Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathi...Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.展开更多
Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, ...Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi).Methods: Twenty five third instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations(10–160 g/L) of fractions and were assayed according to World Health Organization protocol. The larval mortality was calculated after 24 h treatment.Results: Among tested fractions, the highest larvicidal efficacy was observed from ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract with 50% and 90% mortality values(LC_(50) and LC_(90)) of34.49 g/L and 108.61 g/L, respectively. Chloroform fraction of fruits extract was the second larvicidal sample with LC_(50) of 45.11 g/L and LC_(90) of 139.36 g/L. Petroleum ether fractions of fruits and roots and methanol fraction of fruits showed moderate toxicity against An. stephensi.Conclusions: Astrodaucus persicus is a potential source of valuable and natural larvicidal compounds against malaria vector, An. stephensi and can be used in mosquitoes control programs as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.展开更多
Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main indoor malaria vector tools control tools. The study examined housing characteristics and investigated the relationship bet...Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main indoor malaria vector tools control tools. The study examined housing characteristics and investigated the relationship between the total volume of household possessions, the volume of the sleeping room, and the hanging of LLINs. A total of 831 bedrooms were randomly selected in Benin in 2015. The findings showed that mud walls were predominant in rural areas (more than 75%), while metal roofs were common (77.3% - 97.9%). Battery-powered lighting was prevalent in rural areas in Northern (97%), while open-flame oil lamps were commonly used in rural areas in Southern (86%). The availability of correct bedding was low, ranging from 1% to 10% in all households. 20% of the bedrooms had at least 50% of their volume occupied by household possessions in urban areas. In rural areas, bedrooms without LLINs had a lower mean rate ratio of the volume occupied by possessions per the total volume of the room compared to bedrooms with at least one LLIN installed (p < 0.0001). The characteristics of human habitats are not favourable to the correct use of vector control intervention indoors. It is therefore important to improve people’s living conditions as the next step for malaria elimination.展开更多
Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health an...Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health and agriculture has led to its reduced efficacy. The objective of this review was to assess the role of agricultural pesticides use on the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. We searched library catalogues and public databases for studies that included data on resistance to the major classes of insecticides: organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, in the malaria vectors of Anopheles genera. There is a strong geographical bias in published studies many originating from West African countries. Several studies demonstrate that resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in the major malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes. Assessing the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control is complicated owing to the lack of studies into the epidemiological consequences of resistance on the control of malaria and other vector borne diseases.展开更多
Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium viva...Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi(A.stephensi) mosquitoes at different co...Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi(A.stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations(20,40,60,80 and 100 ppm).Methods:M.oleifera was collected from the area of around Bharathiar University,Coimbatore.The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender.From each sample,100 g of the plant material were extracted with 300 mL of methanol for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus.The extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator to yield 122 mg and 110 mg of dark greenish material(residue) from Arcang amara and Ocimum basilicum,respectively.One gram of the each plant residue was dissolved separately in 100 mL of acetone(stock solution) from which different concentrations, i.e.,20,40,60,80 and 100 ppm were prepared.Results:Larvicidal activity of M.oleifera exhibited in the first to fourth instar larvae of the A.stephensi,and the LC_(50) and LC_(90) values were 57.79 ppm and 125.93 ppm for the first instar,63.90 ppm and 133.07 ppm for the second inslar,72.45 ppm and 139.82 ppm for the third instar,78.93 ppm and 143.20 ppm for the fourth instar,respectively. During the pupal stage the methanolic extract of M.oleifera showed that the LC_(50),and LC_(90) values were 67.77 ppm and 141.00 ppm,respectively.Conclusions:The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M.oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used for further integrated pest management programs.展开更多
