The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the dis...The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.展开更多
Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium viva...Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.展开更多
Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.Thi...Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.展开更多
Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the...Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the GeoSentinel surveillance network,malaria was the most frequent cause of fever in 21%of returning travelers,followed by dengue,typhoid fever,chikungunya and rickettsiosis[1].Individuals traveling from regions without malaria transmission to areas where it is endemic face a heightened risk of contracting the disease due to their lack of immunity.Despite the official malaria-free status of the Russian Federation since 2010,annual cases of severe Plasmodium(P.)falciparum malaria continue to be reported[2].This underscores the necessity for heightened clinical vigilance and improved preventive strategies especially in non-endemic settings.展开更多
Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the i...Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.展开更多
Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential S...Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.展开更多
Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategi...Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.展开更多
Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic h...Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.展开更多
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which ...BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.展开更多
Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to ...Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to climate change,concerns have arisen about the spread of southern malaria species,that potentially can affect previously unexposed bird populations.We studied juvenile siskins infected with two distinct malaria parasites:Plasmodium relictum(SGS1 lineage)and P.ashfordi(GRW2 lineage).While the former is common in the Northern Palearctic,the latter is primarily found in Central and Southern Africa.We assessed the impact of these infections on siskins'physiological well-being using resting metabolic rate(RMR)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Changes in RMR reflect the energetic cost of disease,while IL-6 serves as a one of the inflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system's response to infection.Our experimental findings reveal distinct outcomes during the acute phase of SGS1 and GRW2 infections.Infection with SGS1 was marked by reduced RMR and IL-6 levels in siskins.A similar IL-6 pattern was observed in the GRW2 group initially,though it was not sustained.Additionally,GRW2-infected siskins showed distinct RMR dynamics compared to SGS1-infected birds.Our study did not conclusively demonstrate that tropical malaria has more severe effects on siskins.However,similarities with previous studies with SGS1 infected birds and variations in disease progression between the two experimental groups underscore the complexity of host-parasite interactions in avian malaria infections.展开更多
Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method...Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.展开更多
Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morph...Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.展开更多
Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathi...Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.展开更多
Objective:To assess the distribution of ABO blood group and their relationship with Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) malaria among febrile outpatients who sought medical attention at Dore Bafeno Health Center,South...Objective:To assess the distribution of ABO blood group and their relationship with Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) malaria among febrile outpatients who sought medical attention at Dore Bafeno Health Center,Southern Ethiopia.Methods:A total of 269 febrile outpatients who visited Dore Bafeno Health Center,Southern Ethiopia,were examined for malaria and also tested for ABO blood groups in January 2010.The blood specimens were collected by finger pricking,stained with Geimsa,and examined microscopically.Positive cases of the parasitemia were counted.CareStart^(TM) Malaria PflPv Combo was also used to test the blood specimens for malaria.ABO blood groups were determined by agglutination test using ERYCLONE antisera.Data on socio-demographic characteristics and treatment status of the participants were also collected.Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to assess the difference between frequencies and means,respectively.Results:Out of a total of 269 participants,178(66.2%) febrile patients were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites,among which 146(54.3%),28(10.4%),and 4(1.5%) belonged to P.falciparum,P.vivax,and mixed infections,respectively.All febrile patients were also tested for ABO blood groups and 51.3%,23.5%,21.9%and 3.3%were found to be blood types of 0,A,B and AB,respectively.Both total malaria infection and P.falciparum infection showed significant association with blood types(P<0.05).The proportion of A or B but not 0 phenotypes was higher(P<0.05) in individuals with P.falciparum as compared with non-infected individuals.The chance of having P.falciparum infection in patients with blood groups A,B and AB was 2.5,2.5 and 3.3times more than individuals showing blood 0 phenotypes,respectively.The mean P.falciparum malaria parasitemia for blood groups A,B,AB,and 0 were 3 744/μ L,1 805/ μ L,5 331/μ L,and1 515/μ L,respectively(P<0.01).Conclusions:The present findings indicate that individuals of blood groups A,B and AB are more susceptible to P.falciparum infection as compared with individuals of blood group O.Nevertheless,further in depth studies are required to clearly establish the role that ABO blood group plays in P.falciparum malaria.展开更多
