This paper empirically studies the effects of attitudes towards Mandarin on Mandarin variation,and finds that both Mandarin emotional and value attitudes can effectively suppress Mandarin variation.Further research ha...This paper empirically studies the effects of attitudes towards Mandarin on Mandarin variation,and finds that both Mandarin emotional and value attitudes can effectively suppress Mandarin variation.Further research has found that the language attitudes of local residents have a stronger overall impact on Mandarin variation;The language attitude in small cities has a stronger impact on the variation of Mandarin.展开更多
Background:Communication barriers are a critical yet underexplored determinant of psychological well-being in oncology care,particularly among rural Chinese patients treated in urban hospitals.This study examined how ...Background:Communication barriers are a critical yet underexplored determinant of psychological well-being in oncology care,particularly among rural Chinese patients treated in urban hospitals.This study examined how Mandarin proficiency influences emotional distress and identified implications for mental health promotion.Methods:A sequential mixed-methods design was adopted.Quantitative data were collected from 180 rural cancer patients using the Putonghua Proficiency Test(PSC),the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and the Distress Thermometer(DT).Multiple linear regressions estimated covariate-adjusted associations between Mandarin proficiency and distress outcomes,controlling for demographic and clinical factors.Semi-structured interviews with 20 patients explored communication experiences and psychosocial impacts.Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated for triangulated interpretation.Results:Lower Mandarin proficiency was significantly associated with higher anxiety(β=−0.30,p=0.001),depression(β=−0.25,p=0.01),and distress(β=−0.28,p=0.003),with an adjusted R^(2)=0.18(F=7.4,p<0.001).Each 10-point increase in PSC corresponded to a 0.5-point reduction in DT score(B=−0.05,p=0.003).Qualitative themes revealed confusion,stigma,isolation,and reliance on family interpreters,confirming that linguistic inequity functions as an independent psychosocial stressor in oncology care.Conclusion:Language barriers significantly heighten distress among rural Chinese cancer patients.Addressing these barriers through interpreter services,culturally responsive staff training,and inclusive educational materials should be recognized as a core strategy for mental health promotion and equitable cancer care.展开更多
The exchange and mutual appreciation of different cultures is an important topic in the context of globalization,and traditional patterns are the crystallization of the national cultures of various countries.The study...The exchange and mutual appreciation of different cultures is an important topic in the context of globalization,and traditional patterns are the crystallization of the national cultures of various countries.The study focuses on the Ming Dynasty Mandarin square in ancient China and the Tudor Dynasty coat of arms during the same period in England.By using comparative research,case studies,and combining historical documents and images,the origins of the two types of decorations are traced,and their social connotations and influencing factors are analyzed.Research has shown that under the influence of the historical backgrounds of politics,economy,and culture,the two types of decorative patterns exhibit a realistic aesthetic trend.The cultural connotations not only demonstrate social narrative functions such as customs and rituals,but also reflect political system functions such as hierarchy and honor.The different historical origins give rise to cultural differences in the selection of decorative elements between the two.The comparative study of the two is not only beneficial for conducting decorative design research from a global perspective,but also can promote the modern inheritance of traditional patterns while seeking common ground and reserving differences.展开更多
Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in d...Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.展开更多
In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to inv...In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate changes of the serum estrogen （E） concentrations, estrogen immunoreactive neurons （E-IRs） and estrogen receptor β immunoreactive neurons （ERβ-IRs） in the relevant brain regions following mating behavior. Fifteen sexually matured male voles were randomly divided into three groups and treated differently： （1） control group： voles were exposed to clean hard-wood shavings （n=5）, （2） exposure group： voles were exposed to the soiled bedding for more than 24h on which estrous females had been placed （n=5）, and （3） mating group： voles were placed with an estrous female for more than 24h （n=5）. The results showed circulating serum E concentrations were significantly higher in the mating group than in the exposure group and the control group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group. E-IRs and ERβ-IRs were detected in the following brain regions related to mating behavior： the arcuate nucleus （ARC）, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis （BST）, lateral septal nucleus （LS）, medial amygdaloid nucleus （ME）, medial preoptic area （MPO） and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus （VMH）. The results showed that there were significantly more E-IRs in the six brain regions in the mating group than in the control group and the exposure group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group except for LS. There was no significant difference in ERβ-IRs in the six brain regions among the three groups, and there were some lighter -stained ERβ-IRs in these brain regions. The results suggested that estrogen affect mating activity of male mandarin voles, but ERβ might not play an important role in mating behavior of male mandarin voles. Instead, it might be through other receptors.展开更多