In this study, we describe the partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene isolated from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Initially a 558 bp partial cDNA sequence was amplified as precursor mRNA sequenc...In this study, we describe the partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene isolated from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Initially a 558 bp partial cDNA sequence was amplified as precursor mRNA sequence containing 223 bp long intron. 5＇ and 3＇ end sequences were recovered using end specific rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） polymerase chain reaction. The full-length cDNA sequence was 914 nucleotide long with an open reading frame capable of encoding 192 amino acid long protein with calculated molecular mass of 22174 Da and a pI point of 9.94. Protein homology search revealed 〉75% identity to other insect＇s S7 ribosomal proteins. Analysis of sequence alignment revealed several highly conserved domains, one of which is related to nuclear localization signal （NLS） region of human rpS7. Interestingly, intron nucleotide sequence comparison with A. gambiae showed a lesser degree of conservation as compared to coding and untranslated regions. Like this, early studies on the genomic organization and cDNA/ Expressed sequence tag analysis （EST） could help in genome annotation ofA. stephensi, and would be likely to be sequenced in the future.展开更多
In this study, we develop an expression for a saturated mosquito feeding rate in an SIS malaria model to determine its effect on infection and transmission dynamics of malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. The ba...In this study, we develop an expression for a saturated mosquito feeding rate in an SIS malaria model to determine its effect on infection and transmission dynamics of malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. The basic reproduction number is established as a sharp threshold that determines whether the disease dies out or persists in the population. Precisely, if , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease always dies out and if , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally stable and the disease persists. The contribution of the saturated contact rate to the basic reproduction number and the level of the endemic equilibrium are also analyzed.展开更多
The anarchic urbanization of certain African cities favors the multiplication of the malaria parasite. Thus, the urgent mobilization of African cities is essential to combat this health risk. It is, therefore, with th...The anarchic urbanization of certain African cities favors the multiplication of the malaria parasite. Thus, the urgent mobilization of African cities is essential to combat this health risk. It is, therefore, with the objective of contributing to the investigation of problem areas that the present study evaluates malaria transmission and vector control strategies in the Cotonou V health zone in particular. This is a cross-sectional study taking into account four neighborhoods, including Wologuèdè, Sainte Rita, Gbèdjromèdé and the area around Etoile Rouge. Two nocturnal captures on voluntary humans and the method of spray were carried out in the dry season from December 2021 to February 2022. On the captured Anopheles, the ELISA Circum-Sporozoite Protein test was performed to determine the infectivity and calculate some transmission parameters. Finally, we conducted a survey using the second stage sampling method with one step to ask selected households about their knowledge of vector control methods, their use and the physical integrity of LLINs. We collected 2386 culicidae of which the majority was Culex quinquefasciatus. After the ELISA test, the 29 Anopheles tested, showed no infectivity, i.e. an EIR of 0 pi/h/n. In addition, 99% of the populations in the Cotonou V area use LLINs to protect themselves. However, coils, door and window screens, aerosol sprays, skin and household repellents, and periodic indoor spraying were used. Finally, the majority of nets observed had T1 tears, but there were also T2, T3 and T4 nets (P-value = 0.0). This study confirms that malaria transmission during the dry season in the Cotonou V health zone is almost negligible but not non-existent. Also, populations are exposed to the nuisance of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes continuously throughout the year.展开更多
