Flaxseed lignan macromolecules(FLM)are a class of important secondary metabolites in fl axseed,which have been widely concerned due to their biological and pharmacological properties,especially for their antioxidative...Flaxseed lignan macromolecules(FLM)are a class of important secondary metabolites in fl axseed,which have been widely concerned due to their biological and pharmacological properties,especially for their antioxidative activity.For the composition and structure of FLM,our results confirmed that ferulic acid glycoside(FerAG)was directly ester-linked with herbacetin diglucoside(HDG)or pinoresinol diglucoside(PDG),which might determine the beginning of FLM biosynthesis.Additionally,p-coumaric acid glycoside(CouAG)might determine the end of chain extension during FLM synthesis in fl axseed.FLM exhibited higher antioxidative activity in polar systems,as shown by its superior 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical scavenging capacity compared to the 2,2’-azinobis(3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfnic acid)(ABTS)cation free radical scavenging capacity in non-polar systems.Moreover,the antioxidative activity of FLM was found to be highly dependent on its composition and structure.In particular,it was positively correlated with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups(longer FLM chains)and inversely related to the steric hindrance at the ends(lower levels of FerAG and CouAG).These fi ndings verifi ed the potential application of FLM in nonpolar systems,particularly in functional food emulsions。展开更多
Poly(isoprene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)epoxy macromolecules were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerization to act as interfacial mediators between talcum powder(Talc)and styr...Poly(isoprene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)epoxy macromolecules were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerization to act as interfacial mediators between talcum powder(Talc)and styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)with the aim of improving the properties of SBR/Talc composites.The epoxy macromolecules were uniformly dispersed on the surface of Talc using the spray-drying method.Subse-quently,the modified Talc was utilized in the preparation of SBR composites.During hot vulcanization,isoprene double bonds could directly graft onto the rubber skeleton.Simultaneously,the epoxy groups opened the ring and formed covalent bonds with silanol.The interfacial covalent bonds were found to significantly enhance the dispersion of Talc and the interfacial interactions between SBR and Talc,as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy,cross-linking density measurements,and rubber processing analyzer tests.Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the number of interfacial covalent bonds and the content of glassy layers in the composites increased with the rise in GMA content and modified Talc.At equivalent filler loadings,epoxy macromolecules with 20 wt%and 34 wt%GMA increased the tensile strength by 31%and 49%,respectively.Concerning viscoelastic properties,composites containing interfacial covalent bonds exhibited superior stress relaxation and stress softening properties.展开更多
Coals consist of some molecules trapped within an organic matrix from which some organic compounds can be extracted by solvents. The Soxhlet technique has been widely used for extracting organic compounds. Microwave h...Coals consist of some molecules trapped within an organic matrix from which some organic compounds can be extracted by solvents. The Soxhlet technique has been widely used for extracting organic compounds. Microwave heating methods may be successfully applied in the field of coal science. Acetone extraction yields and the chemical composition of the extract were investigated using a typical Chinese coal, Shenfu coal, with microwave-assisted extraction. The acetone extract and residue were analyzed by GC/MS and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy respectively. The carbon spectra were converted into several numerical parameters, fa, Ha, Xb, which indicate the difference in macromolecular structure between Shenfu coal and its residue. Furthermore, a hybrid genetic algorithm was employed using these parameters to approximate a coal macromolecule by assembling the structural fragments or functional groups into a large and complicated structure.展开更多
The BL19U2 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline dedicated to structural studies pertaining to biological macromolecules in solution.The beamline has been officially...The BL19U2 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline dedicated to structural studies pertaining to biological macromolecules in solution.The beamline has been officially opened to users in March 2015,and since then,a series of technological innovations has been developed to optimize beamline performance,thereby significantly improving the data collection efficiency and broadening the application scope of biological small-angle X-ray scattering.BL19U2 is ideal for the high-throughput screening of weakly scattered proteins,protein assemblies,nucleic acids,inorganic nanomaterials,and organic drug molecules.This paper describes the design and overview of the BL19U2 beamline.Versatile sample environments at the experimental station and some recent scientific highlights are presented.展开更多
