Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese...Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese patient was transferred to our department for anuria in a context of severe malaria. The diagnosis was RCN secondary to a severe Plasmodium malariae malaria. Physical examination showed anuria, anaemic syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome and a generally impaired condition. There was a normocytic normochromic anaemia aplastic, thrombocytopenia leukocytosis of 11.580/mm3, serum creatinine of 12.45 mg/dl and blood urea of 252 mg/dl. The Plasmodium malariae had been shown to thick blood film with high parasite density. The molecular study was able to confirm the infestation of this parasite. Treatment consisted of four haemodialysis sessions and antimalarial molecules. Initial evolution was favourable with a recovery through diuresis and a partial improvement in renal function. Given the persistence of impaired renal function, a renal biopsy was performed. This confirmed the RCN. At last consultation, he had no symptoms and his last glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.展开更多
Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise...Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China.Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected withP.malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System,to explore their epidemiological characteristics.Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis.Results From 2013 to 2022,a total of 581P.malariae cases were reported in China,and mainly concentrated in 20-59 years old group(P<0.001),and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month.Moreover,four kinds ofP.malariae cases were classified,including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China,six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan,seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai,and one induced case in Shanghai,respectively.In addition,only 379 cases(65.2%)were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit(P<0.001),and 413 cases(71.1%)were further confirmed asP.malariae cases(P=0.002).Meanwhile,most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels,but only 76.7%(161/210)and 73.7%(146/198)cases were diagnosed as malaria,and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected withP.malariae was only 77.2%(156/202)and 69.9%(167/239)in these health facilities respectively.Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected withP.malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide,the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases,a small number of indigenous cases,recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China.Therefore,it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such asP.malariae,and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination.展开更多
A case of imported severe falciparum malaria with spontaneous splenic rupture was reported in this paper.The patient,an African migrant worker,developed hemolytic anemia,sepsis,thrombocytopenia,coagulation dysfunction...A case of imported severe falciparum malaria with spontaneous splenic rupture was reported in this paper.The patient,an African migrant worker,developed hemolytic anemia,sepsis,thrombocytopenia,coagulation dysfunction,liver failure,renal insufficiency,electrolyte disturbance and other clinical manifestations after returning to the local area.Plasmodium falciparum was found by peripheral blood smearscopy and was diagnosed as severe falciparum malaria.After standardized anti-malaria treatment,plasma exchange+cytokine adsorption therapy,the establishment of“forewarning-forewarning-prevention-emergency”predictive nursing management model,the establishment of an integrated nursing team,the division of medical care is clear,professional knowledge is complementary,after three months of regular follow-up,the patient has no malaria recurrence,no refire,the function of all organs returned to normal.展开更多
Haemosporidian parasites are widespread among birds globally,with impacts ranging from severe disease to negligible effects,particularly in host species that have coevolved with their parasites.Despite their ecologica...Haemosporidian parasites are widespread among birds globally,with impacts ranging from severe disease to negligible effects,particularly in host species that have coevolved with their parasites.Despite their ecological importance,the divereity and prevalence of these parasites in the Afrotropical region remain poorly understood,especially in urban environments.Our study investigated the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in Afrotropical avian hosts,focusing on differences between urban and non-urban habitats.We screened 95birds from various species in Nigeria and investigated whether urbanization is associated with chan ges in the prevalence and richness of lineages of three haemosporidian parasites(Haemoproteus,Plasmodium,and Leucocytozoon).We found a haemosporidian prevalence of 36.8%with genus-specific differences between urban and non-urban habitats.The probability of Haemoproteus infection was higher in urban than non-urban habitats,but Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon did not differ between these habitats.Moreover,Haemoproteus lineages were exclusively found in urban habitats,while most Plasmodium lineages were restricted to non-urban habitats.Notably,we expanded the knowledge on diversity of haemosporidian lineages and avian hosts in the Afrotropics,with the first-ever record of hPYNJOC1 and pLUME2 lineages for the region,and the addition of new hosts for four Haemoproteus and two Plasmodium lineages.Our findings highlight the complexity of host-parasite relationships and the need for further research into the dynamics of haemosporidian parasites in Afrotropical avian hosts inhabiting diverse habitats.Overall,our study contributes to a better understanding of the prevalence,diversity,and distribution of haemosporidian parasites in the Afrotropics,emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance and monitoring to inform strategies for avian conservation and management.展开更多
For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a signific...For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodefi...BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.展开更多
The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the dis...The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.展开更多
Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium viva...Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.展开更多
Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the i...Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.展开更多