<b><span>Context:</span></b><span> The vector control is essential in malaria prevention strategies in several endemic countries in Africa including Burkina Faso. The high transmission of...<b><span>Context:</span></b><span> The vector control is essential in malaria prevention strategies in several endemic countries in Africa including Burkina Faso. The high transmission of malaria occurs during the period of high vector abundance (August to October) in Burkina Faso. Therefore, a vector control strategy based on the use of indoor residual spraying targeting this period should provide effective protection against malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bendiocarb applied in indoor residual spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in a pyrethroid resistance area in southwestern, Burkina Faso.</span><span> </span><b><span>Methods:</span></b><span> CDC light trap and early morning collections by pyrethrum spray catches were performed monthly to determine the change in entomological parameter within malaria vector in sprayed (Diebougou) and unsprayed sites (Dano). The female’s malaria vectors collected by both methods were used to determine their blood feeding pattern, biting and sporozoites rates as well as the malaria transmission risk estimated by entomological inoculation rate. </span><b><span>Results:</span></b><span> A total of 26,276 mosquitoes (13,555 anopheline and 12</span><span>,</span><span>721 other culicines) were collected using both CDC light trap (9158 mosquitoes) and PSC collection methods (17,118 mosquitoes) from June to December 2012. </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> complex was the predominant species collected. </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> was the predominant species collected (P = 0.0005), comprising 88% of the total collected and the most infected species. Malaria vectors densities were significantly lower in sprayed villages (n = 4303) compared with unsprayed villages (n = 12,569) during post-spraying period (P = 0.0012). In addition, mean human biting rate of </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> s.l. and </span><i><span>An. funestus </span></i><span>s.l. were significantly lower in sprayed areas compared to unsprayed areas (P < 0.05). Overall, malaria vector transmission risk was significant four-fold lower in villages which received IRS (P = 0.0001) whatever the malaria vectors species</span><span> </span><span> (</span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> s</span><span>.</span><span>l</span><span>.</span><span> and </span><i><span>An. An. funestus </span></i><span>s.l.). </span><b><span>Conclusions:</span></b><span> The results showed that in the sprayed area (Diebougou), vector densities, human biting rates and malaria transmission risks were very lower than unsprayed areas (Dano). The findings also showed a change in vector behavior especially within </span><i><span>An. funestus</span></i><span> s.l. which became more zoophagic following IRS. The indoor residual spraying could be promoted as a control tool in areas where malaria transmission occurs during a given period of year.</span>展开更多
Malaria is an intra-cellular parasitic protozoon responsible for millions of deaths annually.Host and parasite genetic factors are crucial in affecting susceptibility to malaria and progression of the disease.Recent i...Malaria is an intra-cellular parasitic protozoon responsible for millions of deaths annually.Host and parasite genetic factors are crucial in affecting susceptibility to malaria and progression of the disease.Recent increased deployment of vector controls and new artemisinin combination therapies have dramatically reduced the mortality and morbidity of malaria worldwide.However, the gradual emergence of parasite and mosquito resistance has raised alarm regarding the effectiveness of current artemisinin-based therapies.In this review,mechanisms of anti-malarial drug resistance in the Plasmodium parasite and new genetically engineered tools of research priorities are discussed.The complexity of the parasite lifecycle demands novel interventions to achieve global eradication.However,turning laboratory discovered transgenic interventions into functional products entails multiple experimental phases in addition to ethical and safety hurdles.Uncertainty over the regulatory status and public acceptance further discourage the implementation of genetically modified organisms.展开更多
A population’s health makes it possible to draw conclusions about a country’s general development level. In connection with local climatic changes, for example, we can assess how well a society adjusts to the new co...A population’s health makes it possible to draw conclusions about a country’s general development level. In connection with local climatic changes, for example, we can assess how well a society adjusts to the new conditions. To that effect, it has been observed during the last few years that global climate change can also affect human health in various ways. We can differentiate direct health impacts (e.g. extreme weather events, natural catastrophes caused by the weather) from indirect ones. However, the indirect consequences cause by far the greater damages to health. They are being spread increasingly by vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, etc.). Especially when a vector-carried infectious disease (e.g. malaria) migrates into areas where it is not endemic, considerable societal problems can result. The people living there would be immunologically unprepared.展开更多