Graphene oxide(GO), which consists of two-dimensional(2 D) sp^(2) carbon hexagonal networks and oxygen-contained functional groups, has laid the foundation of mass production and applications of graphene materials. Ma...Graphene oxide(GO), which consists of two-dimensional(2 D) sp^(2) carbon hexagonal networks and oxygen-contained functional groups, has laid the foundation of mass production and applications of graphene materials. Made by chemical oxidation of graphite, GO is highly dispersible or even solubilized in water and polar organic solvents, which resolves the hard problem of graphene processing and opens a door to wet-processing of graphene. Despite its defects, GO is easy to functionalize, dope, punch holes, cut into pieces, conduct chemical reduction, form lyotropic liquid crystal, and assemble into macroscopic materials with tunable structures and properties as a living building block. GO sheet has been viewed as a single molecule, a particle, as well as a soft polymer material. An overview on GO as a 2 D macromolecule is essential for studying its intrinsic properties and guiding the development of relevant subjects. This review mainly focuses on recent advances of GO sheets, from single macromolecular behavior to macro-assembled graphene material properties. The first part of this review offers a brief introduction to the synthesis of GO molecules. Then the chemical structure and physical properties of GO are presented, as well as its polarity in solvent and rheology behavior. Several key parameters governing the ultimate stability of GO colloidal behavior, including size, p H and the presence of cation in aqueous dispersions, are highlighted. Furthermore, the discovery of GO liquid crystal and functionalization of GO molecules have built solid new foundations of preparing highly ordered, architecture-tunable, macro-assembled graphene materials, including 1 D graphene fibers, 2 D graphene films, and 3 D graphene architectures. The GO-based composites are also viewed and the interactions between these target materials and GO are carefully discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided in this field, where GO is regarded as macromolecules, pointing out the challenges and opportunities that exist in the field. We hope that this review will be beneficial to the understanding of GO in terms of chemical structure,molecular properties, macro-assembly and potential applications, and encourage further development to extend its investigations from basic research to practical applications.展开更多
A novel capillary electrophoresis method coupled with on-line microdialysis using an attachable electrode has been developed to study the interaction of macromolecule with small molecule. The binding constants of bovi...A novel capillary electrophoresis method coupled with on-line microdialysis using an attachable electrode has been developed to study the interaction of macromolecule with small molecule. The binding constants of bovine serum album (BSA) with D,L-tryptophan (Trp), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) with trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined. These values are 2.3 x 10(4)L/mol for BSA-L-Trp; 1.77 x 10(3) L/mol for BSA-D-Trp in pH 7.4, 50 mmol/ L phosphate; 1.4 x 10(4) L/mol for SMZ- trypsin and 6.0 x 10(3) L/mol for SMZ-chymotrypsin in pH 6.5, 25 mmol/L Tris buffer. The proposed method has merits of speed, low sample consumption and readily available to be performed in desired physiological conditions.展开更多
Acylation reaction of anthracene with oxalyl chloride in the presence of [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid has been investigated. Pure 1,2-aceanthryenedione, which is used as intermediate of functional aromatic polymer mate...Acylation reaction of anthracene with oxalyl chloride in the presence of [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid has been investigated. Pure 1,2-aceanthryenedione, which is used as intermediate of functional aromatic polymer material, was obtained by recrystalling the reaction mixture with aether and was determined by GC/MS, 1↑HNMR and FTIR analysis. The influences of various parameters, such as the contents of AlCl3 in [Emim]Cl-AlCl3, the amount of acylation agent, amount of [Emim]Cl-AlCl3, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows： the molar fraction of AlCl3 in ionic liquid [x（AlCl3）] being 0.67, molar ratio of ionic liquid to anthracene being 2：1, molar ratio of oxalyl chloride to anthracene being 2：1, reaction temperature being 40℃ and reaction time being 6h. Under above conditions, the yield and selectivity of 1,2-aceanthrylenedione can reach 91.5% and 98.3% respectively. Further more, [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid, compared with metal halides such as AlCl3, was found to catalyze the reaction as a novel environmental friendly catalyst and solvent and can be reused.展开更多
In the previous research, we found that anticancer agent LS-1-2 F could cause the vacuolation of tumor cells. Herein we investigated the effect of compound LS-1-2 F on the endocytosis of macromolecules, including fluo...In the previous research, we found that anticancer agent LS-1-2 F could cause the vacuolation of tumor cells. Herein we investigated the effect of compound LS-1-2 F on the endocytosis of macromolecules, including fluorescence quantum dots, human serum albumin, single-stranded RNA, and monoclonal antibody, into tumor cells. We found that LS-1-2 F could accelerate the endocytosis of these large molecules by laser confocal microscope and flow cytometry. The effect of LS-1-2 F on the improvement of the internalization efficiency of Herceptin biosimilar was particularly significant. Promoting endocytosis will help increase the efficiency of liquid-phase drug uptake in drug-resistant cancer cells and could potentially facilitate the use of drugs in nanoparticle delivery vehicles.展开更多
