Depression is a complex mental health disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and affects millions globally.Emerging evidence underscores a potential link between macronutrient imbalances and depression on...Depression is a complex mental health disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and affects millions globally.Emerging evidence underscores a potential link between macronutrient imbalances and depression onset or progression.This review explores how macronutrients—carbohydrates,fats,and proteins—may influence depressive symptoms.For example,excessive sugar consumption is associated with heightened depressive risk,likely due to its effects on insulin resistance and inflammation.Conversely,sufficient protein intake appears to mitigate depression risk,with studies reporting that a 10%increase in caloric intake from protein correlates with a significant reduction in depression prevalence.However,diets rich in saturated fats and proteins may slightly elevate depressive risk.This review emphasizes the critical importance of dietary balance in promoting mental health.Although some studies have suggested that maintaining specific macronutrient ratios may be associated with a reduced risk of depression,given the diversity of evidence and contradictory findings among studies,further research is needed to clarify the exact effects.Future research should aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations,providing a robust foundation for dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of depression.展开更多
Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a risk factor of various chronic diseases,which was produced by metabolism from precursors to trimethylamine(TMA)in gut and the oxidation from TMA in liver.The TMA generation was influen...Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a risk factor of various chronic diseases,which was produced by metabolism from precursors to trimethylamine(TMA)in gut and the oxidation from TMA in liver.The TMA generation was influenced by diet,mainly due to the rich TMAO precursors in diet.However,it was still unclear that the effects of different proportion and source of macronutrients in different dietary pattern on the production process of TMAO.Here,the generation of TMA from precursors and TMAO from TMA was determined after single oral choline chloride and intraperitoneal injection TMA,respectively,in mice fed with carbohydrates,proteins and fats in different proportion and sources.The results suggested that the generation of TMAO was increased by low non-meat protein and high fat via enhancing the production of TMAO from TMA,and decreased by plant protein and refined sugar via reducing TMA production from precursors in gut and TMAO transformation from TMA in liver.The high fat and high sugar diets accelerating the development of atherosclerosis did not increase the production of TMAO,the risk factor for atherosclerosis,which indicated that the dietary compositions rather than the elevated TMAO level might be a more key risk factor for atherosclerosis.展开更多
Macronutrients （N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S） in litter of three primarily spruce （Picea purpurea Masters） （SF）, fir （Abies faxoniana Rehder ＆ E. H. Wilson） （FF）, and birch （Betula platyphylla Sukaczev） （BF） ...Macronutrients （N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S） in litter of three primarily spruce （Picea purpurea Masters） （SF）, fir （Abies faxoniana Rehder ＆ E. H. Wilson） （FF）, and birch （Betula platyphylla Sukaczev） （BF） subalpine forests in western China were measured to understand the monthly variations in litter nutrient concentrations and annual and monthly nutrient returns via litteffall. Nutrient concentration in litter showed the rank order of Ca 〉 N 〉 Mg 〉 K 〉 S 〉 P. Monthly variations in nutrient concentrations were greater in leaf litter （LL） than other litter components. The highest and lowest concentrations of N, P, K, and S in LL were found in the growing season and the nongrowing season, respectively, but Ca and Mg were the opposite. Nutrient returns via litterfall showed a marked monthly pattern with a major peak in October and one or two small peaks in February and/or May, varying with the element and stand type, but no marked monthly variations in nutrient returns via woody litter, reproductive litter, except in May for the BF, and moss litter. Not only litter production but also nutrient concentration controlled the annual nutrient return and the monthly nutrient return pattern. The monthly patterns of the nutrient concentration and return were of ecological importance for nutrient cycling and plant growth in the subalpine forest ecosystems.展开更多
High nitrogen （N） input features China＇s intensive rice production system. To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice, and to discuss its sig...High nitrogen （N） input features China＇s intensive rice production system. To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice, and to discuss its significance in rice production, a three-year field experiment involving six japonica rice varieties and seven N treatments were performed. Macronutrients （Ca, Mg, K, and Na） and micronutrients （Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn） concentrations in brown and milled rice were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. For macronutrients, no consistently significant effect of N was detected in both brown and milled rice. For micronutrients, N showed significant effect, especially in lowering Zn accumulation in brown and milled rice. In addition, N tended to increase Fe concentration in milled rice. Genotype showed larger effect on distribution of minerals in milled rice than N. The high-yielding variety, Wuyunjing 7, accumulated larger proportion of Mg, K, and Zn in the milled rice as compared with the other five varieties and could be of value for rice breeding programs aiming at high nutritional quality. The results demonstrated differences in response to N between macronutrients and micronutrients, and are of significance for coping with ＇hidden hunger＇ both in humans and crops through agronomical practices.展开更多
The present study reports an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Thymus vulgaris L., an aromatic and medicinal plant in Morocco. Initially, we performed in vitro multiplication of Thymus vulgaris explants e...The present study reports an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Thymus vulgaris L., an aromatic and medicinal plant in Morocco. Initially, we performed in vitro multiplication of Thymus vulgaris explants existing in the laboratory and obtained from micropropagation by shoot tip culture. Afterwards, we have evaluated the effect of six macronutrients. After that, seven cytokinins (Kin, BAP, 2iP, DPU, Adenine, Zeatine and TDZ) in three different concentrations (0.46, 0.93, 2.32 μM) have been evaluated to optimize cultures multiplication and elongation. Moreover, the effect of three auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) at 0.57 μM, combined to 4 cytokinins (Kin, BAP, DPU and Ad.) at 0.46 μM, on shoot rooting has been studied. Thereby, MS medium has been proved the most favorable for plantlets growing. Also, we found that the addition of certain cytokinins, specifically 0.46 Kin, 0.46 and 0.93 BAP, 0.46 2iP, 0.46 DPU, 0.46 Ad. and 0.46 Zeat., ensures better multiplication and growth of vitroplants. In addition, multiplication and rooting of cultures were well optimized after addition 0.46 Kin + 0.57 IAA or NAA, 0.46 DPU + 0.57 IBA and 0.46 Ad. + 0.57 IBA combinations to the culture medium. Lastly, plantlets with roots were successfully acclimatized to ex-vitro conditions and these latter served as a source to establish in vitro culture again.展开更多