<strong>Background:</strong> Malaria in pregnancy poses a great health risk to the mother and her fetus and causes abortion, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. The symptoms c...<strong>Background:</strong> Malaria in pregnancy poses a great health risk to the mother and her fetus and causes abortion, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. The symptoms commonly start between 10 - 30 days of age and the symptoms mostly observed are fever, restlessness, drowsiness, jaundice, poor feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to diagnose malaria in a neonate admitted to ICU with fever, jaundice and hepatomegaly. <strong>Case Summary: </strong>A 32-day-old female child was admitted to ICU for intermittent high grade fever and rapid breathing, pallor, poor feeding, mild hepatosplenomegaly and physiological jaundice of one-week duration. The mother had malaria two years before while visiting her native country, Afghanistan and was treated with chloroquine for three days. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> High suspicion should be considered in diagnosing malaria during pregnancy to prevent congenital malaria among all neonates who present fever and splenomegaly in malaria endemic areas as well as in women from malaria endemic countries living in non-endemic areas. In this report, we describe the first case of congenital malaria in a child in non-malaria endemic Kuwait.展开更多
Human malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne protozoan parasitic infection in human involving female anopheline mosquitoes as vector for transmission. It is caused by Plasmodium species, most commonly, P. vivax,...Human malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne protozoan parasitic infection in human involving female anopheline mosquitoes as vector for transmission. It is caused by Plasmodium species, most commonly, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum, and rarely P. knowlesi. Malaria remains a significant global health issue and is a medical emergency. It is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, particularly in at-risk groups. In Hong Kong, where malaria is non-endemic, more than 20 cases of malaria per year have been notified in recent years. We still have chances encountering patients with malaria presented to public or private emergency departments. High index of clinical suspicious is utmost important for not missing a case of malaria. A practical approach for prompt identification of patients with severe malaria is essential, followed by appropriate initiation of appropriate effective antimalarial treatment within 24 to 48 hours of symptoms onset after blood taken for thick and thin smears for diagnosis. Vigilance with increased awareness of not falling into common diagnostic traps has to be alerted. The risk of missing any case of malaria presenting to emergency department could be largely minimized.展开更多
Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results abo...Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results about their influence on malaria transmission. Recently, papers have been published about geospatial analysis of ERF of malaria to explain why malaria varies from place to place. Our primary objective was to identify the environmental variables most used in the geospatial analysis of malaria transmission. The secondary objective was to identify the geo-analytic methods and techniques, as well as geo-analytic statistics commonly related to ERF and malaria. We conducted a systematized review of articles published from January 2004 to March 2015, within Web of Science, Pubmed and LILACS databases. Initially 676 articles were found, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 manuscripts were selected. Temperature, land use and land cover, surface moisture and vector breeding site were the most frequent included variables. As for geo-analytic methods, geostatistical models with Bayesian framework were the most applied. Kriging interpolations, Geographical Weighted Regression as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan were the techniques more widely used. The main objective of many of these studies was to use these methods and techniques to create malaria risk maps. Spatial analysis performed with satellite images and georeferenced data are increasing in relevance due to the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. The combination of these new technologies identifies ERF more accurately, and the use of Bayesian geostatistical models allows a wide diffusion of malaria risk maps. It is known that temperature, humidity vegetation and vector breeding site play a critical role in malaria transmission;however, other environmental risk factors have also been identified. Risk maps have a tremendous potential to enhance the effectiveness of malaria-control programs.展开更多
Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) is responsible for the majority of life-threatening cases of human malaria,causing 1.5-2.7 million annual deaths.The global emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites necessitate...Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) is responsible for the majority of life-threatening cases of human malaria,causing 1.5-2.7 million annual deaths.The global emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites necessitates identification and characterisation of novel drug targets and their potential inhibitors.We identified the carbonic anhydrase(CA) genes in P.falciparum.The pfGA gene encodes an α-carbonic anhydrase,a Zn^(2+)-metalloenzme,possessing catalytic properties distinct from that of the human host CA enzyme.The amino acid sequence of the pfCA enzyme is different from the analogous protozoan and human enzymes.A library of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a large diversity of scaffolds were found to be very good inhibitors for the malarial enzyme at moderate-low micromolar and submicromolar inhibitions.The structure of the groups substituting the aromatic-ureido-or aromatic-azomethine fragment of the molecule and the length of the parent sulfonamide were critical parameters for the inhibitory properties of the sulfonamides.One derivative,that is,4-(3,4-dichlorophenylureido)thioureidobcnzcnesulfonamide(compound 10) was the most effective in vitro Plasmodium falciparum CA inhibitor,and was also the most effective antimalarial compound on the in vitro P.falciparum growth inhibition.The compound 10 was also effective in vivo antimalarial agent in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei,an animal model of drug testing for human malaria infection. It is therefore concluded that the sulphonamide inhibitors targeting the parasite CA may have potential for the development of novel therapies against human malaria.展开更多