In the construction of biosensors, enzymes function as mediators converting biological signals generated by specific biological processes, into electrochemical signals. The ideology of bio-sensor design is retention o...In the construction of biosensors, enzymes function as mediators converting biological signals generated by specific biological processes, into electrochemical signals. The ideology of bio-sensor design is retention of electron transfer activity of the enzyme utilizing superior interfacial architecture. In this work a Schiff-base macromolecule has been synthesized by reflux of 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde starting materials. The Schiff-base ligand was subsequently complexed with FeCl2?4H2O under reflux, to produce the Fe-Schiff-base complex. The Schiff-base ligand and Fe-Schiff-base complex were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Ultra Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transfer infrared resonance (FTIR) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to confirm the structure of the synthesis products. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the imide linkage of Schiff-base formation as two symmetrical peaks at 8.1 and 7.7 ppm respectively. Comparison of starting materials and product spectra by UV/Vis spectroscopy confirmed the disappearance of the diaminonaphthalene peak at 250 nm as evidence of complete conversion to product. FTIR spectroscopy of the Schiff-base ligand confirmed the formation of the imine bond at 1595 cm-1. EELS spectra comparing FeCl2?4H2O and the Fe-Schiff-base complex, showed good agreement in the energy loss profiles associated with changes to the electronic arrangement of Fe d-orbitals. EDS clearly identified a spectral band for Fe (7 - 8 eV) in the Fe-Schiff-base complex. Electrochemical evaluation of the Fe-Schiff-base complex was compared to the electrochemical signature of denatured cytochrome-C using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The Fe2+/Fe3+ quasi-reversible behavior for iron in the metallated complex was observed at -0.430 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is consistent with reference values for iron in macromolecular structures.展开更多
Biological macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are widely used in food systems because their interactions impart a desirable texture to food products. Plant proteins interact with food components via...Biological macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are widely used in food systems because their interactions impart a desirable texture to food products. Plant proteins interact with food components via protein-protein and protein-polysaccharide associations, and the formation of a matrix, which can entrap other food components such as water, lipids and flavors. These networks provide structural integrity to food products and can serve as important functional ingredients in processed foods. Intermolecular interactions of typical polysaccharides result either in simple associations or in the form of a double or triple helix. The linear double helical segments may then interact to form a super junction and a three-dimensional gel network. The formation of these structural networks takes place during processing and involves the transformation from a liquid or viscous sol into a solid material with elastic properties. Interests in the behavior of mixed gels center on the prospects of enhanced flexibility in their mechanical and structural properties compared to those of pure gels. Findings on molecular interactions between plant proteins （e.g., soy, canola and pea proteins） and polysaccharides （e.g., guar gum, carrageenan, and pectin） allow for the modification of physical and textural characteristics of mixed biopolymers to meet desired functional property.展开更多
To obtain new functional aromatic polymer materiul. 3,3＇-biacenaphthene, which is used as macromolecule intermediate of,funcrion aromatic polymer material, was synthesized through the coupling reaction of acenaphthen...To obtain new functional aromatic polymer materiul. 3,3＇-biacenaphthene, which is used as macromolecule intermediate of,funcrion aromatic polymer material, was synthesized through the coupling reaction of acenaphthene catalyzing by ionic liquid （[bmim]CI/FeCl3） at mild reaction condition. Pure 3,3＇-biacenaphthene was obtained hy recrystalling and column chromatography from the reaction mixture and was determined by GC/MS, SHNMR arid FTIR analysis. The influence of various reaction conditions on the yield of 3,3＇-biacenaphthene were studied by GC analysis. The result shows that the optimun synthesis conditions of the coupling reaction are, as following： the molar ratio of FeCl3 to [BmimlCl being 3, the mole ratio of FeCl3 in [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3 to acenaphthene being 4. the reaction temperamre being 20 ℃ the reaction time being 4h and the solvent of the reaction system being PhNO2 Under those conditions, the yield of the 3.3＇-biacenaphthene will be 48.71% and selectivity, of that will be 78.56 %. Farther more, [bmim]Cl/FeCl3 has no pollution to environments and can be reused.展开更多