A new breeding population of Mandarin Duck （Aix gaIericulata, Linnaeus） was first recorded in 2003 in Jiao- tanzhuang-Hehekou region of Pingshan county, Hebei Province, China. Recently, the gradually increasing popu...A new breeding population of Mandarin Duck （Aix gaIericulata, Linnaeus） was first recorded in 2003 in Jiao- tanzhuang-Hehekou region of Pingshan county, Hebei Province, China. Recently, the gradually increasing population indicates that there are suitable breeding habitats （such as foraging habitats and nesting sites） for Mandarin Duck. However, these habitats are always close to human disturbances, which are the potential risk for their population. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward an applicable protection strategy, in order to strengthen the public awareness for this unprotected population.展开更多
Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that th...Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there were 73, 71, and 66 aroma components in the three varieties, and the total contents were 584.67,505.29, and 494.63 μg g^-1, respectively. Total 29 constituents were common in the three varieties. It was also found that Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari had 12, 5, and 2 unique components, respectively. The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β- myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari.展开更多
Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.T...Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.展开更多
Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration t...Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration technique of tone models into a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system is presented. Discriminative model weight training based on minimum phone error criteria is adopted aiming at optimal integration of the tone models. The extended Baum Welch algorithm is applied to find the model-dependent weights to scale the acoustic scores and tone scores. Experimental results show that tone recognition rates and continuous speech recognition accuracy can be improved by the discriminatively trained tone model. Performance of a large vocabulary continuous Mandarin speech recognition system can be further enhanced by the discriminatively trained weight combinations due to a better interpolation of the given models.展开更多
Serum immunoglobulin from the mandarin fish, or the so called Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), was successfully purified using affinity chromatography. Heavy and light chains were detected on electrophor...Serum immunoglobulin from the mandarin fish, or the so called Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), was successfully purified using affinity chromatography. Heavy and light chains were detected on electrophoresis gel, with molecular weights being estimated at 72 and 29 kDa, respectively. The tetrameric IgM of S. chuatsi was calculated to be 808 kDa. The rabbit polyclonal antisera against the purifed immunoglobulin were developed and tested by Western blot analysis. The antisera reacted strongly with the heavy chains of S. chuatsi immunoglobulin. Humoral immune responses of the mandarin fish can then be examined using the developed polyclonal antibody.展开更多
Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clin...Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clinical practice, a set of 30 test lists of 25 monosyllable test items each was designed with consideration of the following: length of the list, phonemical balance (PB), word utility frequency, coverage of common words, and equivalency among lists. The 30 lists contained 750 monosyllabic words and were constructed on the basis of Chinese phoneme distribution probability summarized in the Manual of Acoustic. The occurrence incidence of the 22 consonants, 36 vowels, and 4 tones of the Chinese Mandarin characters in the 30 test lists were calculated. To achieve PB, 489 monosyllables were selected from the 2500 most commonly used Chinese characters and the 4000 most commonly used Chinese phrases to compile the 30 monosyllable test lists using a computer algorithm with manual adjustment. Results Thirty phonemical balanced word lists of common Mandarin Chinese monosyllabic words were compiled. Each list consisted of 25 monosyllables. A total of 489 phonemes (consonants, vowels and tones) were included in the set. Conclusions This set of lists can potentially be used as the basic lists for future development of Mandarin PB monosyllable speech test materials.展开更多
Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conv...Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.展开更多
Speech perception is essential for daily communication.Background noise or concurrent talkers,on the other hand,can make it challenging for listeners to track the target speech(i.e.,cocktail party problem).The present...Speech perception is essential for daily communication.Background noise or concurrent talkers,on the other hand,can make it challenging for listeners to track the target speech(i.e.,cocktail party problem).The present study reviews and compares existing findings on speech perception and unmasking in cocktail party listening environments in English and Mandarin Chinese.The review starts with an introduction section followed by related concepts of auditory masking.The next two sections review factors that release speech perception from masking in English and Mandarin Chinese,respectively.The last section presents an overall summary of the findings with comparisons between the two languages.Future research directions with respect to the difference in literature on the reviewed topic between the two languages are also discussed.展开更多