An epidemic model is a simplified means of describing the transmission of infectious diseases through individuals. The modeling of infectious diseases is a tool which has been used to study the mechanisms by which dis...An epidemic model is a simplified means of describing the transmission of infectious diseases through individuals. The modeling of infectious diseases is a tool which has been used to study the mechanisms by which diseases spread, to predict the future course of an outbreak and to evaluate strategies to control an epidemic. Epidemic models are of many types. Here, SEIR model is discussed. We first discuss the basics of SEIR model. Then it is applied for vector borne diseases. Steady state conditions are derived. A threshold parameter R0 is defined and is shown that the disease will spread only if its value exceeds 1. We have applied the basic model to one specific diseases-malaria and did the sensitivity analysis too using the data for India. We found sensitivity analysis very important as it told us the most sensitive parameter to be taken care of. This makes the work more of practical use. Numerical simulation is done for vector and host which shows the population dynamics in different compartments.展开更多
More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of ende...More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of endemic regions by combinations of interventions,including artemisinin-based therapies and insecticide-treated bed nets,a new goal has been established recently by charity foundations which support research on malaria:the worldwide eradication of the pathology.Doing away with control approaches which have been applied for the last 50 years and more focus on elimination objectives will deeply change priorities in the area of malaria treatment,chemoprevention,vector control,vaccine research and health system assessment.In this review,actual knowledge on pathogenesis and pharmacology is discussed,and new drugs, vaccines and insecticides are described.展开更多
疟疾是至今仍严重威胁全球公共健康的蚊媒传染病。作为曾深受疟疾困扰的国家,中国于2021年获得了世界卫生组织授予的消除疟疾认证。这一成就不仅是中国公共卫生事业的重大胜利,也为全球疟疾防控提供了宝贵经验。值此2025年世界疟疾日到...疟疾是至今仍严重威胁全球公共健康的蚊媒传染病。作为曾深受疟疾困扰的国家,中国于2021年获得了世界卫生组织授予的消除疟疾认证。这一成就不仅是中国公共卫生事业的重大胜利,也为全球疟疾防控提供了宝贵经验。值此2025年世界疟疾日到来之际,正值“终结疟疾,从我做起:重投资源、重塑愿景、重燃希望”的主题提出之时,《英国医学杂志》(The BMJ)在线发布了“中国防治疟疾的经验教训”(malaria control lessons from China)专辑。该专辑收录5篇分析型论文,系统回顾了中国消除疟疾的全过程,涵盖了媒介按蚊幼虫控制、消除疟疾后的持续应对、高风险地区的媒介蚊虫监测与控制,以及边境地区的跨境联防联控等创新策略,展现了中国在全球疟疾消除进程中做出的积极贡献。展开更多
文摘Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.
基金part of pharm D thesissupported by a grant of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
文摘Objective: To determine the larvicidal activities of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of roots and fruits extracts of Astrodaucus persicus from Apiaceae family against malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi).Methods: Twenty five third instar larvae of An. stephensi were exposed to various concentrations(10–160 g/L) of fractions and were assayed according to World Health Organization protocol. The larval mortality was calculated after 24 h treatment.Results: Among tested fractions, the highest larvicidal efficacy was observed from ethyl acetate fraction of fruits extract with 50% and 90% mortality values(LC_(50) and LC_(90)) of34.49 g/L and 108.61 g/L, respectively. Chloroform fraction of fruits extract was the second larvicidal sample with LC_(50) of 45.11 g/L and LC_(90) of 139.36 g/L. Petroleum ether fractions of fruits and roots and methanol fraction of fruits showed moderate toxicity against An. stephensi.Conclusions: Astrodaucus persicus is a potential source of valuable and natural larvicidal compounds against malaria vector, An. stephensi and can be used in mosquitoes control programs as an alternative to synthetic insecticides.
文摘Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main indoor malaria vector tools control tools. The study examined housing characteristics and investigated the relationship between the total volume of household possessions, the volume of the sleeping room, and the hanging of LLINs. A total of 831 bedrooms were randomly selected in Benin in 2015. The findings showed that mud walls were predominant in rural areas (more than 75%), while metal roofs were common (77.3% - 97.9%). Battery-powered lighting was prevalent in rural areas in Northern (97%), while open-flame oil lamps were commonly used in rural areas in Southern (86%). The availability of correct bedding was low, ranging from 1% to 10% in all households. 20% of the bedrooms had at least 50% of their volume occupied by household possessions in urban areas. In rural areas, bedrooms without LLINs had a lower mean rate ratio of the volume occupied by possessions per the total volume of the room compared to bedrooms with at least one LLIN installed (p < 0.0001). The characteristics of human habitats are not favourable to the correct use of vector control intervention indoors. It is therefore important to improve people’s living conditions as the next step for malaria elimination.