BACKGROUND Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBM)is an advanced breast disease that is difficult to treat and is associated with a high risk of death.Patient prognosis is usually poor,with reduced quality of life.In thi...BACKGROUND Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBM)is an advanced breast disease that is difficult to treat and is associated with a high risk of death.Patient prognosis is usually poor,with reduced quality of life.In this context,we report the case of a patient with HER-2-positive BCBM treated with a macromolecular mAb(ine-tetamab)combined with a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI).CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 58-year-old woman with a 12-year history of type 2 diabetes.She was compliant with regular insulin treatment and had good blood glucose control.The patient was diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the right breast(T3N1M0 stage IIIa,HER2-positive type)through aspiration biopsy of the ipsilateral breast due to the discovery of a breast tumor in February 2019.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-),PR(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(55-60%+).Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy,i.e.,the AC-TH regimen(epirubicin,cyclophosphamide,docetaxel-paclitaxel,and trastuzumab),was administered for 8 cycles.She underwent modified radical mastectomy of the right breast in November 2019 and received tocilizumab targeted therapy for 1 year.Brain metastasis was found 9 mo after surgery.She underwent brain metastasectomy in August 2020.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-)and PR.(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(10-20%+).In November 2020,the patient experienced headache symptoms.After an examination,tumor recurrence in the original surgical region of the brain was observed,and the patient was treated with inetetamab,pyrotinib,and capecitabine.Whole-brain radiotherapy was recommended.The patient and her family refused radiotherapy for personal reasons.In September 2021,a routine examination revealed that the brain tumor was considerably larger.The original systemic treatment was continued and combined with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for brain metastases,followed by regular hospitalization and routine examinations.The patient’s condition is generally stable,and she has a relatively high quality of life.This case report demonstrates that in patients with BCBM and resistance to trastuzumab,inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy can prolong survival.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with small molecule TKI drugs,chemotherapy and radiation may be an effective regimen for maintaining stable disease in patients with BCBM.展开更多
Poly(ester amide)s(PEAs)attract much attention as a new kind of biodegradable polymers.However,the synthesis of PEAs with sequence-regulated chain structures is still complicated due to the multistep polymerization,hi...Poly(ester amide)s(PEAs)attract much attention as a new kind of biodegradable polymers.However,the synthesis of PEAs with sequence-regulated chain structures is still complicated due to the multistep polymerization,high monomer purity,as well as the usage of organic solvents,which greatly inhibits its development and applications.Herein,a one-pot strategy without solvent was developed to synthesize the alternating PEA fromα,ω-amino alcohol and dicarboxylic acid by sequential polycondensation,where water was used as the controlling agent for amidation and esterification.Specifically,the amidation and esterification were controlled to proceed in turn by adding or removing water,realizing the one-pot preparation of alternating PEAs.The resultant PEA is characterized by^1H-and^(13)C-NMR,and its chain structure is confirmed to be highly quasi-alternating similar to alternating PEAs prepared by classical methods The evaluations from DSC and DMA demonstrate that the properties of quasi-alternating PEA(T_(m)=102℃,ΔH_(m)=30J·g^(-1))are far superior to those of random PEA(T_(m)=72℃,ΔH_(m)<1 J·g^(-1)).展开更多
To improve the covalent immobilization of penicillin acylase （PA）, macromolecular crowding theory was applied to its immobilization. Influence of mass ratio of enzyme to the silica, as well as, activation time with ...To improve the covalent immobilization of penicillin acylase （PA）, macromolecular crowding theory was applied to its immobilization. Influence of mass ratio of enzyme to the silica, as well as, activation time with glutaraldehyde on the activity of assembled PA, was studied. In the mesopores, the effect of fl-cyclodextrin （β-CD） on the immobilization of the enzyme was also investigated. It was remarkable that the coupled yield and relative activity reached 99.5% and 92.3%, respectively, when penicillin acylase assembled covalently in the mesopores. The results here indicate that mimicked macromolecule crowding could significantly ameliorate the performance of covalently immobilized PA.展开更多
In many sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), large amounts of water vapor come from the air and the reactors. The relative humidity (RH) of exhaust gas is normally >60% and is supersaturated. Maintaining t...In many sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), large amounts of water vapor come from the air and the reactors. The relative humidity (RH) of exhaust gas is normally >60% and is supersaturated. Maintaining the property of adsorbent on VOCs in a highly humid gas stream is a serious industrial problem. In this study, the adsorption/desorption behavior of toluene in a micro-mesoporous polymeric resin was investigated in a highly humid environment to explore the influence of abound water vapor on resin adsorption and regeneration. This resin could selectively adsorb toluene at an RH of 80%, and its adsorption property was unaffected by the presence of water vapor. In the case of humidity saturation, the resin displayed a high adsorption capacity at a moisture content of <30%. Therefore, the polymer resin is an excellent water-resistant adsorbent of VOCs. In the regenerative experiment, the resin maintained its original adsorption capability after four adsorption/ desorption cycles of toluene purging with nitrogen gas at 120℃. The resin exhibited excellent regeneration performance at high humidity.展开更多