The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3...The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε contained conserved residues and motifs, such as cysteine residues and CXXC and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. However, mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε showed some differences to their mammalian counterparts, specifically the absence of a negatively charged residue in the transmembrane region of CD3γ/δ. Additionally, while an N-glycosylation site was present in CD3c, the site was not observed in CD3γ/δ. The CD3γ/δ and CD3ε subunit sequences contain six and five exons, respectively, consistent with homologues from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε in mandarin fish are closely related to their counterparts in Acanthopterygian fish. Real-time PCR showed CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were expressed mainly in the thymus and spleen in normal healthy fish and, to a lesser extent, in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the intestine and gills. When lymphocytes isolated from head kidney were treated with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, mRNA expression levels of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were significantly elevated within 12 h of treatment. This indicated the presence of T lymphocytes in the head kidney of teleost fish, and also the recognition of mitogens by the lymphocytes. Mandarin fish infected with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare also showed an increase in the expression of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε mR_NA, indicating that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε lymphocytes are involved in the immune response of this species.展开更多
Objective:The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language.Methods:Research emphasizes that language tests must be specific enough to cap...Objective:The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language.Methods:Research emphasizes that language tests must be specific enough to capture subtle deficits in vocabulary and grammar learning at different developmental ages.The Diagnostic Receptive and Expressive Assessment of Mandarin(DREAM)was carefully designed to be a comprehensive standardized Mandarin assessment normed in China's Mainland.Results:This paper summarizes the evidence-based item design process and validity and reliability results of DREAM.A pilot study reported here shows that DREAM provided detailed information about hearing impaired children's language abilities and can be used to aid intervention planning to maximize progress.Conclusion:DREAM represents an example of translational science,transferring methods from empirical studies of language acquisition in research environments into applied domains such as assessment and intervention.Research on outcomes in China will advance significantly with the availability of evidence-based comprehensive language tests that measure a sufficient age range of skills,are normed on Mandarin speaking children in China's Mainland,and are designed to capture features central to Mandarin language acquisition.展开更多
Mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)is an economically important freshwater fish cultured in China.In this species,females grow faster than males.However,due to the lack of available genomic and transcriptome information,...Mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)is an economically important freshwater fish cultured in China.In this species,females grow faster than males.However,due to the lack of available genomic and transcriptome information,the mechanisms of sex differentiation remain poorly understood.In this study,Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence four cDNA libraries;the tissues examined included hypothalamus,pituitary gland,ovary,and testis.A total of 134124 high-quality unigenes were obtained on average length of 1361 bp and N50 of 3312 bp.A search of all-unigene sequences against NR,NT,SwissProt,KOG,KEGG,GO,and InterPro databases resulted in 59688(44.50%),76329(56.91%),50432(37.60%),45741(34.10%),48760(36.35%),5241(3.91%),and 46099(34.37%)annotations,respectively.In a comparison of ovarian and testicular libraries,15289 ovary-biased genes and 10035 testis-biased genes were identified,including a series of genes related to sex determination and differentiation,such as cyp19a1a,foxl2,sox9,dmrt1,amh,and others.In addition,49495 SSRs and 85899 SNPs were detected in transcriptome data.Quantitative real-time PCR results of 15 sex-related functional genes indicated that RNA-seq data was reliable.This study will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and development in Mandarin fish.展开更多
基金funded by Project:2024 Youth Project of Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning in Guangdong Province“Research on the Relationship between Mandarin and Economic Development in Cantonese Speaking Areas(GD24YZY03)”.
文摘This paper empirically studies the effects of attitudes towards Mandarin on Mandarin variation,and finds that both Mandarin emotional and value attitudes can effectively suppress Mandarin variation.Further research has found that the language attitudes of local residents have a stronger overall impact on Mandarin variation;The language attitude in small cities has a stronger impact on the variation of Mandarin.