Objective:To compare the two methods of rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria.Methods:RDTs and microscopy were carried out to diagnose malaria. Percentage malaria parasitaemia was calc...Objective:To compare the two methods of rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria.Methods:RDTs and microscopy were carried out to diagnose malaria. Percentage malaria parasitaemia was calculated on thin films and all non-acute cases of plasmodiasis with less than 0.001%malaria parasitaemia were regarded as negative.Results were simply presented as percentage positive of the total number of patients under study.The results of RDTs were compared to those of microscopy while those of RDTs based on antigen were compared to those of RDTs based on antibody.Patients' follow-up was made for all cases.Results: All the 200 patients under present study tested positive to RDTs based on malaria antibodies(serum)method(100%).128 out of 200 tested positive to RDTs based on malaria antigen(whole blood)method(64%),while 118 out of 200 patients under present study tested positive to visual microscopy of Lieshman and diluted Giemsa(59%).All patients that tested positive to microscopy also tested positive to RDTs based on antigen.All patients on the second day of follow-up were non-febrile and had antimalaria drugs.Conclusions;We conclude based on the present study that the RDTs based on malaria antigen(whole blood)method is as specific as the traditional microscopy and even appears more sensitive than microscopy.The RDTs based on antibody(serum)method is unspecific thus it should not be encouraged.It is most likely that Africa being an endemic region,formation of certain levels of malaria antibody may not be uncommon.The present study also supports the opinion that a good number of febrile cases is not due to malaria. We support WHO's report on cost effectiveness of RDTs but,recommend that only the antigen based method should possibly,be adopted in Africa and other malaria endemic regions of the world.展开更多
More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of ende...More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of endemic regions by combinations of interventions,including artemisinin-based therapies and insecticide-treated bed nets,a new goal has been established recently by charity foundations which support research on malaria:the worldwide eradication of the pathology.Doing away with control approaches which have been applied for the last 50 years and more focus on elimination objectives will deeply change priorities in the area of malaria treatment,chemoprevention,vector control,vaccine research and health system assessment.In this review,actual knowledge on pathogenesis and pharmacology is discussed,and new drugs, vaccines and insecticides are described.展开更多
文摘The World Health Organization declared Sri Lanka a malaria eliminated country in 2016[1-3].At present,the country is in the phase of preventing the re-establishment of malaria[4].However,travelers who contract the disease overseas in malaria endemic countries continue to present a constant risk of re-establishing malaria in Sri Lanka,where malaria-transmitting mosquitos is prevalent.In this context,robust measures are being implemented in the country to prevent re-establishment of malaria and to stop travelers infected with malaria progressing into severe disease and death.
文摘Anopheles(An.)stephensi is one of the dominant malaria vectors in India,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Iran,Iraq and some other Asian countries[1].It plays a crucial role in transmitting Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in India along with its rural counterpart,An.culicifacies.This mosquito species has adapted well to urban and peri-urban environments,making it a significant public health concern in the country.The presence of An.stephensi in urban areas contrasts with other malaria vectors that predominantly inhabit rural regions,thus complicating traditional malaria control strategies.It is well-adapted to human-made environments,breeding in various containers including tanks,cisterns,and barrels used for water storage.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia[Grant No.KFU252959].
文摘Malaria is a significant global health challenge.This devastating disease continues to affect millions,especially in tropical regions.It is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.This study introduces a nonlinear mathematical model for examining the transmission dynamics of malaria,incorporating both human and mosquito populations.We aim to identify the key factors driving the endemic spread of malaria,determine feasible solutions,and provide insights that lead to the development of effective prevention and management strategies.We derive the basic reproductive number employing the next-generation matrix approach and identify the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points.Stability analyses indicate that the disease-free equilibrium is locally and globally stable when the reproductive number is below one,whereas an endemic equilibrium persists when this threshold is exceeded.Sensitivity analysis identifies the most influential mosquito-related parameters,particularly the bite rate and mosquito mortality,in controlling the spread of malaria.Furthermore,we extend our model to include a treatment compartment and three disease-preventive control variables such as antimalaria drug treatments,use of larvicides,and the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for optimal control analysis.The results show that optimal use of mosquito nets,use of larvicides for mosquito population control,and treatment can lower the basic reproduction number and control malaria transmission with minimal intervention costs.The analysis of disease control strategies and findings offers valuable information for policymakers in designing cost-effective strategies to combat malaria.