Legumes are a good source of calories, protein and mineral nutrients for human nutrition and health. In this study, the edible leaves and grain of 27 field-grown cowpea genotypes were assessed for trace elements and m...Legumes are a good source of calories, protein and mineral nutrients for human nutrition and health. In this study, the edible leaves and grain of 27 field-grown cowpea genotypes were assessed for trace elements and macronutrient den-sity at Manga in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Ghana in 2005 and 2006, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The genotypes differed markedly in their accumulation of trace elements and major nutrients in edible leaves and grain. Except for P, the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S and Na were much higher in edible cowpea leaves than grain in 2005. A similar pattern was observed for Ca, Mg, S, Na in 2006. However, more dramatic variations were found in the micronutrient concentrations between edible cowpea leaves and grain. The levels of the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B were sometimes 2- to 20-fold greater in leaves than grain of cowpea. Furthermore, there were strong genotypic differences in mineral density of cowpea leaves and grain. For the major nutrients, for example, IT93K-2045-29 and IT90K-59 accumulated greater concentrations of P, K, Ca, S and Na in both edible leaves and grain in 2006, while ITH98-46, which showed the least macronutrient density, exhibited the highest concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B in edible leaves, as well as Fe, Cu and Mn in grain. These results have implications for cowpea breeding, as well as for human nutrition and health.展开更多
In-field proximal sensing of most major crops nutrients still remains an economical and technical challenge. For this purpose, the use of effective multi-excitation fluorescence and reflectance wavelengths is explored...In-field proximal sensing of most major crops nutrients still remains an economical and technical challenge. For this purpose, the use of effective multi-excitation fluorescence and reflectance wavelengths is explored in this work on Okra plant. Visible-near infrared (400 - 1000 nm) reflectance and multi-fluorescence data were collected at leaf scale in a chemically fertilized field by using an USB spectrometer mounted with an Arduino-based LED driver clip. N, P, K and Ca content of samples leaves were measured using reference methods. Average pods yield and leaves macronutrients content were calibrated using IRIV-PLS regression after spectra pretreatments. Single informative wavelengths bands in reflectance, red and far-red fluorescences were selected for building yield and macronutrient content models. We showed that flowering stage was more suitable for yield prediction. Moderately useful macronutrient models were found in Ca content (RPDval = 1.93, rP = 0.818) and potassium content with RPDval = 1.8, rP = 0.88. P and N yielding prediction performance of RPDval = 1.61 (rP = 0.718 ) and RPDval = 1.46 (rP = 0.56) respectively were less accurate. This study demonstrates potentiality of fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy for accurate estimation of leaf macronutrient content and crop yield. High selectivity obtained from resulted spectral bands could lead to the development of reliable, rapid and cost-effective devices for nutrient diagnosis.展开更多
The knowledge of the nutritional requirements and their relation to the physiology of marine algae growth is key to incorporate new species into aquaculture, whose dynamics tend to be largely unknown. The use of <i...The knowledge of the nutritional requirements and their relation to the physiology of marine algae growth is key to incorporate new species into aquaculture, whose dynamics tend to be largely unknown. The use of <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Alsidium triquetrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the pharmacological industry depends on its availability in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">natural environment, occasionally scarce. As macroalgae cultivation gains</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> momentum worldwide, it is important to know how the effects of nutrients are modulated in the thallus during cultivation. The linking of the relative growth rates (RGR) of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A. triquetrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and their relation with the macronutrients N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) at the tissue level under culture conditions constitutes the main contribution of this article. P levels tend to decrease as the plant completes its development. Both the concentration of N and P are higher in the stipe for the month of July, N (25.31 ± 0.26) vs P (0.846 ± 0.02) period when the highest vegetative development is reached. The N and P modulate the patterns of the species’ development over the an</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nual cycle, unlike K, which is not considered a limiting factor. When the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> tem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">perature and lighting are not favorable for growth, the plant simply accu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mulates these compounds. As environmental conditions change, these </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stored</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> compounds are actively used in their growth. The specimens with an initial weight of 50 g present the best accumulated biomass (RGR) throughout the annual cycle.</span>展开更多
Interaction between dietary polyphenol and proteins including digestive enzymes may result in reduced digestibility of food macronutrients, thus lowering absorption of nutrients that contributing to high energy accumu...Interaction between dietary polyphenol and proteins including digestive enzymes may result in reduced digestibility of food macronutrients, thus lowering absorption of nutrients that contributing to high energy accumulation in human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of grape seed polyphenol extract （GSPE） on the digestibility of starch, food lipid and food protein by digestive enzymes such as u-amylase, lipase, pepsin and trypsin. The digestion of each substrate was conducted at the optimal pH and temperature of specific enzyme. Bread containing different amount of grape pomace was used as a real food model and its digestion was conducted under simulated digestion condition. Concentrations of reducing sugar, fatty acid and amino acids in enzyme digested mixtures were determined as indicators of starch, lipid and protein digestions, respectively. Results indicate that GSPE significantly inhibited the digestion of starch, cooking oil and casein, but did not inhibit digestion of whey protein and egg white protein. Instead, the digestion of egg white and whey protein by trypsin was moderately enhanced in the presence of GSPE. However, under simulated human digestion condition, the grape pomace in the bread significantly reduced the digestibility of bread starch and protein.展开更多
The aim of this study was to determine the sources, accumulation rate and relationships between macronutrients in reclaimed mine soils (RMS) and aboveground plant biomass on external slopes of lignite mines in central...The aim of this study was to determine the sources, accumulation rate and relationships between macronutrients in reclaimed mine soils (RMS) and aboveground plant biomass on external slopes of lignite mines in central Poland. The study was conducted on two different types of sites with 10-year-old Scots (Pinus sylvestris L.) pine stands located on Quaternary loamy sands (QLS) and on Tertiary acidic carboniferous sands following neutralisation (TCS). The control plot was located in the same vicinity on an external slope in a natural pine ecosystem on a Haplic Podzol in a young mixed coniferous forest habitat (NPE). The nutrient resources, apart from N, were higher in RMS than in comparable Haplic Podzols, however, N primarily accumulated in the mineral horizons. In forest soils, the main macronutrient resources were accumulated in organic horizons, which in natural soils of coniferous forest habitats constitute the main source of nutrients. The proportion of individual macronutrients accumulated in the biomass vs. pools in soil was much lower on the external slope RMS than in the natural site, which in view of the potential richness of RMS, indicated poorer sorption and utilization of macronutrients in aboveground plant biomass than in natural habitats. Other important linear correlations (p = .05) were found between the sources of nutrients in RMS and elements accumulated in biomass (most clearly in case of K, Ca and Mg), which indicates important relationships between soil and vegetation in the first stages of ecosystem development as stimulated by reclamation.展开更多