Background:Senegal is located in a malaria-endemic zone.Malaria is a highly climate-sensitive vector-borne disease,yet its sentinel surveillance shows a weak integration of malaria morbidity data with climatic factors...Background:Senegal is located in a malaria-endemic zone.Malaria is a highly climate-sensitive vector-borne disease,yet its sentinel surveillance shows a weak integration of malaria morbidity data with climatic factors.Therefore,it is useful to analyse the correlation between these factors in Senegal from 2012 to 2019.Methods:An analytical cross-sectional study of malaria incidence rate(MIR)with its climatic factors from 2012 to 2019 was carried out.This was followed by predictive modelling of MIR and its climatic factors from 2020 to 2023.A reconstituted database,incorporating data from National Malaria Control Program(initiated by Ministry of Health)and National Agency for Civil Aviation and Meteorology,enabled a multi-variate analysis through a vector auto regression approach using Microsoft Excel 2010 and R 3.6.1 software.Results:MIR evolved in three phases:initially almost zero from January to May,then gradually increases with an accentuation in August-September,and finally gradually decreases from November to December.However,unlike Podor(0.11‰),MIR heterogeneity was seen in Kedougou(12.55‰)and Bakel(7.34‰).Apart from wind strength and mean temperature which moved in the opposite directions,all other climatic factors evolved in the same dynamics as MIR.MIR followed changes in rainfall and hygrometry with an average lag of(2.5±1.0)months and(1.0±0.5)months,respectively.The causal links between MIR and rainfall showed a decreasing trend in Dakar(P=4.18×10^(-6)),Ziguinchor(P=7.95×10^(-4)),Diourbel(P=1.91×10^(-3)),Kedougou(P=4.03×10^(-3)),and Bakel(P=3.32×10^(-2)).In Bakel,additional associations were observed between MIR and both minimum temperature(P=5.87×10^(-3))and maximum temperature(P=1.22×10^(-2))temperatures.Predictive modelling shows an overall downward trend for MIR from 2020 to 2023,with its climatic factors preceding MIR by an average of two months.Conclusion:This study highlights the importance of synchronous,multi-sectoral,and integrated surveillance of malaria alongside climatic factors to more effectively meet pre-elimination requirements in Senegal.展开更多
Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic h...Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.展开更多
Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential S...Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which ...BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.展开更多
Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategi...Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.展开更多
Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to ...Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to climate change,concerns have arisen about the spread of southern malaria species,that potentially can affect previously unexposed bird populations.We studied juvenile siskins infected with two distinct malaria parasites:Plasmodium relictum(SGS1 lineage)and P.ashfordi(GRW2 lineage).While the former is common in the Northern Palearctic,the latter is primarily found in Central and Southern Africa.We assessed the impact of these infections on siskins'physiological well-being using resting metabolic rate(RMR)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Changes in RMR reflect the energetic cost of disease,while IL-6 serves as a one of the inflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system's response to infection.Our experimental findings reveal distinct outcomes during the acute phase of SGS1 and GRW2 infections.Infection with SGS1 was marked by reduced RMR and IL-6 levels in siskins.A similar IL-6 pattern was observed in the GRW2 group initially,though it was not sustained.Additionally,GRW2-infected siskins showed distinct RMR dynamics compared to SGS1-infected birds.Our study did not conclusively demonstrate that tropical malaria has more severe effects on siskins.However,similarities with previous studies with SGS1 infected birds and variations in disease progression between the two experimental groups underscore the complexity of host-parasite interactions in avian malaria infections.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candida...Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candidate was cultured and characterized using acid-fast staining and field-emission scanning electron microscopy.The mice were immunized with BCG-MSP1C in the presence or absence of CRX-527 intraperitoneally.The expression and production of IL-10 were measured via real-time PCR and ELISA in peritoneal macrophages,spleen,liver,and lymph nodes of immunized mice.Results:IL-10 expression and production were significantly increased in peritoneal macrophages and lymph nodes in the presence of CRX-527.In contrast,spleen and liver samples showed a significant decrease in IL-10 levels with CRX-527.Conclusions:BCG-MSP1C shows promise as a malaria vaccine candidate by inducing IL-10 expression in multiple immune compartments and displaying stable morphology.Tissue-specific modulation of IL-10 by CRX-527 results in increased expression in the lymph nodes and peritoneal macrophages,and decreased levels in the liver and spleen.展开更多
Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.Thi...Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.展开更多
Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method...Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.展开更多
Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathi...Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.展开更多
Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morph...Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.展开更多
文摘Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese patient was transferred to our department for anuria in a context of severe malaria. The diagnosis was RCN secondary to a severe Plasmodium malariae malaria. Physical examination showed anuria, anaemic syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome and a generally impaired condition. There was a normocytic normochromic anaemia aplastic, thrombocytopenia leukocytosis of 11.580/mm3, serum creatinine of 12.45 mg/dl and blood urea of 252 mg/dl. The Plasmodium malariae had been shown to thick blood film with high parasite density. The molecular study was able to confirm the infestation of this parasite. Treatment consisted of four haemodialysis sessions and antimalarial molecules. Initial evolution was favourable with a recovery through diuresis and a partial improvement in renal function. Given the persistence of impaired renal function, a renal biopsy was performed. This confirmed the RCN. At last consultation, he had no symptoms and his last glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Program of China(No.2018ZX10101002-002-005)the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(No.INV-018913).