文摘Most national malaria control programmes rely extensively on pyrethroid insecticides to control mosquito vectors of this disease. Unfortunately, the intensive use of this class of insecticides both in public health and agriculture has led to its reduced efficacy. The objective of this review was to assess the role of agricultural pesticides use on the development of resistance to insecticides in malaria vectors and the potential impact of this resistance on control activities. We searched library catalogues and public databases for studies that included data on resistance to the major classes of insecticides: organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids, in the malaria vectors of Anopheles genera. There is a strong geographical bias in published studies many originating from West African countries. Several studies demonstrate that resistance to pyrethroids is widespread in the major malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus complexes. Assessing the impact of insecticide resistance on vector control is complicated owing to the lack of studies into the epidemiological consequences of resistance on the control of malaria and other vector borne diseases.
文摘Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the larvicidal and pupicidal potential of the methanolic extracts from Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera) plant seeds against malarial vector Anopheles stephensi(A.stephensi) mosquitoes at different concentrations(20,40,60,80 and 100 ppm).Methods:M.oleifera was collected from the area of around Bharathiar University,Coimbatore.The dried plant materials were powdered by an electrical blender.From each sample,100 g of the plant material were extracted with 300 mL of methanol for 8 h in a Soxhlet apparatus.The extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator to yield 122 mg and 110 mg of dark greenish material(residue) from Arcang amara and Ocimum basilicum,respectively.One gram of the each plant residue was dissolved separately in 100 mL of acetone(stock solution) from which different concentrations, i.e.,20,40,60,80 and 100 ppm were prepared.Results:Larvicidal activity of M.oleifera exhibited in the first to fourth instar larvae of the A.stephensi,and the LC_(50) and LC_(90) values were 57.79 ppm and 125.93 ppm for the first instar,63.90 ppm and 133.07 ppm for the second inslar,72.45 ppm and 139.82 ppm for the third instar,78.93 ppm and 143.20 ppm for the fourth instar,respectively. During the pupal stage the methanolic extract of M.oleifera showed that the LC_(50),and LC_(90) values were 67.77 ppm and 141.00 ppm,respectively.Conclusions:The present study indicates that the phytochemicals derived from M.oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents and the plant extracts may be used for further integrated pest management programs.
文摘In this study, we describe the partial genomic organization of ribosomal protein S7 gene isolated from the mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Initially a 558 bp partial cDNA sequence was amplified as precursor mRNA sequence containing 223 bp long intron. 5＇ and 3＇ end sequences were recovered using end specific rapid amplification of cDNA ends （RACE） polymerase chain reaction. The full-length cDNA sequence was 914 nucleotide long with an open reading frame capable of encoding 192 amino acid long protein with calculated molecular mass of 22174 Da and a pI point of 9.94. Protein homology search revealed 〉75% identity to other insect＇s S7 ribosomal proteins. Analysis of sequence alignment revealed several highly conserved domains, one of which is related to nuclear localization signal （NLS） region of human rpS7. Interestingly, intron nucleotide sequence comparison with A. gambiae showed a lesser degree of conservation as compared to coding and untranslated regions. Like this, early studies on the genomic organization and cDNA/ Expressed sequence tag analysis （EST） could help in genome annotation ofA. stephensi, and would be likely to be sequenced in the future.
文摘In this study, we develop an expression for a saturated mosquito feeding rate in an SIS malaria model to determine its effect on infection and transmission dynamics of malaria in the highlands of Western Kenya. The basic reproduction number is established as a sharp threshold that determines whether the disease dies out or persists in the population. Precisely, if , the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and the disease always dies out and if , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally stable and the disease persists. The contribution of the saturated contact rate to the basic reproduction number and the level of the endemic equilibrium are also analyzed.