[Objectives] This study was conducted to clarify the roles of macronutrients in regulating plant primary and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Methods] The contents of chlorophyll(Chl) and solub...[Objectives] This study was conducted to clarify the roles of macronutrients in regulating plant primary and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Methods] The contents of chlorophyll(Chl) and soluble sugar were detected with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C_4H) and chalcone synthase(CHS) were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Secondary metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). [Results] The content of chlorophyll in treatments N, P and K was increased, showing significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Among them, Treatment N has the highest content of chlorophyll. Soluble sugar content in treatments N, P and K(K>N>P>CK) was increased considerably and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Compared with the control, PAL and C_4H activity in treatments N, P and K were increased dramatically by 186.57%, 134.09%, 306.91% and 73.21%, 28.91%, 247.57%, respectively. CHS activity was also increased sharply in treatments N, P and K. Scutellarin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A contents in all treatments N, P and K(K>N>P) were increased, and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). [Conclusions] The results showed that macronutrients can increase leaf chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, PAL activity, C_4H activity and secondary metabolites of S. baicalensis.展开更多
To determine useful parameters for salt tolerance in rice and selection of salt-tolerant varieties, their macronutrient contents in roots, sheaths, and leaves were evaluated under salt stress condition. A hydroponic e...To determine useful parameters for salt tolerance in rice and selection of salt-tolerant varieties, their macronutrient contents in roots, sheaths, and leaves were evaluated under salt stress condition. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate 29 rice varieties for salt tolerance. The salt stress treatment included an artificial seawater solution (electrical conductivity of 12 dS·m-1). After a 2-week period of salt stress, standard evaluation scores (SES) of visual injuries for salt stress were assessed. In addition, we measured the contents of N, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in roots, sheaths, and leaves. The results showed that differences in macronutrients in the different plant tissues correlated with rice tolerance to the salt stress condition. Under the control treatment, salt-tolerant varieties exhibited low K content in root. Under the salt stress treatment, the salt-tolerant varieties exhibited low SES, high N content in leaves and sheaths, low Na content in leaves and sheaths, low Mg content in leaves and sheaths, and low Ca content in sheaths. The salt-tolerant varieties also exhibited high salt stress treatment/control treatment (ST/CT) ratios for dry matter in sheaths, N content in leaves and sheaths, and K content in sheaths, and low Na/K ratios in leaves and sheaths. Therefore, these parameters might be useful to understand salt tolerance in rice.展开更多
The macronutrient composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded fermented and unfermented extruded soya protein products （low, medium and high moisture）, raw and fermented soya meal and soya kernel were...The macronutrient composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded fermented and unfermented extruded soya protein products （low, medium and high moisture）, raw and fermented soya meal and soya kernel were studied. The protein content （g/100g soya dry weight） ranged from 38.20 to 62.98 with the highest content in the high moisture extruded protein product fermented with 5 mL inoculum of Bacillus natto. Contents of carbohydrates ranged from 14.77 to 29.08 while those of crude fibre, fat and ash were generally low. Fermentation better improved protein digestibility in the raw soya meal and kernel than in the unfermented extruded and extruded fermented products. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed some degradation of the protein sub units of fermented samples.展开更多
Oil palm is cultivated by agro-industries and smallholders for vegetable oil production. Good farm management practices with balanced soil and plant macronutrients are needed to attain optimum yields. Smallholder oil ...Oil palm is cultivated by agro-industries and smallholders for vegetable oil production. Good farm management practices with balanced soil and plant macronutrients are needed to attain optimum yields. Smallholder oil palm farmers of Dibombari Sub-Division, Cameroon, suffer from low on farm yields which could emanate from the agronomic practices implemented, which also has an influence on the soil and plant macronutrient status. This study provides information on the agronomic practices, soil and plant macronutrients status in smallholder oil palm fields. Structured questionnaires were administered to 200 farmers to collect data on their agronomic practices, using a stratified random sampling design. Soil and plants were sampled from plantations of different age groups (control, >0 - 4 years, >4 - 8 years and >8 - 15 years’ plantations) in four locations of the Sub-Division (i.e. Dibombari-central, Bonamateke, Bomono and Nkapa) using a randomized complete block design. Data collected, was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 65% of farmers planted Tenera variety, with majority of them below the standards for weeding (81%), fertilizer use (100%), pruning (62%), pest/disease control (90.5%) and harvesting (96%) practices. Soil macronutrients were low across the different plantations except P which was optimal at >0 - 4 years and >4 - 8 years’ plantations but low at >8 - 15 years’ plantation. Similarly, for plant macronutrients, N and P were optimal across the different plantations, while K and Mg were optimal at >0 - 4 years’ plantation but low at >4 - 8 years and >8 - 15 years’ plantations. Thus, agronomic practices and macronutrient status of soil and plants were below standards in smallholder oil palm plantations of Dibombari, leading to low yields of fresh fruit bunches.展开更多
In this editorial,we have commented on the article that has been published in the recent issue of World Journal of Clinical Cases.The authors have described a case of unilateral thyroid cyst and have opined that the a...In this editorial,we have commented on the article that has been published in the recent issue of World Journal of Clinical Cases.The authors have described a case of unilateral thyroid cyst and have opined that the acute onset of infection may be linked to diabetes mellitus(DM).We have focused on the role of nutrition in the association between DM and infection.Patients with DM are at a high risk of infection,which could also be attributed to nutrition-related factors.Nutritional interventions for patients with diabetes are mainly based on a low-calorie diet,which can be achieved by adhering to a low-carbohydrate diet.However,dietary fiber supplementation is recommended to maintain the diversity of the gut microbiota.Furthermore,high-quality protein can prevent the increased risk of infection due to malnutrition.Supplementation of vitamins C,vitamins A,vitamins D,and folic acid improves blood sugar control and facilitates immune regulation.Mineral deficiencies augment the risk of infection,but the relationship with diabetes is mostly U-shaped and a good intake should be maintained.展开更多