文摘Background:Communication barriers are a critical yet underexplored determinant of psychological well-being in oncology care,particularly among rural Chinese patients treated in urban hospitals.This study examined how Mandarin proficiency influences emotional distress and identified implications for mental health promotion.Methods:A sequential mixed-methods design was adopted.Quantitative data were collected from 180 rural cancer patients using the Putonghua Proficiency Test(PSC),the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and the Distress Thermometer(DT).Multiple linear regressions estimated covariate-adjusted associations between Mandarin proficiency and distress outcomes,controlling for demographic and clinical factors.Semi-structured interviews with 20 patients explored communication experiences and psychosocial impacts.Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated for triangulated interpretation.Results:Lower Mandarin proficiency was significantly associated with higher anxiety(β=−0.30,p=0.001),depression(β=−0.25,p=0.01),and distress(β=−0.28,p=0.003),with an adjusted R^(2)=0.18(F=7.4,p<0.001).Each 10-point increase in PSC corresponded to a 0.5-point reduction in DT score(B=−0.05,p=0.003).Qualitative themes revealed confusion,stigma,isolation,and reliance on family interpreters,confirming that linguistic inequity functions as an independent psychosocial stressor in oncology care.Conclusion:Language barriers significantly heighten distress among rural Chinese cancer patients.Addressing these barriers through interpreter services,culturally responsive staff training,and inclusive educational materials should be recognized as a core strategy for mental health promotion and equitable cancer care.
文摘The exchange and mutual appreciation of different cultures is an important topic in the context of globalization,and traditional patterns are the crystallization of the national cultures of various countries.The study focuses on the Ming Dynasty Mandarin square in ancient China and the Tudor Dynasty coat of arms during the same period in England.By using comparative research,case studies,and combining historical documents and images,the origins of the two types of decorations are traced,and their social connotations and influencing factors are analyzed.Research has shown that under the influence of the historical backgrounds of politics,economy,and culture,the two types of decorative patterns exhibit a realistic aesthetic trend.The cultural connotations not only demonstrate social narrative functions such as customs and rituals,but also reflect political system functions such as hierarchy and honor.The different historical origins give rise to cultural differences in the selection of decorative elements between the two.The comparative study of the two is not only beneficial for conducting decorative design research from a global perspective,but also can promote the modern inheritance of traditional patterns while seeking common ground and reserving differences.
文摘Dynamics of dry- or fresh-weight of fruit, peel photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and the characteristics of translocation and distribution of radiolabelled assimilates from leaf or fruit were examined in developing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa wase) fruit from primary stage of fruit enlargement up to fruit full ripe. Change in fruit photosynthetic rate was some what related to the change in the chlorophyll content of peel. Fruit photosynthetic rate markedly declined as chlorophyll degradation occurred in the peel. Before full ripe stage of the fruit, photosynthates produced by a 14C-fed leaf were mainly distributed to juice sacs even during periods when dry matter accumulation in peel was more rapid than that in juice sacs. At the full ripe stage, peel photosynthetic rate approached zero and peel became the major sink of leaf photosynthates. Most of the peel assimilates, however, remained in situ for up to 48 h after feeding 14CO 2 to the fruit, only a small portion being transported to other parts of fruit. The percentage of fruit photosynthates exported decreased with fruit development and ripening, but the peak rate of export to juice sacs amount to as high as 12%. The sugar content and dry weights of peel and juice sacs in shaded fruit were lower than that in the control fruit. These results show that peel assimilate was mainly consumed in peel respiration and growth and thus the dependence on leaf photosynthates decreased. Part of this assimiate was used in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of fruit.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China (30670273)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi (2008C269)+1 种基金Science and Technology Plan Project of Xi'an Bureau of Science and Technology (YF07194)Special Science Research Fund for Xi'an University of Arts and Science (KY200520)~~
文摘In order to investigate the estrogen and estrogen receptor β changes after mating behavior of male mandarin vole （Microtus mandarinus）, the radioimmunoassay （RIA） and immunohistochemistry methods were used to investigate changes of the serum estrogen （E） concentrations, estrogen immunoreactive neurons （E-IRs） and estrogen receptor β immunoreactive neurons （ERβ-IRs） in the relevant brain regions following mating behavior. Fifteen sexually matured male voles were randomly divided into three groups and treated differently： （1） control group： voles were exposed to clean hard-wood shavings （n=5）, （2） exposure group： voles were exposed to the soiled bedding for more than 24h on which estrous females had been placed （n=5）, and （3） mating group： voles were placed with an estrous female for more than 24h （n=5）. The results showed circulating serum E concentrations were significantly higher in the mating group than in the exposure group and the control group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group. E-IRs and ERβ-IRs were detected in the following brain regions related to mating behavior： the arcuate nucleus （ARC）, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis （BST）, lateral septal nucleus （LS）, medial amygdaloid nucleus （ME）, medial preoptic area （MPO） and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus （VMH）. The results showed that there were significantly more E-IRs in the six brain regions in the mating group than in the control group and the exposure group, and there were no significant difference between the exposure group and the control group except for LS. There was no significant difference in ERβ-IRs in the six brain regions among the three groups, and there were some lighter -stained ERβ-IRs in these brain regions. The results suggested that estrogen affect mating activity of male mandarin voles, but ERβ might not play an important role in mating behavior of male mandarin voles. Instead, it might be through other receptors.
