which can help researchers and teachers know better how students learn languages. However, there are only few experimental studies on it and no consensus has been achieved. When it comes to Mainland Chinese foreign language learners, hardly any relevant research on such a phenomenon has been conducted so far. This paper has analyzed a sample of materials out of Chinese Learner English Corpus, and used sentence-completion and sentence-joining tests to investigate 37 college students' behavior on four types of relative clauses, in order to explore the relationship between their avoidance and typological markedness.
文摘Currently,in STEM environments,female employees are often recognized as minorities due to their positioning or occupancy rate,which may lead to experiences of“imposter syndrome”.This study applies frameworks of mixed-gender discourse,such as limited involvement in activity as an agent,markedness,and gender-differentiated roles,to clarify how women in STEM position themselves or are positioned by the society.Using corpus linguistics and content analysis,it is clarified that female researchers are usually linguistically marked or tend to distinguish themselves as non-experts.Thus,their portrayal within a misogynistic society may considerably interact with how female researchers represent themselves.
文摘This paper aims to study the interlanguage syntactic system of L1 Chinese learners of English. A data base is constructed and designed to exam the writing of the English majors in vocational college and a special attention is paid to the pseudo passive produced in the writing. Results show that due to the fact that Chinese is a topic-prominent language while English is a subjectprominent, the learners tend to transfer the subjectless structures to English production, which is reflected in the interlanguage grammar. What is more, the English passive requires more markers while the Chinese one less, which indicates that English passive is more marked than the Chinese counterpart. As a result, it is more difficult for the L1 Chinese learners to produce a wellformed English passive. In this regard, the roles of the differences between native language and target language and language transfer both play an important role in developing the interlanguage syntactic system. Based on such results, teachers should pay special attention to the teaching of English passive.
文摘The role of the native language in second language acquisition has long been a hotly debated issue in the area of SLA.Variousstudies on the subject are reviewed and controversial views are examined in the paper,referring to Behaviorism,Contrastive Analysis Hy-pothesis,Error Analysis Hypothesis,Creative Construction Hypothesis,Common Underlying Proficiency Hypothesis,and MarkednessTheory,etc.,so as to provide a more comprehensive and deeper analysis of the role L1 plays in L2 acquisition.
文摘Linguistic marker is a common phenomenon, and there are different levels of markers in various languages. Mark theory was first proposed by the Prague School in 1930s, which is an important principle of language analysis system. The function and meaning of markup languages are mainly pragmatic, which have procedural meaning and no conceptual meaning. Markedness phenomenon is not only the inherent characteristics of language symbols, but also the product of social life and different cultures. Due to the great difference between cultural background and social environment of Chinese and English speaker, thus there are many similarities and differences in the language, society and culture mark. The mark phenomena of English nouns are mainly related to the category of nouns and the opposite nouns. However, Chinese nouns have no strict morphological changes. In this paper, we discuss the theory of mark phenomenon and analyze a contrastive study on mark phenomena of English and Chinese Languages.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0402302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51609161)the Open Funding SKHL1710 and SKHL1712 from the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering in Sichuan University,China
文摘Mountainous torrents often carry large amounts of loose materials into the rivers, thus causing strong sediment transport. Experimentally it was found for the first time that when the intensive sediment motion occurs downstream over a gentle slope, the siltation of the riverbed is induced and the sediment particles can move upstream rapidly in the form of a retrograde sand wave, resulting in a higher water level along the river. To further study the complex mechanisms of this problem, a sediment mass model in the framework of the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics(SPH) method was presented to simulate the riverbed evolution, sediment particle motion, and the generation and development of dynamic hydraulic jump under the condition of sufficient sediment supply over a steep slope with varying angles. Because the sediment is not a continuous medium, the marker particle tracking approach was proposed to represent a piece of sediment with a marked sediment particle. The twophase SPH model realizes the interaction between the sediment and fluid by moving the bed boundary particles up and down, so it can reasonably treat the fluid-sediment interfaces with high CPU efficiency. The critical triggering condition of sediment motion, the propagation of the hydraulic jump and the initial siltation position were all systematically studied. The experimental and numerical results revealed the extra disastrous sediment effect in a mountainous flood. The findings will be useful references to the disaster prevention and mitigation in mountainous rivers.
基金supported by National Key Scientific Apparatus Development of Special Item of China(No.2012YQ15008703)Nantong Research Program of Application Foundation(No.BK2012030)Key Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.14JC1402200)
文摘Life science research aims to continuously improve the quality and standard of human life. One of the major challenges in this area is to maintain food safety and security. A number of image processing techniques have been used to investigate the quality of food products. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to effectively segment connected grains so that each of them can be inspected in a later processing stage. One family of the existing segmentation methods is based on the idea of watersheding, and it has shown promising results in practice. However, due to the over-segmentation issue, this technique has experienced poor performance in various applications, such as inhomogeneous background and connected targets. To solve this problem, we present a combination of two classical techniques to handle this issue. In the first step, a mean shift filter is used to eliminate the inhomogeneous background,where entropy is used to be a converging criterion. Secondly, a color gradient algorithm is used in order to detect the most significant edges, and a marked watershed transform is applied to segment cluttered objects out of the previous processing stages. The proposed framework is capable of compromising among execution time, usability, efficiency and segmentation outcome in analyzing ring die pellets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach is effectiveness and robust.
文摘We have carried out clinical observations on 34 patients with peripheral facial paralysis treatedby acupuncture therapy prescribed according to selection of treatment regimen on the basis of fa-cial thermogram and temperature.A comparison was made with a control group of 97 patientswho received conventional acupuncture therapy only.It was found that 1)The cure rate in thegroup of selecting acupoints by thermorgram(hereinafter referred to as the thermography-aidedtreatment group)was 67.65%,with a marked improvement rate of 26.40%;while the cure rateof the conventional acupuncture treatment group(hereinafter called the conventional treatmentgroup)was 46.39%,the marked improvement rate being 29.90%,indicating a significant differ-ence in therapeutic efficacy between the two groups(P【0.02).2)The average duration ofacupuncture therapy for the thermography aided treatment group was 6.02 weeks,whereas thatfor the conventional treatment group,24 weeks.There was also a significant difference betweenthe two groups(P【0.01).And 3)During the entire therapeutic course,25.2 sessions of treatmentwere given on the average in the thermography-aided treatment group,and 78.8 sessions in theconventional treatment group,showing a very significant difference(P【0.001).The present thermography-aided method exhibits advantages over the conventional one in en-hancing the cure rate and shortening the duration of treatment,which is worthy to be popularizedin clinical practice.And it is also of certain significance in standardization and-scientification ofacupuncture therapy.
文摘The immediate,short-term and long-term depressor effects,the immediate effects on cardiacfunctions in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ vascular hypertension,and the effects on angiotensin Ⅱ ingrade Ⅲ vascular hypertension by acupuncture at otoacupoint Heart were studied in 30 cases ofvascular hypertensive patients.The immediate depressor effect of acupuncture at otoacupointStomach was also recorded for comparison.It was found that acupuncture at otoacupoint Heartproduced marked immediate depressor effect,and the short-term effective rate was 100%,thelong-term effective rate was 63.3%,as well as evident immediate effects on cardiac functionalactivities in grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ hypertension and marked effects on angiotensin Ⅱ in grade Ⅲhypertension.Acupuncture at otoacupoint Stomach produced no depressor effect on vascularhypertension.