文摘Malaria is considered one of the major causes of travel-related morbidity and mortality,especially among non-immune travelers from non-endemic countries to the endemic regions.According to a multicenter study from the GeoSentinel surveillance network,malaria was the most frequent cause of fever in 21%of returning travelers,followed by dengue,typhoid fever,chikungunya and rickettsiosis[1].Individuals traveling from regions without malaria transmission to areas where it is endemic face a heightened risk of contracting the disease due to their lack of immunity.Despite the official malaria-free status of the Russian Federation since 2010,annual cases of severe Plasmodium(P.)falciparum malaria continue to be reported[2].This underscores the necessity for heightened clinical vigilance and improved preventive strategies especially in non-endemic settings.
文摘Introduction: A recent study in Kenya highlighted a promising advance in malaria control by demonstrating that infecting mosquitoes with the endosymbiont Microsporidia MB blocks Plasmodium transmission. However, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors such as diet, relative humidity (RH) and temperature on this infection remains poorly studied. This study, aimed to gain a better understanding of this relationship. Methods: To highlight the influence of diet quantity, we defined a range of 3 quantities: 0.00375 g, 0.015 g and 0.09 g. Each quantity was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 larvae infected with Microsporidia MB (MB+), and a group of 150 larvae not infected with Microsporidia MB (MB−) (control group), each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was fed each morning with the assigned quantity until the pupal stage. In addition to this factor, we investigated the influence of temperature and RH. We defined three temperature-RH combinations: 21˚C-80% RH, 39˚C-50% RH, and 27˚C-75% RH. Each combination was tested on two groups of larvae: a group of 150 MB+ larvae and a group of 150 MB− larvae, each divided into three replicates of 50 larvae. Each replicate was subjected to the assigned combination until pupation. Pupae that had reached the adult stage were tested by PCR to determine their Microsporidia MB infection status for each factor studied. Results: The results showed that only the lowest quantity (0.00375 g) significantly reduced the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the medium quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.9088, df = 1, p = 0.02672) and the high quantity (chi-2 test, χ2 = 4.7958, df = 1, p = 0.02853). As for temperature and RH, the combination 39˚C-50% RH led to a significant reduction in the prevalence of Microsporidia MB compared with the combination 27˚C-75% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 6.3736, ddl = 1, p = 0.01158) and that 21˚C-80% RH (chi-2 test, χ2 = 9.983, ddl = 1, p = 0.00158). Conclusion: This work contributes to a better understanding of some key factors linked to Microsporidia MB infection in mosquitoes. However, further research on several generations is necessary to draw more comprehensive conclusions.
文摘Malaria remains a major public health challenge necessitating accurate predictive models to inform effective intervention strategies in Sierra Leone. This study compares the performance of Holt-Winters’ Exponential Smoothing, Harmonic, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models using data from January 2018 to December 2023, incorporating both historical case records from Sierra Leone’s Health Management Information System (HMIS) and meteorological variables including humidity, precipitation, and temperature. The ANN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.74% before including climatic variables. This was further reduced to 3.9% with the inclusion of climatic variables, outperforming traditional models like Holt-Winters and Harmonic, which yielded MAPEs of 22.53% and 17.90% respectively. The ANN’s success is attributed to its ability to capture complex, non-linear relationships in the data, particularly when enhanced with relevant climatic variables. Using the optimized ANN model, we forecasted malaria cases for the next 24 months, predicting a steady increase from January 2024 to December 2025, with seasonal peaks. This study underscores the potential of machine learning approaches, particularly ANNs, in epidemiological modelling and highlights the importance of integrating environmental factors into malaria prediction models, recommending the ANN model for informing more targeted and efficient malaria control strategies to improve public health outcomes in Sierra Leone and similar settings.