文摘Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China.Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected withP.malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System,to explore their epidemiological characteristics.Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis.Results From 2013 to 2022,a total of 581P.malariae cases were reported in China,and mainly concentrated in 20-59 years old group(P<0.001),and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month.Moreover,four kinds ofP.malariae cases were classified,including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China,six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan,seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai,and one induced case in Shanghai,respectively.In addition,only 379 cases(65.2%)were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit(P<0.001),and 413 cases(71.1%)were further confirmed asP.malariae cases(P=0.002).Meanwhile,most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels,but only 76.7%(161/210)and 73.7%(146/198)cases were diagnosed as malaria,and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected withP.malariae was only 77.2%(156/202)and 69.9%(167/239)in these health facilities respectively.Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected withP.malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide,the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases,a small number of indigenous cases,recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China.Therefore,it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such asP.malariae,and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination.
基金“Artificial Liver Special Fund”of Beijing Gan Dan Xiang Zhao Public Welfare Foundation(Project No.:iGandanF-1082024-RGG055)。
文摘A case of imported severe falciparum malaria with spontaneous splenic rupture was reported in this paper.The patient,an African migrant worker,developed hemolytic anemia,sepsis,thrombocytopenia,coagulation dysfunction,liver failure,renal insufficiency,electrolyte disturbance and other clinical manifestations after returning to the local area.Plasmodium falciparum was found by peripheral blood smearscopy and was diagnosed as severe falciparum malaria.After standardized anti-malaria treatment,plasma exchange+cytokine adsorption therapy,the establishment of“forewarning-forewarning-prevention-emergency”predictive nursing management model,the establishment of an integrated nursing team,the division of medical care is clear,professional knowledge is complementary,after three months of regular follow-up,the patient has no malaria recurrence,no refire,the function of all organs returned to normal.
基金APLORI Foundations funded this study as part of the Ph D project awarded to A.G.Awoyemifunded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(PID2019-107423GA-I00/SRA+1 种基金State Research Agency/10.13039/501100011033)supported by a postdoctoral contract from the University of Granada(‘Contrato Puente’UGR)。
文摘Haemosporidian parasites are widespread among birds globally,with impacts ranging from severe disease to negligible effects,particularly in host species that have coevolved with their parasites.Despite their ecological importance,the divereity and prevalence of these parasites in the Afrotropical region remain poorly understood,especially in urban environments.Our study investigated the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in Afrotropical avian hosts,focusing on differences between urban and non-urban habitats.We screened 95birds from various species in Nigeria and investigated whether urbanization is associated with chan ges in the prevalence and richness of lineages of three haemosporidian parasites(Haemoproteus,Plasmodium,and Leucocytozoon).We found a haemosporidian prevalence of 36.8%with genus-specific differences between urban and non-urban habitats.The probability of Haemoproteus infection was higher in urban than non-urban habitats,but Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon did not differ between these habitats.Moreover,Haemoproteus lineages were exclusively found in urban habitats,while most Plasmodium lineages were restricted to non-urban habitats.Notably,we expanded the knowledge on diversity of haemosporidian lineages and avian hosts in the Afrotropics,with the first-ever record of hPYNJOC1 and pLUME2 lineages for the region,and the addition of new hosts for four Haemoproteus and two Plasmodium lineages.Our findings highlight the complexity of host-parasite relationships and the need for further research into the dynamics of haemosporidian parasites in Afrotropical avian hosts inhabiting diverse habitats.Overall,our study contributes to a better understanding of the prevalence,diversity,and distribution of haemosporidian parasites in the Afrotropics,emphasizing the importance of continued surveillance and monitoring to inform strategies for avian conservation and management.
文摘For India to achieve elimination by 2030,the challenges posed by Plasmodium(P.)vivax cannot be overlooked owing to its burden and unique biology.In 2023,in India,about 224000 malaria cases were reported,and a significant proportion(40%)were P.vivax cases.In P.vivax infection,the persistence of dormant liver stage of parasite,i.e.,hypnozoites,leading to relapses weeks or months later poses challenge in its elimination.
