Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese...Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese patient was transferred to our department for anuria in a context of severe malaria. The diagnosis was RCN secondary to a severe Plasmodium malariae malaria. Physical examination showed anuria, anaemic syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome and a generally impaired condition. There was a normocytic normochromic anaemia aplastic, thrombocytopenia leukocytosis of 11.580/mm3, serum creatinine of 12.45 mg/dl and blood urea of 252 mg/dl. The Plasmodium malariae had been shown to thick blood film with high parasite density. The molecular study was able to confirm the infestation of this parasite. Treatment consisted of four haemodialysis sessions and antimalarial molecules. Initial evolution was favourable with a recovery through diuresis and a partial improvement in renal function. Given the persistence of impaired renal function, a renal biopsy was performed. This confirmed the RCN. At last consultation, he had no symptoms and his last glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.展开更多
Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise...Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China.Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected withP.malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System,to explore their epidemiological characteristics.Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis.Results From 2013 to 2022,a total of 581P.malariae cases were reported in China,and mainly concentrated in 20-59 years old group(P<0.001),and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month.Moreover,four kinds ofP.malariae cases were classified,including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China,six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan,seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai,and one induced case in Shanghai,respectively.In addition,only 379 cases(65.2%)were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit(P<0.001),and 413 cases(71.1%)were further confirmed asP.malariae cases(P=0.002).Meanwhile,most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels,but only 76.7%(161/210)and 73.7%(146/198)cases were diagnosed as malaria,and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected withP.malariae was only 77.2%(156/202)and 69.9%(167/239)in these health facilities respectively.Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected withP.malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide,the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases,a small number of indigenous cases,recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China.Therefore,it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such asP.malariae,and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination.展开更多
BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodefi...BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.展开更多
The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the dis...The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.展开更多
Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium viva...Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.展开更多
Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the i...Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.展开更多
Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic h...Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.展开更多
Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential S...Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which ...BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.展开更多
Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategi...Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candida...Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candidate was cultured and characterized using acid-fast staining and field-emission scanning electron microscopy.The mice were immunized with BCG-MSP1C in the presence or absence of CRX-527 intraperitoneally.The expression and production of IL-10 were measured via real-time PCR and ELISA in peritoneal macrophages,spleen,liver,and lymph nodes of immunized mice.Results:IL-10 expression and production were significantly increased in peritoneal macrophages and lymph nodes in the presence of CRX-527.In contrast,spleen and liver samples showed a significant decrease in IL-10 levels with CRX-527.Conclusions:BCG-MSP1C shows promise as a malaria vaccine candidate by inducing IL-10 expression in multiple immune compartments and displaying stable morphology.Tissue-specific modulation of IL-10 by CRX-527 results in increased expression in the lymph nodes and peritoneal macrophages,and decreased levels in the liver and spleen.展开更多
Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.Thi...Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.展开更多
Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method...Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.展开更多
Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morph...Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.展开更多
Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathi...Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.展开更多
Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the...Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the GeoSentinel surveillance network,malaria was the most frequent cause of fever in 21%of returning travelers,followed by dengue,typhoid fever,chikungunya and rickettsiosis[1].Individuals traveling from regions without malaria transmission to areas where it is endemic face a heightened risk of contracting the disease due to their lack of immunity.Despite the official malaria-free status of the Russian Federation since 2010,annual cases of severe Plasmodium(P.)falciparum malaria continue to be reported[2].This underscores the necessity for heightened clinical vigilance and improved preventive strategies especially in non-endemic settings.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the role of CRX-527,a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist,as the possible adjuvant for recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin expressing merozoite surface protein 1C(BCG-MSP-1C).Met...Objective:To investigate the role of CRX-527,a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist,as the possible adjuvant for recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin expressing merozoite surface protein 1C(BCG-MSP-1C).Methods:The mice were immunized with BCG and BCG-MSP-1C in the presence and absence of CRX-527.The untreated mice(injected with PBS-T80 only)were the negative control.The ability of CRX-527 to enhance IgG and its subclasses,as well as IL-4 and IFN-γproduction in the serum and spleen supernatant was evaluated using ELISA.Results:Mice immunized with BCG-MSP-1C exhibited the highest production of IgGs,IL-4 and IFN-γafter third immunization.In addition,CRX-527 further promoted the production of total IgG and IgG subclasses as well as IFN-γand IL-4 in the serum and splenocytes of immunized mice.Conclusions:CRX-527 has the potential as an adjuvant candidate for the candidate vaccines.Further study is needed to verify appropriate dosage for immunization and its efficacy.展开更多
Artemisinin(ART)resistance has been an emerging clinical problem,severely compromising antimalarial efficacy and threatening the global malaria elimination campaign.Albeit intensive studies about the molecular mechani...Artemisinin(ART)resistance has been an emerging clinical problem,severely compromising antimalarial efficacy and threatening the global malaria elimination campaign.Albeit intensive studies about the molecular mechanism for ART resistance are under way,no effective therapeutic targets for reversing resistance have been applied.Here,we explore glutathione(GSH)as a therapeutic target to develop a thermo-responsive nanoplatform to specifically co-deliver ART and GSH synthesis inhibitor(L-buthionine sulfoximine,BSO)in a sustained manner,effectively reversing ART resistance in vivo.By combining with BSO,ART exerts increased antimalarial activity with reduced half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)by 7.43-fold in ART-resistant strains.This work reveals that the GSH in ART-resistant parasites can be a promising therapeutic target for reversing ART resistance,paving the way for developing drug candidates and intelligent nanomedicines in malaria therapy.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the environmental and social aspects of poverty contributing to malaria incidence in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020.Methods:Random forest regression was used to analyse the independent variables ...Objective:To investigate the environmental and social aspects of poverty contributing to malaria incidence in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020.Methods:Random forest regression was used to analyse the independent variables contributing to malaria incidence.Environmental conditions were extracted from remotely sensed data,including vegetation,land temperature,soil moisture,precipitation,and elevation.In contrast,the social aspects of poverty were obtained from government statistical reports.Results:From 2016 to 2020,the contribution of each environmental and social aspect of poverty to malaria incidence fluctuated annually.Generally,the top three essential variables were people aged 15 years and above,experiencing poverty(variable importance/VI=32.0%),people experiencing poverty who work in the agricultural sector(VI=14.4%),and precipitation(VI=9.8%).It was followed by people experiencing poverty who are unemployed(VI=9.2%),land temperature(VI=5.2%),people experiencing poverty who have low education(VI=8.0%),soil moisture(VI=7.4%),elevation(VI=6.0%),and vegetation(VI=3.8%).Conclusions:Poverty and variables related to climate have become the crucial determinants of malaria in Indonesia.The government must strengthen malaria surveillance through climate change mitigation and adaptation programs and accelerate poverty alleviation programs to support malaria elimination.展开更多