文摘Malaria is a potentially lethal disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus, transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily Anopheles. To control this disease, various strategies are implemented, including biological control, which targets the vectors of the parasite. This approach uses biological agents such as entomopathogenic fungi, including Metarhizium pingshaense, a fungus capable of causing lethal infections in mosquitoes. The production of Metarhizium pingshaense is still limited in Burkina Faso, and local cultivation of this fungus could help fill this gap. A study was conducted to identify optimal local substrates that promote its growth. Indeed, after gathering information on the dietary habits of populations in Bobo-Dioulasso and Bama, three potential substrates were selected: rice, cornmeal dough (MFL), and beans. These substrates were inoculated with two strains of Metarhizium pingshaense (S10 and S26) to assess their ability to support fungal growth and their effectiveness. Experimental results showed that MFL and bean substrates favored optimal growth of Metarhizium pingshaense, with growths of 1.91 cm and 2.13 cm after 8 days, compared to 1.83 cm on a standard media (PDA). In terms of virulence, S26 strain caused 60% mosquito mortality on both the bean and PDA media, while S10 strain induced mortalities of 50% for bean and 62% for PDA.
文摘Objective:This review examined the co-morbidity of malaria and hypertension in Nigerian adults,with a focus on epidemiological trends,genetic and environmental risk factors,pathophysiological mechanisms,and systemic healthcare barriers.Methods:A qualitative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature,national health surveys,and institutional reports published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted using thematic analysis.While centered on Nigeria,the review incorporated comparative insights from global studies on renin angiotensin aldosterone system polymorphisms,co-infection dynamics,and health service inequalities.Results:The findings indicate overlapping risk factors including renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene polymorphisms,urbanization,and poverty.Angiotensin Ⅱ demonstrates dual functions,contributing both to malaria suppression and to hypertension pathogenesis.Clinical challenges include diagnostic overlap,adverse drug interactions,and disparities in service delivery between rural and urban populations.These challenges particularly affect older adults and highlight systemic gaps in access,workforce distribution,and policy alignment.Conclusion:The dual burden of malaria and hypertension in Nigeria requires integrated disease management strategies that address both communicable and non-communicable disease risks.Urgent priorities include multisectoral policy reforms,expanded rural health investments,and the adoption of precision medicine approaches guided by genetic profiling.The implications extend to clinical practice through co-screening and tailored treatment protocols and to public health policy,where integrated frameworks are essential to reducing inequities and improving long-term outcomes.
文摘BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease leading to insulin deficiency,and it is mainly diagnosed in young adults.One of the major acute complications of type 1 diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis(DKA),which is a metabolic emergency that can be triggered by stress,infection,or poor blood glucose control.The association of DKA with conditions such as acute pancreatitis and malaria is rare and therefore represents a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room for abdominal pelvic pain,fever,asthenia,polyuria,and polydipsia with a progressive deterioration of her state of consciousness.At admission,she was in a mild coma(Glasgow score:9),had a fever of 38.5°C,and had hyperglycemia(6 g/dL).The tests revealed severe DKA,hypertriglyceridemia,hyperamylasemia,and hyperlipasemia as well as malaria parasite density.The computed tomography scan confirmed acute stage E pancreatitis.The diagnosis was that of inaugural ketoacidosis of type 1 diabetes unbalanced by pancreatitis and malaria.Treatment included insulin therapy,rehydration,and antimalarial and analgesic treatment.After 10 days,the outcome was favorable with a normalization of the blood sugar,and an endocrine follow-up was recommend.CONCLUSION Rapid and multidisciplinary management of DKA,pancreatitis,and malaria led to a favorable and stable prognosis.
基金supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant(grant Ng 20-14-00049).
文摘Avian malaria,caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium,is prevalent among wild bird populations worldwide and can have significant impact on avian health and populations.With the rise in global temperatures due to climate change,concerns have arisen about the spread of southern malaria species,that potentially can affect previously unexposed bird populations.We studied juvenile siskins infected with two distinct malaria parasites:Plasmodium relictum(SGS1 lineage)and P.ashfordi(GRW2 lineage).While the former is common in the Northern Palearctic,the latter is primarily found in Central and Southern Africa.We assessed the impact of these infections on siskins'physiological well-being using resting metabolic rate(RMR)and interleukin-6(IL-6)levels.Changes in RMR reflect the energetic cost of disease,while IL-6 serves as a one of the inflammatory cytokines in the innate immune system's response to infection.Our experimental findings reveal distinct outcomes during the acute phase of SGS1 and GRW2 infections.Infection with SGS1 was marked by reduced RMR and IL-6 levels in siskins.A similar IL-6 pattern was observed in the GRW2 group initially,though it was not sustained.Additionally,GRW2-infected siskins showed distinct RMR dynamics compared to SGS1-infected birds.Our study did not conclusively demonstrate that tropical malaria has more severe effects on siskins.However,similarities with previous studies with SGS1 infected birds and variations in disease progression between the two experimental groups underscore the complexity of host-parasite interactions in avian malaria infections.