Several initiatives have been made in Egypt to increase the overall production of oil crops,especially sunflower and to close the gap between edible oil production and demand.Field experiments were conducted during th...Several initiatives have been made in Egypt to increase the overall production of oil crops,especially sunflower and to close the gap between edible oil production and demand.Field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the agricultural research station of National Research Centre,Nubaria,Egypt to investigate the effects of potassium nitrate (0,20,40,60 kg K_(2)O fed^(-1))(fed=feddan=2.4 ha) and zinc sulfate(0,25,50,75 ppm Zn) on growth,oil yield,nutrients components and chemical composition of sunflower.Results indicated that application of potassium nitrate has a promoted effect on chlorophyll content,growth parameters(Head weight,head diameter and 100 seed weight),protein content,oil yield as well as nutrient content under all applied levels.The data also showed that the highest significant increase occurred with the soil application of 40kg fed^(-1)potassium nitrate combined with 75 ppm Zn foliar spray.Meanwhile,the lowest values were obtained at the control treatment.Therefore,the current study detected that potassium soil addition at 40 kg K_(2)O fed^(-1),besides foliar application with 75 ppm Zn are important to improve the growth,macro-micronutrient,seeds and oil productivity of sunflower crops.Oil yield and nutrient content exhibit a strong positive correlation,with a correlation coefficient of 0.903 for N,0.94 for P,0.962 for K and 0.966 for Zn.This indicates that a higher nutrient percentage is associated with higher oil content of sunflower.Study underscores the importance of comprehending the interplay between potassium and zinc treatments in sunflower plants to enhance growth,yield,and oil production effectively.Understanding these relationships can lead to optimized cultivation practices and improved outcomes in sunflower farming.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of integrated nano-fertilizer spray and vermicompost in growth and quality of corn yield in calcareous soil at College ofAgricultural Engineering Sciences/Uni...A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of integrated nano-fertilizer spray and vermicompost in growth and quality of corn yield in calcareous soil at College ofAgricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad/Iraq during the autumn season of 2022 using Split Split Plot Design in a randomized complete block design with three replicates.Main plots were designated to two types of vermicompost(local and imported).The secondary plots were assigned to vermicompost added to the soil at three levels of 0,10 and 20 Mg ha-1.The third plots were assigned to nano-fertilizer containing N,P,K,Zn,Fe and Mn at 0,50,100 and 150 mg L-1 sprayed on plant at 20,40 and 60 days after planting.The results showed a significant effect of local vermicompost achieving available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil as 43.31 mg N kg-1 soil and 19.25 mg P kg-1 soil.In the leaves,nitrogen was 3.86%,potassium 4.54%,iron 174.22 mg Fe kg-1 and Zinc was 73.53 mg Zn kg-1,grain yield was 165.48 Mg ha-1.Adding vermicompost to the soil at 20 Mg ha-1 achieving in available nitrogen in the soil of 43.74 mg N kg-1 soil,available phosphorus of 19.72 mg P kg-1 soil and available potassium of 196.93 mg K kg-1 soil.In the leaves,nitrogen was 4.37%,phosphorus was 0.44%,potassium 4.87%,iron was 182.63 mg Fe kg-1,zinc was 73.70 mg Zn kg-1 and grain yield was 168.43 Mg ha-1.Spraying nano-fertilizer on the plant at 150 mg L-1 achieved In the leaves,nitrogen 4.28%,phosphorus of 0.46%,potassium of 5.10%,iron of 204.83 mg Fe kg-1,zinc of 89.28 mg Zn kg-1 and manganese of 234.07 mg Mn kg-1 and grain yield was 172.88 Mg ha-1.展开更多
Background and Objectives:Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis.However,macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients.This study ai...Background and Objectives:Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis.However,macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients.This study aimed to clarify the associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction in tuberculosis patients.Methods and Study Design:In this cross-sectional study,2581 active tuberculosis patients aged≥18 years were included from local tuberculosis clinics in Linyi,China.Macronutrients intake and energy percentages were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls.The concentration of alanine transferase(ALT)or aspartate transaminase(AST)greater than 40 U/L was defined as liver dysfunction.A restricted cubic spline(RCS)was applied to determine the dose-response relationships.Results:Liver dysfunction was assessed for 14.6%(377 patients)of tuberculosis patients.Higher protein(Q2-Q4 in model 1 and 2)or fat intake and fat-to-energy percentages and lower carbohydrate-to-energy percentages(Q4 in model 1)were associated with a decreased incidence of liver dysfunction(p-trend<0.05).Among those who were male,normal BMI,or consumed energy<1636 kcal/d,inverse associations between protein or fat intake and the risks of liver dysfunction in models were suggested(ptrend<0.05).Moreover,J-shaped curves in RCS were evident in liver dysfunction tuberculosis patients with protein or fat intake(p-nonlinearity<0.05).Conclusions:Significant linear associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction prevalence were found only in male,normal BMI,or less energy intake patients.The shapes of liver dysfunction-morbidity differed significantly by macronutrients intake or energy percentage.展开更多
Background Infancy is a critical period of growth and physiological development,in which breast milk is the best source of nutrients.Compared to western countries,research on breast milk of Chinese population are limi...Background Infancy is a critical period of growth and physiological development,in which breast milk is the best source of nutrients.Compared to western countries,research on breast milk of Chinese population are limited.Thus,it is necessary to measure breast milk energy and macronutrient concentrations of healthy urban Chinese mothers at different lactation stages,to expand the database of milk composition of Chinese population,and to examine whether dietary or other maternal factors can affect the levels of macronutrients in breast milk.Methods Breast milk of full expression of one side breast from 436 urban Chinese lactating mothers at 5-11 days,12-30 days,31-60 days,61-120 days,and 121-240 days postpartum was obtained at 9：00 a.m.to 11：00 a.m.Total energy,lactose,protein,and fat contents were measured.24-hour dietary recall was surveyed,and maternal nutrient intakes were analyzed.Results Milk composition changed over the course of lactation and large individual variations were documented.The concentrations were 61.3 kcal/dl for total energy,7.1 g/dl for lactose,0.9 g/dl for protein,and 3.4 g/dl for fat in mature milk.Stage of lactation was a strong factor affecting milk composition.Minimal evidence was found for associations between maternal current dietary intake and milk macronutrient concentration,consistently with prior research.Maternal body mass index （BMI） was positively associated with milk fat content,to a greater extent than did dietary intake.All other maternal characteristics were not significant for milk composition.Conclusion These findings suggest that milk composition is generally weakly associated with maternal factors except for stage of lactation,and is likely to be more susceptible to long-term maternal nutritional status than short-term dietary fluctuation.展开更多