文摘The anarchic urbanization of certain African cities favors the multiplication of the malaria parasite. Thus, the urgent mobilization of African cities is essential to combat this health risk. It is, therefore, with the objective of contributing to the investigation of problem areas that the present study evaluates malaria transmission and vector control strategies in the Cotonou V health zone in particular. This is a cross-sectional study taking into account four neighborhoods, including Wologuèdè, Sainte Rita, Gbèdjromèdé and the area around Etoile Rouge. Two nocturnal captures on voluntary humans and the method of spray were carried out in the dry season from December 2021 to February 2022. On the captured Anopheles, the ELISA Circum-Sporozoite Protein test was performed to determine the infectivity and calculate some transmission parameters. Finally, we conducted a survey using the second stage sampling method with one step to ask selected households about their knowledge of vector control methods, their use and the physical integrity of LLINs. We collected 2386 culicidae of which the majority was Culex quinquefasciatus. After the ELISA test, the 29 Anopheles tested, showed no infectivity, i.e. an EIR of 0 pi/h/n. In addition, 99% of the populations in the Cotonou V area use LLINs to protect themselves. However, coils, door and window screens, aerosol sprays, skin and household repellents, and periodic indoor spraying were used. Finally, the majority of nets observed had T1 tears, but there were also T2, T3 and T4 nets (P-value = 0.0). This study confirms that malaria transmission during the dry season in the Cotonou V health zone is almost negligible but not non-existent. Also, populations are exposed to the nuisance of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes continuously throughout the year.
文摘<b><span>Context:</span></b><span> The vector control is essential in malaria prevention strategies in several endemic countries in Africa including Burkina Faso. The high transmission of malaria occurs during the period of high vector abundance (August to October) in Burkina Faso. Therefore, a vector control strategy based on the use of indoor residual spraying targeting this period should provide effective protection against malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bendiocarb applied in indoor residual spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in a pyrethroid resistance area in southwestern, Burkina Faso.</span><span> </span><b><span>Methods:</span></b><span> CDC light trap and early morning collections by pyrethrum spray catches were performed monthly to determine the change in entomological parameter within malaria vector in sprayed (Diebougou) and unsprayed sites (Dano). The female’s malaria vectors collected by both methods were used to determine their blood feeding pattern, biting and sporozoites rates as well as the malaria transmission risk estimated by entomological inoculation rate. </span><b><span>Results:</span></b><span> A total of 26,276 mosquitoes (13,555 anopheline and 12</span><span>,</span><span>721 other culicines) were collected using both CDC light trap (9158 mosquitoes) and PSC collection methods (17,118 mosquitoes) from June to December 2012. </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> complex was the predominant species collected. </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> was the predominant species collected (P = 0.0005), comprising 88% of the total collected and the most infected species. Malaria vectors densities were significantly lower in sprayed villages (n = 4303) compared with unsprayed villages (n = 12,569) during post-spraying period (P = 0.0012). In addition, mean human biting rate of </span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> s.l. and </span><i><span>An. funestus </span></i><span>s.l. were significantly lower in sprayed areas compared to unsprayed areas (P < 0.05). Overall, malaria vector transmission risk was significant four-fold lower in villages which received IRS (P = 0.0001) whatever the malaria vectors species</span><span> </span><span> (</span><i><span>An. gambiae</span></i><span> s</span><span>.</span><span>l</span><span>.</span><span> and </span><i><span>An. An. funestus </span></i><span>s.l.). </span><b><span>Conclusions:</span></b><span> The results showed that in the sprayed area (Diebougou), vector densities, human biting rates and malaria transmission risks were very lower than unsprayed areas (Dano). The findings also showed a change in vector behavior especially within </span><i><span>An. funestus</span></i><span> s.l. which became more zoophagic following IRS. The indoor residual spraying could be promoted as a control tool in areas where malaria transmission occurs during a given period of year.</span>
文摘Malaria is an intra-cellular parasitic protozoon responsible for millions of deaths annually.Host and parasite genetic factors are crucial in affecting susceptibility to malaria and progression of the disease.Recent increased deployment of vector controls and new artemisinin combination therapies have dramatically reduced the mortality and morbidity of malaria worldwide.However, the gradual emergence of parasite and mosquito resistance has raised alarm regarding the effectiveness of current artemisinin-based therapies.In this review,mechanisms of anti-malarial drug resistance in the Plasmodium parasite and new genetically engineered tools of research priorities are discussed.The complexity of the parasite lifecycle demands novel interventions to achieve global eradication.However,turning laboratory discovered transgenic interventions into functional products entails multiple experimental phases in addition to ethical and safety hurdles.Uncertainty over the regulatory status and public acceptance further discourage the implementation of genetically modified organisms.