文摘Most vaccines get injected into muscle,swallowed by mouth,or squirted into the nose.But in a clinical study reported in January 2025 in Nature Medicine[1],researchers in the Netherlands used a less conventional method to deliver an investigational vaccine:mosquito bites.The mosquitoes carried malaria-causing Plasmod-ium falciparum parasites that had been genetically engineered to trigger a productive immune response without making people sick.Nine of ten study participants who each,in a single session,with-stood 50 bites from this laboratory strain of mosquitoes,success-fully fended off infection when challenged with infective malaria parasites six weeks later.
基金Center of Research and Development for Biomedical and Basic Health Technology of The National Institute of Research and Development,the Ministry of Health(Reference No HK.02.04/II/4579/2015).
文摘Objective:To ascertain the prevalence and distribution of malaria parasites among the three monkeys species from three provinces in Sumatra Island,Indonesia.Methods:Infections with Plasmodium spp.were determined morphologically from the blood smears which were stained with Giemsa solution and molecularly through nested polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in DNA samples from 68 primates,which were captured at three locations:Jambi(Bungo district),Bengkulu(Muko-Muko district),and Riau Islands(Lingga district).Results:Out of 68 samples analyzed,46 were positive for various Plasmodium species,including Plasmodium knowlesi,Plasmodium cynamolgi,Plasmodium inui,and Plasmodium coatneyi.Over one-third of the population exhibited multiple infections,with Plasmodium inui being the most predominant strain.Conclusions:The high prevalence of multiple malaria infections in monkeys,coupled with the rising reports of primate malaria cases in human raises questions about the potential for human transmission.These findings emphasize the necessity for ongoing monitoring and endeavors to comprehend and alleviate the risk of zoonotic malaria transmission,particularly in areas experiencing environmental changes.
文摘Objective:To collate and summarize phenotypic insecticide susceptibility data of Indian malaria vectors from 2017 to 2024,focusing on insecticides used in adult vector control,dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane,malathion,deltamethrin,alpha-cypermethrin,and permethrin to identify resistance patterns to different classes of insecticides.Methods:The data included information on vector species,location of the study(state/district),insecticide tested,mortality percentage,and susceptibility classification based on the World Health Organization interpretation criteria.Retrospective data were collected from peer-reviewed publications(2017-2024)and up to June 2025.The data were collated for five major malaria vector species,namely Anopheles(An.)culicifacies,An.fluviatilis,An.stephensi,An.baimaii,and An.minimus.Results:Insecticide susceptibility data were available from 86 districts across 16 Indian states for 40615 mosquitoes.The majority of the data was on An.culicifacies(n=28308),followed by An.stephensi(n=5611),An.fluviatilis(n=5967),An.baimaii(n=365),and An.minimus(n=364).Intensity bioassays revealed low to moderate resistance levels in An.culicifacies populations from selected districts in 3 states,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,and Chhattisgarh against deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin.Conclusions:This review highlights spatial and species-level variations in insecticide susceptibility among Indian malaria vectors.The low to moderate intensity suggested that it may not yet be severe enough to cause operational failure with current vector control interventions.Continued monitoring of insecticide resistance,as well as the use of new-generation insecticides and interventions,is suggested to sustain vector control efficacy and manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to support India’s malaria elimination.