Background and Objectives:Evidence for gene-diet interactions is lacking among individuals with specific dietary practices including vegetarians.This study aimed to determine the interactions of rs174547 in the fatty ...Background and Objectives:Evidence for gene-diet interactions is lacking among individuals with specific dietary practices including vegetarians.This study aimed to determine the interactions of rs174547 in the fatty acid desaturase 1(FADS1)gene with macronutrient such as carbohydrate(particularly fibre),protein and fat intakes on abdominal obesity among middle-aged Malaysian vegetarians of Chinese and Indian ethnicity.Methods and Study Design:The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 163 vegetarians in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor,Malaysia.Dietary intakes of vegetarians were assessed by using a food frequency questionnaire.Waist circumference of vegetarians was measured by using a Lufkin tape W606PM.Genotypes of the rs174547 of vegetarians were determined by using Agena®MassARRAY.A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the interactions of the rs174547 with macronutrient on abdominal obesity.Results:About 1 in 2 vegetarians(51.5%)had abdominal obesity.Individuals with CT and TT genotype at T3 intake of carbohydrates,protein,fat and fibre as well as individuals with TT genotype at T2 intake of carbohydrates and protein had higher odds of abdominal obesity(pinteration<0.05).The gene-diet interaction remained significant for fibre intake(OR:4.71,95%CI:1.25-17.74,pinteraction=0.022)among vegetarians with TT genotype at T2 intake of fibre after adjusting for age and sex and considering the effects of ethnicity and food groups.Conclusions:The rs174547 significantly interacted with fibre intake on abdominal obesity.A specific dietary fibre recommendation based on genetics is needed among Chinese and Indian middle-aged vegetarians.展开更多
文摘Depression is a complex mental health disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and affects millions globally.Emerging evidence underscores a potential link between macronutrient imbalances and depression onset or progression.This review explores how macronutrients—carbohydrates,fats,and proteins—may influence depressive symptoms.For example,excessive sugar consumption is associated with heightened depressive risk,likely due to its effects on insulin resistance and inflammation.Conversely,sufficient protein intake appears to mitigate depression risk,with studies reporting that a 10%increase in caloric intake from protein correlates with a significant reduction in depression prevalence.However,diets rich in saturated fats and proteins may slightly elevate depressive risk.This review emphasizes the critical importance of dietary balance in promoting mental health.Although some studies have suggested that maintaining specific macronutrient ratios may be associated with a reduced risk of depression,given the diversity of evidence and contradictory findings among studies,further research is needed to clarify the exact effects.Future research should aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these associations,providing a robust foundation for dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of depression.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072145)。
文摘Trimethylamine N-oxide(TMAO)is a risk factor of various chronic diseases,which was produced by metabolism from precursors to trimethylamine(TMA)in gut and the oxidation from TMA in liver.The TMA generation was influenced by diet,mainly due to the rich TMAO precursors in diet.However,it was still unclear that the effects of different proportion and source of macronutrients in different dietary pattern on the production process of TMAO.Here,the generation of TMA from precursors and TMAO from TMA was determined after single oral choline chloride and intraperitoneal injection TMA,respectively,in mice fed with carbohydrates,proteins and fats in different proportion and sources.The results suggested that the generation of TMAO was increased by low non-meat protein and high fat via enhancing the production of TMAO from TMA,and decreased by plant protein and refined sugar via reducing TMA production from precursors in gut and TMAO transformation from TMA in liver.The high fat and high sugar diets accelerating the development of atherosclerosis did not increase the production of TMAO,the risk factor for atherosclerosis,which indicated that the dietary compositions rather than the elevated TMAO level might be a more key risk factor for atherosclerosis.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30471378, 90202010 and 30211130504)the Applied and Basic Research Program of Sichuan Province, and the Talent-Recruiting Program of Sichuan Agricultural University
文摘Macronutrients （N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S） in litter of three primarily spruce （Picea purpurea Masters） （SF）, fir （Abies faxoniana Rehder ＆ E. H. Wilson） （FF）, and birch （Betula platyphylla Sukaczev） （BF） subalpine forests in western China were measured to understand the monthly variations in litter nutrient concentrations and annual and monthly nutrient returns via litteffall. Nutrient concentration in litter showed the rank order of Ca 〉 N 〉 Mg 〉 K 〉 S 〉 P. Monthly variations in nutrient concentrations were greater in leaf litter （LL） than other litter components. The highest and lowest concentrations of N, P, K, and S in LL were found in the growing season and the nongrowing season, respectively, but Ca and Mg were the opposite. Nutrient returns via litterfall showed a marked monthly pattern with a major peak in October and one or two small peaks in February and/or May, varying with the element and stand type, but no marked monthly variations in nutrient returns via woody litter, reproductive litter, except in May for the BF, and moss litter. Not only litter production but also nutrient concentration controlled the annual nutrient return and the monthly nutrient return pattern. The monthly patterns of the nutrient concentration and return were of ecological importance for nutrient cycling and plant growth in the subalpine forest ecosystems.
基金supported by grants from Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University,China(Grant No.NCET-10-0472)the Priority Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education InstitutionsNational Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30971733 and 31171485)
文摘High nitrogen （N） input features China＇s intensive rice production system. To elucidate N and genotype effects on accumulation of macronutrients and micronutrients in grains of japonica rice, and to discuss its significance in rice production, a three-year field experiment involving six japonica rice varieties and seven N treatments were performed. Macronutrients （Ca, Mg, K, and Na） and micronutrients （Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn） concentrations in brown and milled rice were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. For macronutrients, no consistently significant effect of N was detected in both brown and milled rice. For micronutrients, N showed significant effect, especially in lowering Zn accumulation in brown and milled rice. In addition, N tended to increase Fe concentration in milled rice. Genotype showed larger effect on distribution of minerals in milled rice than N. The high-yielding variety, Wuyunjing 7, accumulated larger proportion of Mg, K, and Zn in the milled rice as compared with the other five varieties and could be of value for rice breeding programs aiming at high nutritional quality. The results demonstrated differences in response to N between macronutrients and micronutrients, and are of significance for coping with ＇hidden hunger＇ both in humans and crops through agronomical practices.
文摘The present study reports an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Thymus vulgaris L., an aromatic and medicinal plant in Morocco. Initially, we performed in vitro multiplication of Thymus vulgaris explants existing in the laboratory and obtained from micropropagation by shoot tip culture. Afterwards, we have evaluated the effect of six macronutrients. After that, seven cytokinins (Kin, BAP, 2iP, DPU, Adenine, Zeatine and TDZ) in three different concentrations (0.46, 0.93, 2.32 μM) have been evaluated to optimize cultures multiplication and elongation. Moreover, the effect of three auxins (IAA, IBA and NAA) at 0.57 μM, combined to 4 cytokinins (Kin, BAP, DPU and Ad.) at 0.46 μM, on shoot rooting has been studied. Thereby, MS medium has been proved the most favorable for plantlets growing. Also, we found that the addition of certain cytokinins, specifically 0.46 Kin, 0.46 and 0.93 BAP, 0.46 2iP, 0.46 DPU, 0.46 Ad. and 0.46 Zeat., ensures better multiplication and growth of vitroplants. In addition, multiplication and rooting of cultures were well optimized after addition 0.46 Kin + 0.57 IAA or NAA, 0.46 DPU + 0.57 IBA and 0.46 Ad. + 0.57 IBA combinations to the culture medium. Lastly, plantlets with roots were successfully acclimatized to ex-vitro conditions and these latter served as a source to establish in vitro culture again.