文摘BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.
文摘The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.
文摘Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.
文摘Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.
文摘Background:Senegal is located in a malaria-endemic zone.Malaria is a highly climate-sensitive vector-borne disease,yet its sentinel surveillance shows a weak integration of malaria morbidity data with climatic factors.Therefore,it is useful to analyse the correlation between these factors in Senegal from 2012 to 2019.Methods:An analytical cross-sectional study of malaria incidence rate(MIR)with its climatic factors from 2012 to 2019 was carried out.This was followed by predictive modelling of MIR and its climatic factors from 2020 to 2023.A reconstituted database,incorporating data from National Malaria Control Program(initiated by Ministry of Health)and National Agency for Civil Aviation and Meteorology,enabled a multi-variate analysis through a vector auto regression approach using Microsoft Excel 2010 and R 3.6.1 software.Results:MIR evolved in three phases:initially almost zero from January to May,then gradually increases with an accentuation in August-September,and finally gradually decreases from November to December.However,unlike Podor(0.11‰),MIR heterogeneity was seen in Kedougou(12.55‰)and Bakel(7.34‰).Apart from wind strength and mean temperature which moved in the opposite directions,all other climatic factors evolved in the same dynamics as MIR.MIR followed changes in rainfall and hygrometry with an average lag of(2.5±1.0)months and(1.0±0.5)months,respectively.The causal links between MIR and rainfall showed a decreasing trend in Dakar(P=4.18×10^(-6)),Ziguinchor(P=7.95×10^(-4)),Diourbel(P=1.91×10^(-3)),Kedougou(P=4.03×10^(-3)),and Bakel(P=3.32×10^(-2)).In Bakel,additional associations were observed between MIR and both minimum temperature(P=5.87×10^(-3))and maximum temperature(P=1.22×10^(-2))temperatures.Predictive modelling shows an overall downward trend for MIR from 2020 to 2023,with its climatic factors preceding MIR by an average of two months.Conclusion:This study highlights the importance of synchronous,multi-sectoral,and integrated surveillance of malaria alongside climatic factors to more effectively meet pre-elimination requirements in Senegal.
文摘Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.
文摘Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.
文摘Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant(grant Ng 20-14-00049).
文摘Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to climate change,concerns have arisen about the spread of southern malaria species,that potentially can affect previously unexposed bird populations.We studied juvenile siskins infected with two distinct malaria parasites:Plasmodium relictum(SGS1 lineage)and P.ashfordi(GRW2 lineage).While the former is common in the Northern Palearctic,the latter is primarily found in Central and Southern Africa.We assessed the impact of these infections on siskins'physiological well-being using resting metabolic rate(RMR)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Changes in RMR reflect the energetic cost of disease,while IL-6 serves as a one of the inflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system's response to infection.Our experimental findings reveal distinct outcomes during the acute phase of SGS1 and GRW2 infections.Infection with SGS1 was marked by reduced RMR and IL-6 levels in siskins.A similar IL-6 pattern was observed in the GRW2 group initially,though it was not sustained.Additionally,GRW2-infected siskins showed distinct RMR dynamics compared to SGS1-infected birds.Our study did not conclusively demonstrate that tropical malaria has more severe effects on siskins.However,similarities with previous studies with SGS1 infected birds and variations in disease progression between the two experimental groups underscore the complexity of host-parasite interactions in avian malaria infections.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Code:FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/USM/002/4.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candidate was cultured and characterized using acid-fast staining and field-emission scanning electron microscopy.The mice were immunized with BCG-MSP1C in the presence or absence of CRX-527 intraperitoneally.The expression and production of IL-10 were measured via real-time PCR and ELISA in peritoneal macrophages,spleen,liver,and lymph nodes of immunized mice.Results:IL-10 expression and production were significantly increased in peritoneal macrophages and lymph nodes in the presence of CRX-527.In contrast,spleen and liver samples showed a significant decrease in IL-10 levels with CRX-527.Conclusions:BCG-MSP1C shows promise as a malaria vaccine candidate by inducing IL-10 expression in multiple immune compartments and displaying stable morphology.Tissue-specific modulation of IL-10 by CRX-527 results in increased expression in the lymph nodes and peritoneal macrophages,and decreased levels in the liver and spleen.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia[Grant No.KFU252959].
文摘Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.
文摘Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.
文摘Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.
基金Center of Research and Development for Biomedical and Basic Health Technology of The National Institute of Research and Development,the Ministry of Health(Reference No HK.02.04/II/4579/2015).
文摘Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.