基金Supported by School of Graduate Studies through Aklilu LemmaInstitute of Pathobiology,Addis Ababa University(No:RDP/Py-014/09)
文摘Objective:To assess the distribution of ABO blood group and their relationship with Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) malaria among febrile outpatients who sought medical attention at Dore Bafeno Health Center,Southern Ethiopia.Methods:A total of 269 febrile outpatients who visited Dore Bafeno Health Center,Southern Ethiopia,were examined for malaria and also tested for ABO blood groups in January 2010.The blood specimens were collected by finger pricking,stained with Geimsa,and examined microscopically.Positive cases of the parasitemia were counted.CareStart^(TM) Malaria PflPv Combo was also used to test the blood specimens for malaria.ABO blood groups were determined by agglutination test using ERYCLONE antisera.Data on socio-demographic characteristics and treatment status of the participants were also collected.Chi-square and ANOVA tests were used to assess the difference between frequencies and means,respectively.Results:Out of a total of 269 participants,178(66.2%) febrile patients were found to be infected with Plasmodium parasites,among which 146(54.3%),28(10.4%),and 4(1.5%) belonged to P.falciparum,P.vivax,and mixed infections,respectively.All febrile patients were also tested for ABO blood groups and 51.3%,23.5%,21.9%and 3.3%were found to be blood types of 0,A,B and AB,respectively.Both total malaria infection and P.falciparum infection showed significant association with blood types(P<0.05).The proportion of A or B but not 0 phenotypes was higher(P<0.05) in individuals with P.falciparum as compared with non-infected individuals.The chance of having P.falciparum infection in patients with blood groups A,B and AB was 2.5,2.5 and 3.3times more than individuals showing blood 0 phenotypes,respectively.The mean P.falciparum malaria parasitemia for blood groups A,B,AB,and 0 were 3 744/μ L,1 805/ μ L,5 331/μ L,and1 515/μ L,respectively(P<0.01).Conclusions:The present findings indicate that individuals of blood groups A,B and AB are more susceptible to P.falciparum infection as compared with individuals of blood group O.Nevertheless,further in depth studies are required to clearly establish the role that ABO blood group plays in P.falciparum malaria.
文摘<strong>Background:</strong> Malaria in pregnancy poses a great health risk to the mother and her fetus and causes abortion, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. The symptoms commonly start between 10 - 30 days of age and the symptoms mostly observed are fever, restlessness, drowsiness, jaundice, poor feeding, vomiting, diarrhea, and hepatosplenomegaly. <strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to diagnose malaria in a neonate admitted to ICU with fever, jaundice and hepatomegaly. <strong>Case Summary: </strong>A 32-day-old female child was admitted to ICU for intermittent high grade fever and rapid breathing, pallor, poor feeding, mild hepatosplenomegaly and physiological jaundice of one-week duration. The mother had malaria two years before while visiting her native country, Afghanistan and was treated with chloroquine for three days. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> High suspicion should be considered in diagnosing malaria during pregnancy to prevent congenital malaria among all neonates who present fever and splenomegaly in malaria endemic areas as well as in women from malaria endemic countries living in non-endemic areas. In this report, we describe the first case of congenital malaria in a child in non-malaria endemic Kuwait.
文摘Human malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne protozoan parasitic infection in human involving female anopheline mosquitoes as vector for transmission. It is caused by Plasmodium species, most commonly, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum, and rarely P. knowlesi. Malaria remains a significant global health issue and is a medical emergency. It is also an important cause of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, particularly in at-risk groups. In Hong Kong, where malaria is non-endemic, more than 20 cases of malaria per year have been notified in recent years. We still have chances encountering patients with malaria presented to public or private emergency departments. High index of clinical suspicious is utmost important for not missing a case of malaria. A practical approach for prompt identification of patients with severe malaria is essential, followed by appropriate initiation of appropriate effective antimalarial treatment within 24 to 48 hours of symptoms onset after blood taken for thick and thin smears for diagnosis. Vigilance with increased awareness of not falling into common diagnostic traps has to be alerted. The risk of missing any case of malaria presenting to emergency department could be largely minimized.
文摘Malaria is still the major parasitic disease in the world, with approximately 438,000 deaths in 2015. Environmental risk factors (ERF) have been widely studied, however, there are discrepancies in the results about their influence on malaria transmission. Recently, papers have been published about geospatial analysis of ERF of malaria to explain why malaria varies from place to place. Our primary objective was to identify the environmental variables most used in the geospatial analysis of malaria transmission. The secondary objective was to identify the geo-analytic methods and techniques, as well as geo-analytic statistics commonly related to ERF and malaria. We conducted a systematized review of articles published from January 2004 to March 2015, within Web of Science, Pubmed and LILACS databases. Initially 676 articles were found, after inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 manuscripts were selected. Temperature, land use and land cover, surface moisture and vector breeding site were the most frequent included variables. As for geo-analytic methods, geostatistical models with Bayesian framework were the most applied. Kriging interpolations, Geographical Weighted Regression as well as Kulldorff’s spatial scan were the techniques more widely used. The main objective of many of these studies was to use these methods and techniques to create malaria risk maps. Spatial analysis performed with satellite images and georeferenced data are increasing in relevance due to the use of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. The combination of these new technologies identifies ERF more accurately, and the use of Bayesian geostatistical models allows a wide diffusion of malaria risk maps. It is known that temperature, humidity vegetation and vector breeding site play a critical role in malaria transmission;however, other environmental risk factors have also been identified. Risk maps have a tremendous potential to enhance the effectiveness of malaria-control programs.