The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate ...The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate （TSP） mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （Td-GC/MS） to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （Py-GC/MS） to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in different seasons from different sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nltriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.展开更多
This review firstly gives an overview on the importance of crystallization in natural and synthetic polymers/macromolecules.Then it introduces the typical features that have been raised by chain-like macromolecules in...This review firstly gives an overview on the importance of crystallization in natural and synthetic polymers/macromolecules.Then it introduces the typical features that have been raised by chain-like macromolecules in crystallization,including anisotropic interactions in the thermodynamic driving forces,chain folding in the crystal morphologies,chemical confinement in the copolymer crystallization,and mechanical enhancement in the stretching processes.Four features separately cover the thermodynamics and the kinetics of polymer crystallization,as well as the crystallinity and the mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers.The review ends up with how these features enhance specific functions of crystalline polymers,which demonstrates polymer crystallization as a challenging yet promising field in the future.展开更多
In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed an...In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed and synthesized facilely, exhibiting outstanding reactivity, thermalstability and productivity in different kinds of polymerization and cycloaddition reactions. Second, a variety of chalcogen(O, S, Se)-rich polymers had been synthesized via organocatalysis and fabricated to be the ionic conductive and photoluminescent materials. Third, diverse microenvironment-sensitive nanoparticles had been designed,and novel strategies had been realized, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in cancer as well as biofilmassociated infections. Fourth, m6 A modification on cellular transcriptome-wide messenger RNA had been successfully mapped at single base resolution using a metabolic labeling method. Fifth, a hydrogel-based robot had been developed, showing swift locomotion as a response to dynamic light stimulations. Sixth,the conformation-size scaling law and the conformation evolution map of 2 D macromolecules in solution had been elucidated experimentally, in the single-layer graphene oxide model. Seventh, semitransparent polymer solar cells, promising as building-integrated photovoltaics, have been developed with the fine balance among power conversion efficiency, visible light transparency and infrared photon radiation rejection. Finally, long-range ordered bulk-heterojunctions of organic semiconductors had been achieved,and their superior optoelectronic properties and potential application in photoelectric conversion had been revealed. The related work progresses are reviewed in this paper.展开更多
Nephrolithiasis seems to be the result of crystal formation,aggregation and retention in the kidney during crystalluria.These processes have to occur within the short urinary transit time through the kidney being in t...Nephrolithiasis seems to be the result of crystal formation,aggregation and retention in the kidney during crystalluria.These processes have to occur within the short urinary transit time through the kidney being in the order of few minutes.Recently much work was done on rather qualitative aspects of nephrolithiasis like genetics,metabolism and morphology.In this review we try to provide some quantitative information on urinary supersaturation with respect to stone minerals,especially Ca oxalate(CaO x),on the formation and aggregation of Ca Ox crystals and on crystal retention in the kidney.The paper is centered on idiopathic Ca nephrolithiasis being the most frequent stone disease with only partially known pathogenesis.New aspects of the role of urinary macromolecules in stone formation and of the mechanism of crystal aggregation are provided.展开更多
Enrichment and immobilization of analytes by chemical bonding or physical adsorption is typically the first step in many commonly used analytical techniques. In this paper, we discuss a permeation drag based technique...Enrichment and immobilization of analytes by chemical bonding or physical adsorption is typically the first step in many commonly used analytical techniques. In this paper, we discuss a permeation drag based technique as an alternative approach for carrying out location-specific immobilization of macro- molecular analytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） labeled macromolecules and their complexes were enriched near the surface of ultrafiltration membranes and detected by direct visual observation and fluorescence imaging. The level of macromolecule enrichment at the immobilization sites could be controlled by manipulating the filtration rate and thereby the magnitude of permeation drag. Higher enrichment as indicated by higher fluorescence intensity was observed at higher filtration rates. Also, larger macromolecules were more easily enriched. The feasibility of using this technique for detecting immunocomplexes was demonstrated by carrying out experiments with FITC labeled bovine serum al- bumin （FITC-BSA） and its corresponding antibody. This permeation drag based enrichment technique could potentially be developed further to suit a range of analytical applications involving more sophis- ticated detection methods.展开更多
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072267)supported by China Agriculture Research System of CRAS-14.