基金supported by Natural Science Foun-dation of Hebei Province (D2006000701, C2007000247)Doctoral Fund of Hebei Normal University (L2008B11)
文摘A new breeding population of Mandarin Duck （Aix gaIericulata, Linnaeus） was first recorded in 2003 in Jiao- tanzhuang-Hehekou region of Pingshan county, Hebei Province, China. Recently, the gradually increasing population indicates that there are suitable breeding habitats （such as foraging habitats and nesting sites） for Mandarin Duck. However, these habitats are always close to human disturbances, which are the potential risk for their population. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward an applicable protection strategy, in order to strengthen the public awareness for this unprotected population.
文摘Fruit aroma of Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari from three different Satsuma mandarin varieties were investigated by headspace solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME） combined with GC-MS. The results showed that there were 73, 71, and 66 aroma components in the three varieties, and the total contents were 584.67,505.29, and 494.63 μg g^-1, respectively. Total 29 constituents were common in the three varieties. It was also found that Guoqing 1, Miyagawa Wase, and Owari had 12, 5, and 2 unique components, respectively. The key aroma components were limonene, linalool, γ-terpinene, β- myrcene, α-pinene, and octanal in the three fruits. Guoqing 1 contained more key aroma compounds than Miyagawa Wase and Owari.
文摘Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.
文摘Two discriminative methods for solving tone problems in Mandarin speech recognition are presented. First, discriminative training on the HMM （hidden Markov model） based tone models is proposed. Then an integration technique of tone models into a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition system is presented. Discriminative model weight training based on minimum phone error criteria is adopted aiming at optimal integration of the tone models. The extended Baum Welch algorithm is applied to find the model-dependent weights to scale the acoustic scores and tone scores. Experimental results show that tone recognition rates and continuous speech recognition accuracy can be improved by the discriminatively trained tone model. Performance of a large vocabulary continuous Mandarin speech recognition system can be further enhanced by the discriminatively trained weight combinations due to a better interpolation of the given models.
文摘Serum immunoglobulin from the mandarin fish, or the so called Chinese perch, Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky), was successfully purified using affinity chromatography. Heavy and light chains were detected on electrophoresis gel, with molecular weights being estimated at 72 and 29 kDa, respectively. The tetrameric IgM of S. chuatsi was calculated to be 808 kDa. The rabbit polyclonal antisera against the purifed immunoglobulin were developed and tested by Western blot analysis. The antisera reacted strongly with the heavy chains of S. chuatsi immunoglobulin. Humoral immune responses of the mandarin fish can then be examined using the developed polyclonal antibody.
基金supported by grants from open Foundation of National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition of the CAS (08-03-01)National Tenth Five-year Project for Scientific and Technological Development of China(2007BAI18B12, 2008BAI50B01, 2008BAI50B08)
文摘Objectives To develop a set of monosyllable audiometry test material that can be used in speech recognition testing in Mandarin Chinese. Materials and Methods In an effort to improve reliability and efficiency in clinical practice, a set of 30 test lists of 25 monosyllable test items each was designed with consideration of the following: length of the list, phonemical balance (PB), word utility frequency, coverage of common words, and equivalency among lists. The 30 lists contained 750 monosyllabic words and were constructed on the basis of Chinese phoneme distribution probability summarized in the Manual of Acoustic. The occurrence incidence of the 22 consonants, 36 vowels, and 4 tones of the Chinese Mandarin characters in the 30 test lists were calculated. To achieve PB, 489 monosyllables were selected from the 2500 most commonly used Chinese characters and the 4000 most commonly used Chinese phrases to compile the 30 monosyllable test lists using a computer algorithm with manual adjustment. Results Thirty phonemical balanced word lists of common Mandarin Chinese monosyllabic words were compiled. Each list consisted of 25 monosyllables. A total of 489 phonemes (consonants, vowels and tones) were included in the set. Conclusions This set of lists can potentially be used as the basic lists for future development of Mandarin PB monosyllable speech test materials.
基金Supported by the China Agriculture Research System (No.CARS-46)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFD0900400)。
文摘Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.