基金Supported by a grant from UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases(No.900142,930143,960103,970074,990490)the National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand(Career Development Award ID no.01-38-007)the Thailand Research Fund(BasicResearch Grants ID No.BRG/13/2543.BRG4580020.BRG 4880006)
文摘Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum) is responsible for the majority of life-threatening cases of human malaria,causing 1.5-2.7 million annual deaths.The global emergence of drug-resistant malaria parasites necessitates identification and characterisation of novel drug targets and their potential inhibitors.We identified the carbonic anhydrase(CA) genes in P.falciparum.The pfGA gene encodes an α-carbonic anhydrase,a Zn^(2+)-metalloenzme,possessing catalytic properties distinct from that of the human host CA enzyme.The amino acid sequence of the pfCA enzyme is different from the analogous protozoan and human enzymes.A library of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides possessing a large diversity of scaffolds were found to be very good inhibitors for the malarial enzyme at moderate-low micromolar and submicromolar inhibitions.The structure of the groups substituting the aromatic-ureido-or aromatic-azomethine fragment of the molecule and the length of the parent sulfonamide were critical parameters for the inhibitory properties of the sulfonamides.One derivative,that is,4-(3,4-dichlorophenylureido)thioureidobcnzcnesulfonamide(compound 10) was the most effective in vitro Plasmodium falciparum CA inhibitor,and was also the most effective antimalarial compound on the in vitro P.falciparum growth inhibition.The compound 10 was also effective in vivo antimalarial agent in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei,an animal model of drug testing for human malaria infection. It is therefore concluded that the sulphonamide inhibitors targeting the parasite CA may have potential for the development of novel therapies against human malaria.
文摘Objective:To compare the two methods of rapid diagnostic tests(RDTs)and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria.Methods:RDTs and microscopy were carried out to diagnose malaria. Percentage malaria parasitaemia was calculated on thin films and all non-acute cases of plasmodiasis with less than 0.001%malaria parasitaemia were regarded as negative.Results were simply presented as percentage positive of the total number of patients under study.The results of RDTs were compared to those of microscopy while those of RDTs based on antigen were compared to those of RDTs based on antibody.Patients' follow-up was made for all cases.Results: All the 200 patients under present study tested positive to RDTs based on malaria antibodies(serum)method(100%).128 out of 200 tested positive to RDTs based on malaria antigen(whole blood)method(64%),while 118 out of 200 patients under present study tested positive to visual microscopy of Lieshman and diluted Giemsa(59%).All patients that tested positive to microscopy also tested positive to RDTs based on antigen.All patients on the second day of follow-up were non-febrile and had antimalaria drugs.Conclusions;We conclude based on the present study that the RDTs based on malaria antigen(whole blood)method is as specific as the traditional microscopy and even appears more sensitive than microscopy.The RDTs based on antibody(serum)method is unspecific thus it should not be encouraged.It is most likely that Africa being an endemic region,formation of certain levels of malaria antibody may not be uncommon.The present study also supports the opinion that a good number of febrile cases is not due to malaria. We support WHO's report on cost effectiveness of RDTs but,recommend that only the antigen based method should possibly,be adopted in Africa and other malaria endemic regions of the world.
基金supported by the Compagnia di San Paolo-IMI grants to MP in the context of the Italian Malaria Network
文摘More than 2 billion people are at risk of malaria,which primarily affects poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas,including Southern Asia.As malaria incidence has been reduced strongly in some parts of endemic regions by combinations of interventions,including artemisinin-based therapies and insecticide-treated bed nets,a new goal has been established recently by charity foundations which support research on malaria:the worldwide eradication of the pathology.Doing away with control approaches which have been applied for the last 50 years and more focus on elimination objectives will deeply change priorities in the area of malaria treatment,chemoprevention,vector control,vaccine research and health system assessment.In this review,actual knowledge on pathogenesis and pharmacology is discussed,and new drugs, vaccines and insecticides are described.