文摘Legumes are a good source of calories, protein and mineral nutrients for human nutrition and health. In this study, the edible leaves and grain of 27 field-grown cowpea genotypes were assessed for trace elements and macronutrient den-sity at Manga in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Ghana in 2005 and 2006, using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The genotypes differed markedly in their accumulation of trace elements and major nutrients in edible leaves and grain. Except for P, the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S and Na were much higher in edible cowpea leaves than grain in 2005. A similar pattern was observed for Ca, Mg, S, Na in 2006. However, more dramatic variations were found in the micronutrient concentrations between edible cowpea leaves and grain. The levels of the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and B were sometimes 2- to 20-fold greater in leaves than grain of cowpea. Furthermore, there were strong genotypic differences in mineral density of cowpea leaves and grain. For the major nutrients, for example, IT93K-2045-29 and IT90K-59 accumulated greater concentrations of P, K, Ca, S and Na in both edible leaves and grain in 2006, while ITH98-46, which showed the least macronutrient density, exhibited the highest concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B in edible leaves, as well as Fe, Cu and Mn in grain. These results have implications for cowpea breeding, as well as for human nutrition and health.
文摘In-field proximal sensing of most major crops nutrients still remains an economical and technical challenge. For this purpose, the use of effective multi-excitation fluorescence and reflectance wavelengths is explored in this work on Okra plant. Visible-near infrared (400 - 1000 nm) reflectance and multi-fluorescence data were collected at leaf scale in a chemically fertilized field by using an USB spectrometer mounted with an Arduino-based LED driver clip. N, P, K and Ca content of samples leaves were measured using reference methods. Average pods yield and leaves macronutrients content were calibrated using IRIV-PLS regression after spectra pretreatments. Single informative wavelengths bands in reflectance, red and far-red fluorescences were selected for building yield and macronutrient content models. We showed that flowering stage was more suitable for yield prediction. Moderately useful macronutrient models were found in Ca content (RPDval = 1.93, rP = 0.818) and potassium content with RPDval = 1.8, rP = 0.88. P and N yielding prediction performance of RPDval = 1.61 (rP = 0.718 ) and RPDval = 1.46 (rP = 0.56) respectively were less accurate. This study demonstrates potentiality of fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy for accurate estimation of leaf macronutrient content and crop yield. High selectivity obtained from resulted spectral bands could lead to the development of reliable, rapid and cost-effective devices for nutrient diagnosis.
文摘The knowledge of the nutritional requirements and their relation to the physiology of marine algae growth is key to incorporate new species into aquaculture, whose dynamics tend to be largely unknown. The use of <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Alsidium triquetrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in the pharmacological industry depends on its availability in the </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">natural environment, occasionally scarce. As macroalgae cultivation gains</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> momentum worldwide, it is important to know how the effects of nutrients are modulated in the thallus during cultivation. The linking of the relative growth rates (RGR) of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A. triquetrum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and their relation with the macronutrients N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) at the tissue level under culture conditions constitutes the main contribution of this article. P levels tend to decrease as the plant completes its development. Both the concentration of N and P are higher in the stipe for the month of July, N (25.31 ± 0.26) vs P (0.846 ± 0.02) period when the highest vegetative development is reached. The N and P modulate the patterns of the species’ development over the an</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">nual cycle, unlike K, which is not considered a limiting factor. When the</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> tem</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">perature and lighting are not favorable for growth, the plant simply accu</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">mulates these compounds. As environmental conditions change, these </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">stored</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> compounds are actively used in their growth. The specimens with an initial weight of 50 g present the best accumulated biomass (RGR) throughout the annual cycle.</span>
文摘Interaction between dietary polyphenol and proteins including digestive enzymes may result in reduced digestibility of food macronutrients, thus lowering absorption of nutrients that contributing to high energy accumulation in human body. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of grape seed polyphenol extract （GSPE） on the digestibility of starch, food lipid and food protein by digestive enzymes such as u-amylase, lipase, pepsin and trypsin. The digestion of each substrate was conducted at the optimal pH and temperature of specific enzyme. Bread containing different amount of grape pomace was used as a real food model and its digestion was conducted under simulated digestion condition. Concentrations of reducing sugar, fatty acid and amino acids in enzyme digested mixtures were determined as indicators of starch, lipid and protein digestions, respectively. Results indicate that GSPE significantly inhibited the digestion of starch, cooking oil and casein, but did not inhibit digestion of whey protein and egg white protein. Instead, the digestion of egg white and whey protein by trypsin was moderately enhanced in the presence of GSPE. However, under simulated human digestion condition, the grape pomace in the bread significantly reduced the digestibility of bread starch and protein.
文摘The aim of this study was to determine the sources, accumulation rate and relationships between macronutrients in reclaimed mine soils (RMS) and aboveground plant biomass on external slopes of lignite mines in central Poland. The study was conducted on two different types of sites with 10-year-old Scots (Pinus sylvestris L.) pine stands located on Quaternary loamy sands (QLS) and on Tertiary acidic carboniferous sands following neutralisation (TCS). The control plot was located in the same vicinity on an external slope in a natural pine ecosystem on a Haplic Podzol in a young mixed coniferous forest habitat (NPE). The nutrient resources, apart from N, were higher in RMS than in comparable Haplic Podzols, however, N primarily accumulated in the mineral horizons. In forest soils, the main macronutrient resources were accumulated in organic horizons, which in natural soils of coniferous forest habitats constitute the main source of nutrients. The proportion of individual macronutrients accumulated in the biomass vs. pools in soil was much lower on the external slope RMS than in the natural site, which in view of the potential richness of RMS, indicated poorer sorption and utilization of macronutrients in aboveground plant biomass than in natural habitats. Other important linear correlations (p = .05) were found between the sources of nutrients in RMS and elements accumulated in biomass (most clearly in case of K, Ca and Mg), which indicates important relationships between soil and vegetation in the first stages of ecosystem development as stimulated by reclamation.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Public Health Service of Traditional Chinese Medicine Departments([2017]66)Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Project(2017-522)
文摘[Objectives] This study was conducted to clarify the roles of macronutrients in regulating plant primary and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Methods] The contents of chlorophyll(Chl) and soluble sugar were detected with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C_4H) and chalcone synthase(CHS) were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Secondary metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). [Results] The content of chlorophyll in treatments N, P and K was increased, showing significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Among them, Treatment N has the highest content of chlorophyll. Soluble sugar content in treatments N, P and K(K>N>P>CK) was increased considerably and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Compared with the control, PAL and C_4H activity in treatments N, P and K were increased dramatically by 186.57%, 134.09%, 306.91% and 73.21%, 28.91%, 247.57%, respectively. CHS activity was also increased sharply in treatments N, P and K. Scutellarin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A contents in all treatments N, P and K(K>N>P) were increased, and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). [Conclusions] The results showed that macronutrients can increase leaf chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, PAL activity, C_4H activity and secondary metabolites of S. baicalensis.