文摘Speech perception is essential for daily communication.Background noise or concurrent talkers,on the other hand,can make it challenging for listeners to track the target speech(i.e.,cocktail party problem).The present study reviews and compares existing findings on speech perception and unmasking in cocktail party listening environments in English and Mandarin Chinese.The review starts with an introduction section followed by related concepts of auditory masking.The next two sections review factors that release speech perception from masking in English and Mandarin Chinese,respectively.The last section presents an overall summary of the findings with comparisons between the two languages.Future research directions with respect to the difference in literature on the reviewed topic between the two languages are also discussed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U0631010),the Government of Guangdong Provincethe National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2009CB118703)
文摘The genomic and cDNA sequences of the CD3γ/δ and CD3ε homologues in the mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi, were determined. As in other vertebrate CD3 molecules, the deduced amino acid sequences of mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε contained conserved residues and motifs, such as cysteine residues and CXXC and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. However, mandarin fish CD3γ/δ and CD3ε showed some differences to their mammalian counterparts, specifically the absence of a negatively charged residue in the transmembrane region of CD3γ/δ. Additionally, while an N-glycosylation site was present in CD3c, the site was not observed in CD3γ/δ. The CD3γ/δ and CD3ε subunit sequences contain six and five exons, respectively, consistent with homologues from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε in mandarin fish are closely related to their counterparts in Acanthopterygian fish. Real-time PCR showed CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were expressed mainly in the thymus and spleen in normal healthy fish and, to a lesser extent, in mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, such as the intestine and gills. When lymphocytes isolated from head kidney were treated with the mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin, and polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, mRNA expression levels of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε were significantly elevated within 12 h of treatment. This indicated the presence of T lymphocytes in the head kidney of teleost fish, and also the recognition of mitogens by the lymphocytes. Mandarin fish infected with the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare also showed an increase in the expression of CD3γ/δ and CD3ε mR_NA, indicating that CD3γ/δ and CD3ε lymphocytes are involved in the immune response of this species.
基金the financial support of Bethel Hearing and Speaking Training Center Inc.for all research studies in this paper
文摘Objective:The paper discusses recent evidence on the assessment of language outcomes in children with hearing loss acquiring oral language.Methods:Research emphasizes that language tests must be specific enough to capture subtle deficits in vocabulary and grammar learning at different developmental ages.The Diagnostic Receptive and Expressive Assessment of Mandarin(DREAM)was carefully designed to be a comprehensive standardized Mandarin assessment normed in China's Mainland.Results:This paper summarizes the evidence-based item design process and validity and reliability results of DREAM.A pilot study reported here shows that DREAM provided detailed information about hearing impaired children's language abilities and can be used to aid intervention planning to maximize progress.Conclusion:DREAM represents an example of translational science,transferring methods from empirical studies of language acquisition in research environments into applied domains such as assessment and intervention.Research on outcomes in China will advance significantly with the availability of evidence-based comprehensive language tests that measure a sufficient age range of skills,are normed on Mandarin speaking children in China's Mainland,and are designed to capture features central to Mandarin language acquisition.
基金Supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0901203)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019B1515120072)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangzhou(No.201904020043)。
文摘Mandarin fish(Siniperca chuatsi)is an economically important freshwater fish cultured in China.In this species,females grow faster than males.However,due to the lack of available genomic and transcriptome information,the mechanisms of sex differentiation remain poorly understood.In this study,Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence four cDNA libraries;the tissues examined included hypothalamus,pituitary gland,ovary,and testis.A total of 134124 high-quality unigenes were obtained on average length of 1361 bp and N50 of 3312 bp.A search of all-unigene sequences against NR,NT,SwissProt,KOG,KEGG,GO,and InterPro databases resulted in 59688(44.50%),76329(56.91%),50432(37.60%),45741(34.10%),48760(36.35%),5241(3.91%),and 46099(34.37%)annotations,respectively.In a comparison of ovarian and testicular libraries,15289 ovary-biased genes and 10035 testis-biased genes were identified,including a series of genes related to sex determination and differentiation,such as cyp19a1a,foxl2,sox9,dmrt1,amh,and others.In addition,49495 SSRs and 85899 SNPs were detected in transcriptome data.Quantitative real-time PCR results of 15 sex-related functional genes indicated that RNA-seq data was reliable.This study will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation and development in Mandarin fish.