Recombinant technology-based vaccines have emerged as a highly effective way to prevent a wide range of illnesses.The technology improved vaccine manufacturing,rendering it more efficient and economical.These vaccines...Recombinant technology-based vaccines have emerged as a highly effective way to prevent a wide range of illnesses.The technology improved vaccine manufacturing,rendering it more efficient and economical.These vaccines have multiple advantages compared to conventional vaccines.The pandemic has heightened awareness of the advantages of these vaccine technologies;trust and acceptance of these vaccines are steadily growing globally.This work offers an overview of the prospects and advantages associated with recombinant vaccines.Additionally,it discusses some of the challenges likely to arise in the future.Their ability to target diverse pathogen classes underscores their contributions to preventing previously untreatable diseases(especially vector-borne and emerging diseases)and hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process,especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines.Moreover,their compatibility with emerging vaccination platforms of the future like virus-like particles and CRISPR/Cas9 for the production of next-generation vaccines may offer many prospects.This review also reviewed the hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process,especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines against vector-borne diseases,emerging diseases,and untreatable diseases with high mortality rates like AIDS as well as cancer.展开更多
文摘Renal cortical necrosis (RCN) is anecdotal in malaria. To our knowledge, RCN secondary to Plasmodium malariae has not yet been published. We report a case of severe malaria complicated by RCN. A 29 year old Senegalese patient was transferred to our department for anuria in a context of severe malaria. The diagnosis was RCN secondary to a severe Plasmodium malariae malaria. Physical examination showed anuria, anaemic syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome and a generally impaired condition. There was a normocytic normochromic anaemia aplastic, thrombocytopenia leukocytosis of 11.580/mm3, serum creatinine of 12.45 mg/dl and blood urea of 252 mg/dl. The Plasmodium malariae had been shown to thick blood film with high parasite density. The molecular study was able to confirm the infestation of this parasite. Treatment consisted of four haemodialysis sessions and antimalarial molecules. Initial evolution was favourable with a recovery through diuresis and a partial improvement in renal function. Given the persistence of impaired renal function, a renal biopsy was performed. This confirmed the RCN. At last consultation, he had no symptoms and his last glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Program of China(No.2018ZX10101002-002-005)the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation(No.INV-018913).
文摘Background Plasmodium malariae was always neglected compared withP.falciparum andP.vivax.In the present study,we aimed to describe the epidemiology of reported cases infected withP.malariae in the past decade to raise awareness of the potential threat of this malaria parasite in China.Methods Individual data of malaria cases infected withP.malariae reported in China in the past decade were collected via the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and Parasitic Diseases Information Reporting Management System,to explore their epidemiological characteristics.Pearson Chi-square tests or Fisher’s Exact Test was used in the statistical analysis.Results From 2013 to 2022,a total of 581P.malariae cases were reported in China,and mainly concentrated in 20-59 years old group(P<0.001),and there was no significant trend in the number of cases reported per month.Moreover,four kinds ofP.malariae cases were classified,including 567 imported cases from 41 countries in 8 regions and distributed in 27 provinces(autonomous regions,municipalities)in China,six indigenous cases in a small outbreak in Hainan,seven recurrent cases in Guangdong and Shanghai,and one induced case in Shanghai,respectively.In addition,only 379 cases(65.2%)were diagnosed as malaria on the first visit(P<0.001),and 413 cases(71.1%)were further confirmed asP.malariae cases(P=0.002).Meanwhile,most cases sought healthcare first in the health facilities at the county and prefectural levels,but only 76.7%(161/210)and 73.7%(146/198)cases were diagnosed as malaria,and the accuracy of confirmed diagnosis as malaria cases infected withP.malariae was only 77.2%(156/202)and 69.9%(167/239)in these health facilities respectively.Conclusions Even though malaria cases infected withP.malariae didn’t account for a high proportion of reported malaria cases nationwide,the threat posed by widely distributed imported cases,a small number of indigenous cases,recurrent cases and induced case cannot be ignored in China.Therefore,it is necessary to raise awareness and improve the surveillance and response to the non-falciparum species such asP.malariae,and prevent the reestablishment of malaria transmission after elimination.
