Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and a model monocot plant for gene function analysis, so it is an ideal system for studying flower development. This study reports a mutant, name...Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and a model monocot plant for gene function analysis, so it is an ideal system for studying flower development. This study reports a mutant, named multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3), which is related to the spikelet development in rice and derived from the ethylmethane sulfonate(EMS)-treated rice cultivar XIDA 1 B. In mfs3, the main body of palea(bop) was degenerated severely and only glume-like marginal regions of palea(mrp) remained, while other floral organs developed normally, indicating that the palea identity was seriously influenced by the mutation. It was also observed that the number of floral organs was increased in some spikelets, including 2 lemmas, 4 mrp, 4 lodicules, 8–10 stamens, and 2 pistils, which meant that the spikelet determinacy was lost to some degree in mfs3. Furthermore, genetic analysis demonstrated that the mfs3 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using 426 F2 mutants derived from the cross between sterile line 56 S and mfs3, the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET 3(MFS3) gene was mapped between the molecular markers RM19347 and RM19352 on Chr.6, with a physical distance of 106.3 kb. Sequencing of candidate genes revealed that an 83-bp fragment loss and a base substitution occurred in the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene in the mutant, confirming preliminarily that the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene was the MFS3 candidate gene. Subsequent q PCR analysis showed that the mutation caused the down-regulation of Os MADS1 and FON1 genes, and the up-regulation of Os IDS1 and SNB genes, which are all involved in the regulation of spikelet development. The MFS3 mutation also significantly reduced the transcription of the REP gene, which is involved in palea development. These results indicated that the MFS3 gene might be involved in the spikelet meristem determinacy and palea identity by regulating the expression of these related genes.展开更多
The paper is based on cognitive framework with an aim to find out cognition of certain concept in English and Chinese by comparing usages of English up and Chinese shang. Starting from their usages in spatial domain, ...The paper is based on cognitive framework with an aim to find out cognition of certain concept in English and Chinese by comparing usages of English up and Chinese shang. Starting from their usages in spatial domain, the paper emphasizes their metaphorical usages in four domains: quantity domain, state domain, social domain and time domain. The result proves that people of different cultures may share the same cognition of similar concepts based on common bodily experiences.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31271304)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0100202)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (CSTC2017jcyj BX0062)the Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Chongqing, China (CYS2015066)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (XDJK2016A013)
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide and a model monocot plant for gene function analysis, so it is an ideal system for studying flower development. This study reports a mutant, named multi-floret spikelet 3(mfs3), which is related to the spikelet development in rice and derived from the ethylmethane sulfonate(EMS)-treated rice cultivar XIDA 1 B. In mfs3, the main body of palea(bop) was degenerated severely and only glume-like marginal regions of palea(mrp) remained, while other floral organs developed normally, indicating that the palea identity was seriously influenced by the mutation. It was also observed that the number of floral organs was increased in some spikelets, including 2 lemmas, 4 mrp, 4 lodicules, 8–10 stamens, and 2 pistils, which meant that the spikelet determinacy was lost to some degree in mfs3. Furthermore, genetic analysis demonstrated that the mfs3 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using 426 F2 mutants derived from the cross between sterile line 56 S and mfs3, the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET 3(MFS3) gene was mapped between the molecular markers RM19347 and RM19352 on Chr.6, with a physical distance of 106.3 kb. Sequencing of candidate genes revealed that an 83-bp fragment loss and a base substitution occurred in the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene in the mutant, confirming preliminarily that the LOC_Os06 g04540 gene was the MFS3 candidate gene. Subsequent q PCR analysis showed that the mutation caused the down-regulation of Os MADS1 and FON1 genes, and the up-regulation of Os IDS1 and SNB genes, which are all involved in the regulation of spikelet development. The MFS3 mutation also significantly reduced the transcription of the REP gene, which is involved in palea development. These results indicated that the MFS3 gene might be involved in the spikelet meristem determinacy and palea identity by regulating the expression of these related genes.
文摘The paper is based on cognitive framework with an aim to find out cognition of certain concept in English and Chinese by comparing usages of English up and Chinese shang. Starting from their usages in spatial domain, the paper emphasizes their metaphorical usages in four domains: quantity domain, state domain, social domain and time domain. The result proves that people of different cultures may share the same cognition of similar concepts based on common bodily experiences.