文摘A population’s health makes it possible to draw conclusions about a country’s general development level. In connection with local climatic changes, for example, we can assess how well a society adjusts to the new conditions. To that effect, it has been observed during the last few years that global climate change can also affect human health in various ways. We can differentiate direct health impacts (e.g. extreme weather events, natural catastrophes caused by the weather) from indirect ones. However, the indirect consequences cause by far the greater damages to health. They are being spread increasingly by vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, etc.). Especially when a vector-carried infectious disease (e.g. malaria) migrates into areas where it is not endemic, considerable societal problems can result. The people living there would be immunologically unprepared.
文摘An epidemic model is a simplified means of describing the transmission of infectious diseases through individuals. The modeling of infectious diseases is a tool which has been used to study the mechanisms by which diseases spread, to predict the future course of an outbreak and to evaluate strategies to control an epidemic. Epidemic models are of many types. Here, SEIR model is discussed. We first discuss the basics of SEIR model. Then it is applied for vector borne diseases. Steady state conditions are derived. A threshold parameter R0 is defined and is shown that the disease will spread only if its value exceeds 1. We have applied the basic model to one specific diseases-malaria and did the sensitivity analysis too using the data for India. We found sensitivity analysis very important as it told us the most sensitive parameter to be taken care of. This makes the work more of practical use. Numerical simulation is done for vector and host which shows the population dynamics in different compartments.
基金supported by the Compagnia di San Paolo-IMI grants to MP in the context of the Italian Malaria Network
文摘More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of endemic regions by combinations of interventions,including artemisinin-based therapies and insecticide-treated bed nets,a new goal has been established recently by charity foundations which support research on malaria:the worldwide eradication of the pathology.Doing away with control approaches which have been applied for the last 50 years and more focus on elimination objectives will deeply change priorities in the area of malaria treatment,chemoprevention,vector control,vaccine research and health system assessment.In this review,actual knowledge on pathogenesis and pharmacology is discussed,and new drugs, vaccines and insecticides are described.
文摘疟疾是至今仍严重威胁全球公共健康的蚊媒传染病。作为曾深受疟疾困扰的国家,中国于2021年获得了世界卫生组织授予的消除疟疾认证。这一成就不仅是中国公共卫生事业的重大胜利,也为全球疟疾防控提供了宝贵经验。值此2025年世界疟疾日到来之际,正值“终结疟疾,从我做起:重投资源、重塑愿景、重燃希望”的主题提出之时,《英国医学杂志》(The BMJ)在线发布了“中国防治疟疾的经验教训”(malaria control lessons from China)专辑。该专辑收录5篇分析型论文,系统回顾了中国消除疟疾的全过程,涵盖了媒介按蚊幼虫控制、消除疟疾后的持续应对、高风险地区的媒介蚊虫监测与控制,以及边境地区的跨境联防联控等创新策略,展现了中国在全球疟疾消除进程中做出的积极贡献。