文摘Flaxseed lignan macromolecules(FLM)are a class of important secondary metabolites in fl axseed,which have been widely concerned due to their biological and pharmacological properties,especially for their antioxidative activity.For the composition and structure of FLM,our results confirmed that ferulic acid glycoside(FerAG)was directly ester-linked with herbacetin diglucoside(HDG)or pinoresinol diglucoside(PDG),which might determine the beginning of FLM biosynthesis.Additionally,p-coumaric acid glycoside(CouAG)might determine the end of chain extension during FLM synthesis in fl axseed.FLM exhibited higher antioxidative activity in polar systems,as shown by its superior 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)free radical scavenging capacity compared to the 2,2’-azinobis(3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfnic acid)(ABTS)cation free radical scavenging capacity in non-polar systems.Moreover,the antioxidative activity of FLM was found to be highly dependent on its composition and structure.In particular,it was positively correlated with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups(longer FLM chains)and inversely related to the steric hindrance at the ends(lower levels of FerAG and CouAG).These fi ndings verifi ed the potential application of FLM in nonpolar systems,particularly in functional food emulsions。
基金financially supported the Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province(2022a05020009)the Science and Technology Plan Project of Huangshan City(2021KC-05)the Engineering Research Project of Anhui Polytechnic University(HX-2021-09-007).
文摘Poly(isoprene-co-glycidyl methacrylate)epoxy macromolecules were synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerization to act as interfacial mediators between talcum powder(Talc)and styrene-butadiene rubber(SBR)with the aim of improving the properties of SBR/Talc composites.The epoxy macromolecules were uniformly dispersed on the surface of Talc using the spray-drying method.Subse-quently,the modified Talc was utilized in the preparation of SBR composites.During hot vulcanization,isoprene double bonds could directly graft onto the rubber skeleton.Simultaneously,the epoxy groups opened the ring and formed covalent bonds with silanol.The interfacial covalent bonds were found to significantly enhance the dispersion of Talc and the interfacial interactions between SBR and Talc,as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy,cross-linking density measurements,and rubber processing analyzer tests.Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the number of interfacial covalent bonds and the content of glassy layers in the composites increased with the rise in GMA content and modified Talc.At equivalent filler loadings,epoxy macromolecules with 20 wt%and 34 wt%GMA increased the tensile strength by 31%and 49%,respectively.Concerning viscoelastic properties,composites containing interfacial covalent bonds exhibited superior stress relaxation and stress softening properties.
基金Project 40472082 supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Coals consist of some molecules trapped within an organic matrix from which some organic compounds can be extracted by solvents. The Soxhlet technique has been widely used for extracting organic compounds. Microwave heating methods may be successfully applied in the field of coal science. Acetone extraction yields and the chemical composition of the extract were investigated using a typical Chinese coal, Shenfu coal, with microwave-assisted extraction. The acetone extract and residue were analyzed by GC/MS and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy respectively. The carbon spectra were converted into several numerical parameters, fa, Ha, Xb, which indicate the difference in macromolecular structure between Shenfu coal and its residue. Furthermore, a hybrid genetic algorithm was employed using these parameters to approximate a coal macromolecule by assembling the structural fragments or functional groups into a large and complicated structure.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U1832215 and U1832144)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy Science(No.2017319).