文摘BACKGROUND Transfusion transmissible infections(TTIs)are illnesses spread through contaminated blood or blood products.In India,screening for TTIs such as hepatitis B virus(HBV),hepatitis C virus(HCV),human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-I/II,malaria,and syphilis is mandatory before blood transfusions.Worldwide,HCV,HBV,and HIV are the leading viruses causing mortality,affecting millions of people globally,including those with co-infections of HIV/HCV and HIV/HBV.Studies highlight the impact of TTIs on life expectancy and health risks,such as liver cirrhosis,cancer,and other diseases in individuals with chronic HBV.Globally,millions of blood donations take place annually,emphasizing the importance of maintaining blood safety.AIM To study the prevalence of TTIs,viz.,HBV,HCV,HIV I/II,syphilis,and malaria parasite(MP),among different blood donor groups.METHODS The study assessed the prevalence of TTIs among different blood donor groups in Delhi,India.Groups included total donors,in-house donors,total camp donors,institutional camp donors,and community camp donors.Tests for HIV,HBV,and HCV were done using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,while syphilis was tested with rapid plasma reagins and MP rapid card methods.The prevalence of HBV,HCV,HIV,and syphilis,expressed as percentages.Differences in infection rates between the groups were analyzed usingχ²tests and P-values(less than 0.05).RESULTS The study evaluated TTIs among 42158 blood donors in Delhi.The overall cumulative frequency of TTIs in total blood donors was 2.071%,and the frequencies of HBV,HCV,HIV-I/II,venereal disease research laboratory,and MP were 1.048%,0.425%,0.221%,0.377%,and 0.0024%,respectively.In-house donors,representing 37656 donors,had the highest transfusion transmissible infection(TTI)prevalence at 2.167%.Among total camp donors(4502 donors),TTIs were identified in 1.266%of donors,while community camp donors(2439 donors)exhibited a prevalence of 1.558%.Institutional camp donors(2063 donors)had the lowest TTI prevalence at 0.921%.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in overall TTI prevalence,with total and in-house donors exhibiting higher rates compared to camp donors.CONCLUSION Ongoing monitoring and effective screening programs are essential for minimizing TTIs.Customizing blood safety measures for different donor groups and studying socio-economic-health factors is essential to improving blood safety.
文摘The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.
文摘Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.
文摘Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.
文摘Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.
文摘Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.
文摘Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Code:FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/USM/002/4.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the expression of IL-10 in mice immunized with a recombinant BCG expressing the MSP1C antigen(BCGMSP1C),in the presence and absence of a TLR4 agonist CRX-527.Methods:The BCG-MSP1C vaccine candidate was cultured and characterized using acid-fast staining and field-emission scanning electron microscopy.The mice were immunized with BCG-MSP1C in the presence or absence of CRX-527 intraperitoneally.The expression and production of IL-10 were measured via real-time PCR and ELISA in peritoneal macrophages,spleen,liver,and lymph nodes of immunized mice.Results:IL-10 expression and production were significantly increased in peritoneal macrophages and lymph nodes in the presence of CRX-527.In contrast,spleen and liver samples showed a significant decrease in IL-10 levels with CRX-527.Conclusions:BCG-MSP1C shows promise as a malaria vaccine candidate by inducing IL-10 expression in multiple immune compartments and displaying stable morphology.Tissue-specific modulation of IL-10 by CRX-527 results in increased expression in the lymph nodes and peritoneal macrophages,and decreased levels in the liver and spleen.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia[Grant No.KFU252959].
文摘Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.
文摘Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.
基金Center of Research and Development for Biomedical and Basic Health Technology of The National Institute of Research and Development,the Ministry of Health(Reference No HK.02.04/II/4579/2015).
文摘Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.
文摘Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.
文摘Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the GeoSentinel surveillance network,malaria was the most frequent cause of fever in 21%of returning travelers,followed by dengue,typhoid fever,chikungunya and rickettsiosis[1].Individuals traveling from regions without malaria transmission to areas where it is endemic face a heightened risk of contracting the disease due to their lack of immunity.Despite the official malaria-free status of the Russian Federation since 2010,annual cases of severe Plasmodium(P.)falciparum malaria continue to be reported[2].This underscores the necessity for heightened clinical vigilance and improved preventive strategies especially in non-endemic settings.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Code:FRGS/1/2021/SKK06/USM/002/4.