文摘To determine useful parameters for salt tolerance in rice and selection of salt-tolerant varieties, their macronutrient contents in roots, sheaths, and leaves were evaluated under salt stress condition. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to evaluate 29 rice varieties for salt tolerance. The salt stress treatment included an artificial seawater solution (electrical conductivity of 12 dS·m-1). After a 2-week period of salt stress, standard evaluation scores (SES) of visual injuries for salt stress were assessed. In addition, we measured the contents of N, P, K, Na, Mg, and Ca in roots, sheaths, and leaves. The results showed that differences in macronutrients in the different plant tissues correlated with rice tolerance to the salt stress condition. Under the control treatment, salt-tolerant varieties exhibited low K content in root. Under the salt stress treatment, the salt-tolerant varieties exhibited low SES, high N content in leaves and sheaths, low Na content in leaves and sheaths, low Mg content in leaves and sheaths, and low Ca content in sheaths. The salt-tolerant varieties also exhibited high salt stress treatment/control treatment (ST/CT) ratios for dry matter in sheaths, N content in leaves and sheaths, and K content in sheaths, and low Na/K ratios in leaves and sheaths. Therefore, these parameters might be useful to understand salt tolerance in rice.
文摘The macronutrient composition and in vitro protein digestibility of extruded fermented and unfermented extruded soya protein products （low, medium and high moisture）, raw and fermented soya meal and soya kernel were studied. The protein content （g/100g soya dry weight） ranged from 38.20 to 62.98 with the highest content in the high moisture extruded protein product fermented with 5 mL inoculum of Bacillus natto. Contents of carbohydrates ranged from 14.77 to 29.08 while those of crude fibre, fat and ash were generally low. Fermentation better improved protein digestibility in the raw soya meal and kernel than in the unfermented extruded and extruded fermented products. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed some degradation of the protein sub units of fermented samples.
文摘Oil palm is cultivated by agro-industries and smallholders for vegetable oil production. Good farm management practices with balanced soil and plant macronutrients are needed to attain optimum yields. Smallholder oil palm farmers of Dibombari Sub-Division, Cameroon, suffer from low on farm yields which could emanate from the agronomic practices implemented, which also has an influence on the soil and plant macronutrient status. This study provides information on the agronomic practices, soil and plant macronutrients status in smallholder oil palm fields. Structured questionnaires were administered to 200 farmers to collect data on their agronomic practices, using a stratified random sampling design. Soil and plants were sampled from plantations of different age groups (control, >0 - 4 years, >4 - 8 years and >8 - 15 years’ plantations) in four locations of the Sub-Division (i.e. Dibombari-central, Bonamateke, Bomono and Nkapa) using a randomized complete block design. Data collected, was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that 65% of farmers planted Tenera variety, with majority of them below the standards for weeding (81%), fertilizer use (100%), pruning (62%), pest/disease control (90.5%) and harvesting (96%) practices. Soil macronutrients were low across the different plantations except P which was optimal at >0 - 4 years and >4 - 8 years’ plantations but low at >8 - 15 years’ plantation. Similarly, for plant macronutrients, N and P were optimal across the different plantations, while K and Mg were optimal at >0 - 4 years’ plantation but low at >4 - 8 years and >8 - 15 years’ plantations. Thus, agronomic practices and macronutrient status of soil and plants were below standards in smallholder oil palm plantations of Dibombari, leading to low yields of fresh fruit bunches.
基金Supported by Scientific Research Foundation of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission of Changning District,No.20234Y038.
文摘In this editorial,we have commented on the article that has been published in the recent issue of World Journal of Clinical Cases.The authors have described a case of unilateral thyroid cyst and have opined that the acute onset of infection may be linked to diabetes mellitus(DM).We have focused on the role of nutrition in the association between DM and infection.Patients with DM are at a high risk of infection,which could also be attributed to nutrition-related factors.Nutritional interventions for patients with diabetes are mainly based on a low-calorie diet,which can be achieved by adhering to a low-carbohydrate diet.However,dietary fiber supplementation is recommended to maintain the diversity of the gut microbiota.Furthermore,high-quality protein can prevent the increased risk of infection due to malnutrition.Supplementation of vitamins C,vitamins A,vitamins D,and folic acid improves blood sugar control and facilitates immune regulation.Mineral deficiencies augment the risk of infection,but the relationship with diabetes is mostly U-shaped and a good intake should be maintained.
文摘Several initiatives have been made in Egypt to increase the overall production of oil crops,especially sunflower and to close the gap between edible oil production and demand.Field experiments were conducted during the main seasons of 2022 and 2023 at the agricultural research station of National Research Centre,Nubaria,Egypt to investigate the effects of potassium nitrate (0,20,40,60 kg K_(2)O fed^(-1))(fed=feddan=2.4 ha) and zinc sulfate(0,25,50,75 ppm Zn) on growth,oil yield,nutrients components and chemical composition of sunflower.Results indicated that application of potassium nitrate has a promoted effect on chlorophyll content,growth parameters(Head weight,head diameter and 100 seed weight),protein content,oil yield as well as nutrient content under all applied levels.The data also showed that the highest significant increase occurred with the soil application of 40kg fed^(-1)potassium nitrate combined with 75 ppm Zn foliar spray.Meanwhile,the lowest values were obtained at the control treatment.Therefore,the current study detected that potassium soil addition at 40 kg K_(2)O fed^(-1),besides foliar application with 75 ppm Zn are important to improve the growth,macro-micronutrient,seeds and oil productivity of sunflower crops.Oil yield and nutrient content exhibit a strong positive correlation,with a correlation coefficient of 0.903 for N,0.94 for P,0.962 for K and 0.966 for Zn.This indicates that a higher nutrient percentage is associated with higher oil content of sunflower.Study underscores the importance of comprehending the interplay between potassium and zinc treatments in sunflower plants to enhance growth,yield,and oil production effectively.Understanding these relationships can lead to optimized cultivation practices and improved outcomes in sunflower farming.