文摘The BL19U2 at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline dedicated to structural studies pertaining to biological macromolecules in solution.The beamline has been officially opened to users in March 2015,and since then,a series of technological innovations has been developed to optimize beamline performance,thereby significantly improving the data collection efficiency and broadening the application scope of biological small-angle X-ray scattering.BL19U2 is ideal for the high-throughput screening of weakly scattered proteins,protein assemblies,nucleic acids,inorganic nanomaterials,and organic drug molecules.This paper describes the design and overview of the BL19U2 beamline.Versatile sample environments at the experimental station and some recent scientific highlights are presented.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2016YFA0200200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51533008, 51703194,51873191, and 21805242)+3 种基金Hundred Talents Program of Zhejiang University (No. 188020*194231701/113)Key Research and Development Plan of Zhejiang Province (No. 2018C01049)Fujian Provincial Science and Technology Major Projects (No.2018HZ0001-2)Key Laboratory of Novel Adsorption and Separation Materials and Application Technology of Zhejiang Province (No. 512301-I21502)。
文摘Graphene oxide(GO), which consists of two-dimensional(2 D) sp^(2) carbon hexagonal networks and oxygen-contained functional groups, has laid the foundation of mass production and applications of graphene materials. Made by chemical oxidation of graphite, GO is highly dispersible or even solubilized in water and polar organic solvents, which resolves the hard problem of graphene processing and opens a door to wet-processing of graphene. Despite its defects, GO is easy to functionalize, dope, punch holes, cut into pieces, conduct chemical reduction, form lyotropic liquid crystal, and assemble into macroscopic materials with tunable structures and properties as a living building block. GO sheet has been viewed as a single molecule, a particle, as well as a soft polymer material. An overview on GO as a 2 D macromolecule is essential for studying its intrinsic properties and guiding the development of relevant subjects. This review mainly focuses on recent advances of GO sheets, from single macromolecular behavior to macro-assembled graphene material properties. The first part of this review offers a brief introduction to the synthesis of GO molecules. Then the chemical structure and physical properties of GO are presented, as well as its polarity in solvent and rheology behavior. Several key parameters governing the ultimate stability of GO colloidal behavior, including size, p H and the presence of cation in aqueous dispersions, are highlighted. Furthermore, the discovery of GO liquid crystal and functionalization of GO molecules have built solid new foundations of preparing highly ordered, architecture-tunable, macro-assembled graphene materials, including 1 D graphene fibers, 2 D graphene films, and 3 D graphene architectures. The GO-based composites are also viewed and the interactions between these target materials and GO are carefully discussed. Finally, an outlook is provided in this field, where GO is regarded as macromolecules, pointing out the challenges and opportunities that exist in the field. We hope that this review will be beneficial to the understanding of GO in terms of chemical structure,molecular properties, macro-assembly and potential applications, and encourage further development to extend its investigations from basic research to practical applications.
文摘A novel capillary electrophoresis method coupled with on-line microdialysis using an attachable electrode has been developed to study the interaction of macromolecule with small molecule. The binding constants of bovine serum album (BSA) with D,L-tryptophan (Trp), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) with trypsin and chymotrypsin were determined. These values are 2.3 x 10(4)L/mol for BSA-L-Trp; 1.77 x 10(3) L/mol for BSA-D-Trp in pH 7.4, 50 mmol/ L phosphate; 1.4 x 10(4) L/mol for SMZ- trypsin and 6.0 x 10(3) L/mol for SMZ-chymotrypsin in pH 6.5, 25 mmol/L Tris buffer. The proposed method has merits of speed, low sample consumption and readily available to be performed in desired physiological conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20207003)
文摘Acylation reaction of anthracene with oxalyl chloride in the presence of [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid has been investigated. Pure 1,2-aceanthryenedione, which is used as intermediate of functional aromatic polymer material, was obtained by recrystalling the reaction mixture with aether and was determined by GC/MS, 1↑HNMR and FTIR analysis. The influences of various parameters, such as the contents of AlCl3 in [Emim]Cl-AlCl3, the amount of acylation agent, amount of [Emim]Cl-AlCl3, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows： the molar fraction of AlCl3 in ionic liquid [x（AlCl3）] being 0.67, molar ratio of ionic liquid to anthracene being 2：1, molar ratio of oxalyl chloride to anthracene being 2：1, reaction temperature being 40℃ and reaction time being 6h. Under above conditions, the yield and selectivity of 1,2-aceanthrylenedione can reach 91.5% and 98.3% respectively. Further more, [Emim]Cl-AlCl3 ionic liquid, compared with metal halides such as AlCl3, was found to catalyze the reaction as a novel environmental friendly catalyst and solvent and can be reused.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81573272)
文摘In the previous research, we found that anticancer agent LS-1-2 F could cause the vacuolation of tumor cells. Herein we investigated the effect of compound LS-1-2 F on the endocytosis of macromolecules, including fluorescence quantum dots, human serum albumin, single-stranded RNA, and monoclonal antibody, into tumor cells. We found that LS-1-2 F could accelerate the endocytosis of these large molecules by laser confocal microscope and flow cytometry. The effect of LS-1-2 F on the improvement of the internalization efficiency of Herceptin biosimilar was particularly significant. Promoting endocytosis will help increase the efficiency of liquid-phase drug uptake in drug-resistant cancer cells and could potentially facilitate the use of drugs in nanoparticle delivery vehicles.