文摘Objective:To investigate the role of CRX-527,a Toll-like receptor 4 agonist,as the possible adjuvant for recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin expressing merozoite surface protein 1C(BCG-MSP-1C).Methods:The mice were immunized with BCG and BCG-MSP-1C in the presence and absence of CRX-527.The untreated mice(injected with PBS-T80 only)were the negative control.The ability of CRX-527 to enhance IgG and its subclasses,as well as IL-4 and IFN-γproduction in the serum and spleen supernatant was evaluated using ELISA.Results:Mice immunized with BCG-MSP-1C exhibited the highest production of IgGs,IL-4 and IFN-γafter third immunization.In addition,CRX-527 further promoted the production of total IgG and IgG subclasses as well as IFN-γand IL-4 in the serum and splenocytes of immunized mice.Conclusions:CRX-527 has the potential as an adjuvant candidate for the candidate vaccines.Further study is needed to verify appropriate dosage for immunization and its efficacy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81803470 and 82173767)。
文摘Artemisinin(ART)resistance has been an emerging clinical problem,severely compromising antimalarial efficacy and threatening the global malaria elimination campaign.Albeit intensive studies about the molecular mechanism for ART resistance are under way,no effective therapeutic targets for reversing resistance have been applied.Here,we explore glutathione(GSH)as a therapeutic target to develop a thermo-responsive nanoplatform to specifically co-deliver ART and GSH synthesis inhibitor(L-buthionine sulfoximine,BSO)in a sustained manner,effectively reversing ART resistance in vivo.By combining with BSO,ART exerts increased antimalarial activity with reduced half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)by 7.43-fold in ART-resistant strains.This work reveals that the GSH in ART-resistant parasites can be a promising therapeutic target for reversing ART resistance,paving the way for developing drug candidates and intelligent nanomedicines in malaria therapy.
文摘Objective:To investigate the environmental and social aspects of poverty contributing to malaria incidence in Indonesia from 2016 to 2020.Methods:Random forest regression was used to analyse the independent variables contributing to malaria incidence.Environmental conditions were extracted from remotely sensed data,including vegetation,land temperature,soil moisture,precipitation,and elevation.In contrast,the social aspects of poverty were obtained from government statistical reports.Results:From 2016 to 2020,the contribution of each environmental and social aspect of poverty to malaria incidence fluctuated annually.Generally,the top three essential variables were people aged 15 years and above,experiencing poverty(variable importance/VI=32.0%),people experiencing poverty who work in the agricultural sector(VI=14.4%),and precipitation(VI=9.8%).It was followed by people experiencing poverty who are unemployed(VI=9.2%),land temperature(VI=5.2%),people experiencing poverty who have low education(VI=8.0%),soil moisture(VI=7.4%),elevation(VI=6.0%),and vegetation(VI=3.8%).Conclusions:Poverty and variables related to climate have become the crucial determinants of malaria in Indonesia.The government must strengthen malaria surveillance through climate change mitigation and adaptation programs and accelerate poverty alleviation programs to support malaria elimination.
文摘Recombinant technology-based vaccines have emerged as a highly effective way to prevent a wide range of illnesses.The technology improved vaccine manufacturing,rendering it more efficient and economical.These vaccines have multiple advantages compared to conventional vaccines.The pandemic has heightened awareness of the advantages of these vaccine technologies;trust and acceptance of these vaccines are steadily growing globally.This work offers an overview of the prospects and advantages associated with recombinant vaccines.Additionally,it discusses some of the challenges likely to arise in the future.Their ability to target diverse pathogen classes underscores their contributions to preventing previously untreatable diseases(especially vector-borne and emerging diseases)and hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process,especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines.Moreover,their compatibility with emerging vaccination platforms of the future like virus-like particles and CRISPR/Cas9 for the production of next-generation vaccines may offer many prospects.This review also reviewed the hurdles faced throughout the vaccine development process,especially in enhancing the effectiveness of these vaccines against vector-borne diseases,emerging diseases,and untreatable diseases with high mortality rates like AIDS as well as cancer.