文摘A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of integrated nano-fertilizer spray and vermicompost in growth and quality of corn yield in calcareous soil at College ofAgricultural Engineering Sciences/University of Baghdad/Iraq during the autumn season of 2022 using Split Split Plot Design in a randomized complete block design with three replicates.Main plots were designated to two types of vermicompost(local and imported).The secondary plots were assigned to vermicompost added to the soil at three levels of 0,10 and 20 Mg ha-1.The third plots were assigned to nano-fertilizer containing N,P,K,Zn,Fe and Mn at 0,50,100 and 150 mg L-1 sprayed on plant at 20,40 and 60 days after planting.The results showed a significant effect of local vermicompost achieving available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil as 43.31 mg N kg-1 soil and 19.25 mg P kg-1 soil.In the leaves,nitrogen was 3.86%,potassium 4.54%,iron 174.22 mg Fe kg-1 and Zinc was 73.53 mg Zn kg-1,grain yield was 165.48 Mg ha-1.Adding vermicompost to the soil at 20 Mg ha-1 achieving in available nitrogen in the soil of 43.74 mg N kg-1 soil,available phosphorus of 19.72 mg P kg-1 soil and available potassium of 196.93 mg K kg-1 soil.In the leaves,nitrogen was 4.37%,phosphorus was 0.44%,potassium 4.87%,iron was 182.63 mg Fe kg-1,zinc was 73.70 mg Zn kg-1 and grain yield was 168.43 Mg ha-1.Spraying nano-fertilizer on the plant at 150 mg L-1 achieved In the leaves,nitrogen 4.28%,phosphorus of 0.46%,potassium of 5.10%,iron of 204.83 mg Fe kg-1,zinc of 89.28 mg Zn kg-1 and manganese of 234.07 mg Mn kg-1 and grain yield was 172.88 Mg ha-1.
基金supported by Danone nutrition research and education fund Project(DIC2018-09):JCChina Scholarship Council under Grant 202008370119:JCa National Natural Science Foundation of China,grant number 81872610:AM.
文摘Background and Objectives:Macronutrients play a vital role in liver dysfunction and affect tuberculosis treatment and prognosis.However,macronutrients intake was inadequate for most tuberculosis patients.This study aimed to clarify the associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction in tuberculosis patients.Methods and Study Design:In this cross-sectional study,2581 active tuberculosis patients aged≥18 years were included from local tuberculosis clinics in Linyi,China.Macronutrients intake and energy percentages were assessed by 24-hour dietary recalls.The concentration of alanine transferase(ALT)or aspartate transaminase(AST)greater than 40 U/L was defined as liver dysfunction.A restricted cubic spline(RCS)was applied to determine the dose-response relationships.Results:Liver dysfunction was assessed for 14.6%(377 patients)of tuberculosis patients.Higher protein(Q2-Q4 in model 1 and 2)or fat intake and fat-to-energy percentages and lower carbohydrate-to-energy percentages(Q4 in model 1)were associated with a decreased incidence of liver dysfunction(p-trend<0.05).Among those who were male,normal BMI,or consumed energy<1636 kcal/d,inverse associations between protein or fat intake and the risks of liver dysfunction in models were suggested(ptrend<0.05).Moreover,J-shaped curves in RCS were evident in liver dysfunction tuberculosis patients with protein or fat intake(p-nonlinearity<0.05).Conclusions:Significant linear associations between macronutrients intake or energy percentages and liver dysfunction prevalence were found only in male,normal BMI,or less energy intake patients.The shapes of liver dysfunction-morbidity differed significantly by macronutrients intake or energy percentage.
文摘Background Infancy is a critical period of growth and physiological development,in which breast milk is the best source of nutrients.Compared to western countries,research on breast milk of Chinese population are limited.Thus,it is necessary to measure breast milk energy and macronutrient concentrations of healthy urban Chinese mothers at different lactation stages,to expand the database of milk composition of Chinese population,and to examine whether dietary or other maternal factors can affect the levels of macronutrients in breast milk.Methods Breast milk of full expression of one side breast from 436 urban Chinese lactating mothers at 5-11 days,12-30 days,31-60 days,61-120 days,and 121-240 days postpartum was obtained at 9：00 a.m.to 11：00 a.m.Total energy,lactose,protein,and fat contents were measured.24-hour dietary recall was surveyed,and maternal nutrient intakes were analyzed.Results Milk composition changed over the course of lactation and large individual variations were documented.The concentrations were 61.3 kcal/dl for total energy,7.1 g/dl for lactose,0.9 g/dl for protein,and 3.4 g/dl for fat in mature milk.Stage of lactation was a strong factor affecting milk composition.Minimal evidence was found for associations between maternal current dietary intake and milk macronutrient concentration,consistently with prior research.Maternal body mass index （BMI） was positively associated with milk fat content,to a greater extent than did dietary intake.All other maternal characteristics were not significant for milk composition.Conclusion These findings suggest that milk composition is generally weakly associated with maternal factors except for stage of lactation,and is likely to be more susceptible to long-term maternal nutritional status than short-term dietary fluctuation.
基金The present study obtained research funding from Putra Grant of Putra Graduate Initiative,Universiti Putra Malaysia[GPIPS/2021/9698400]Special Research Grant,Universiti Teknologi MARA[600-RMC/GPK 5/3(038/2020)].
文摘Background and Objectives:Evidence for gene-diet interactions is lacking among individuals with specific dietary practices including vegetarians.This study aimed to determine the interactions of rs174547 in the fatty acid desaturase 1(FADS1)gene with macronutrient such as carbohydrate(particularly fibre),protein and fat intakes on abdominal obesity among middle-aged Malaysian vegetarians of Chinese and Indian ethnicity.Methods and Study Design:The present cross-sectional study was conducted among 163 vegetarians in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor,Malaysia.Dietary intakes of vegetarians were assessed by using a food frequency questionnaire.Waist circumference of vegetarians was measured by using a Lufkin tape W606PM.Genotypes of the rs174547 of vegetarians were determined by using Agena®MassARRAY.A multiple logistic regression model was used to determine the interactions of the rs174547 with macronutrient on abdominal obesity.Results:About 1 in 2 vegetarians(51.5%)had abdominal obesity.Individuals with CT and TT genotype at T3 intake of carbohydrates,protein,fat and fibre as well as individuals with TT genotype at T2 intake of carbohydrates and protein had higher odds of abdominal obesity(pinteration<0.05).The gene-diet interaction remained significant for fibre intake(OR:4.71,95%CI:1.25-17.74,pinteraction=0.022)among vegetarians with TT genotype at T2 intake of fibre after adjusting for age and sex and considering the effects of ethnicity and food groups.Conclusions:The rs174547 significantly interacted with fibre intake on abdominal obesity.A specific dietary fibre recommendation based on genetics is needed among Chinese and Indian middle-aged vegetarians.