文摘In the construction of biosensors, enzymes function as mediators converting biological signals generated by specific biological processes, into electrochemical signals. The ideology of bio-sensor design is retention of electron transfer activity of the enzyme utilizing superior interfacial architecture. In this work a Schiff-base macromolecule has been synthesized by reflux of 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde starting materials. The Schiff-base ligand was subsequently complexed with FeCl2?4H2O under reflux, to produce the Fe-Schiff-base complex. The Schiff-base ligand and Fe-Schiff-base complex were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Ultra Violet/Visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transfer infrared resonance (FTIR) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) to confirm the structure of the synthesis products. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the imide linkage of Schiff-base formation as two symmetrical peaks at 8.1 and 7.7 ppm respectively. Comparison of starting materials and product spectra by UV/Vis spectroscopy confirmed the disappearance of the diaminonaphthalene peak at 250 nm as evidence of complete conversion to product. FTIR spectroscopy of the Schiff-base ligand confirmed the formation of the imine bond at 1595 cm-1. EELS spectra comparing FeCl2?4H2O and the Fe-Schiff-base complex, showed good agreement in the energy loss profiles associated with changes to the electronic arrangement of Fe d-orbitals. EDS clearly identified a spectral band for Fe (7 - 8 eV) in the Fe-Schiff-base complex. Electrochemical evaluation of the Fe-Schiff-base complex was compared to the electrochemical signature of denatured cytochrome-C using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry. The Fe2+/Fe3+ quasi-reversible behavior for iron in the metallated complex was observed at -0.430 V vs. Ag/AgCl, which is consistent with reference values for iron in macromolecular structures.
文摘Biological macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are widely used in food systems because their interactions impart a desirable texture to food products. Plant proteins interact with food components via protein-protein and protein-polysaccharide associations, and the formation of a matrix, which can entrap other food components such as water, lipids and flavors. These networks provide structural integrity to food products and can serve as important functional ingredients in processed foods. Intermolecular interactions of typical polysaccharides result either in simple associations or in the form of a double or triple helix. The linear double helical segments may then interact to form a super junction and a three-dimensional gel network. The formation of these structural networks takes place during processing and involves the transformation from a liquid or viscous sol into a solid material with elastic properties. Interests in the behavior of mixed gels center on the prospects of enhanced flexibility in their mechanical and structural properties compared to those of pure gels. Findings on molecular interactions between plant proteins （e.g., soy, canola and pea proteins） and polysaccharides （e.g., guar gum, carrageenan, and pectin） allow for the modification of physical and textural characteristics of mixed biopolymers to meet desired functional property.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20207003)
文摘To obtain new functional aromatic polymer materiul. 3,3＇-biacenaphthene, which is used as macromolecule intermediate of,funcrion aromatic polymer material, was synthesized through the coupling reaction of acenaphthene catalyzing by ionic liquid （[bmim]CI/FeCl3） at mild reaction condition. Pure 3,3＇-biacenaphthene was obtained hy recrystalling and column chromatography from the reaction mixture and was determined by GC/MS, SHNMR arid FTIR analysis. The influence of various reaction conditions on the yield of 3,3＇-biacenaphthene were studied by GC analysis. The result shows that the optimun synthesis conditions of the coupling reaction are, as following： the molar ratio of FeCl3 to [BmimlCl being 3, the mole ratio of FeCl3 in [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3 to acenaphthene being 4. the reaction temperamre being 20 ℃ the reaction time being 4h and the solvent of the reaction system being PhNO2 Under those conditions, the yield of the 3.3＇-biacenaphthene will be 48.71% and selectivity, of that will be 78.56 %. Farther more, [bmim]Cl/FeCl3 has no pollution to environments and can be reused.
文摘BACKGROUND Breast cancer brain metastasis(BCBM)is an advanced breast disease that is difficult to treat and is associated with a high risk of death.Patient prognosis is usually poor,with reduced quality of life.In this context,we report the case of a patient with HER-2-positive BCBM treated with a macromolecular mAb(ine-tetamab)combined with a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI).CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 58-year-old woman with a 12-year history of type 2 diabetes.She was compliant with regular insulin treatment and had good blood glucose control.The patient was diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the right breast(T3N1M0 stage IIIa,HER2-positive type)through aspiration biopsy of the ipsilateral breast due to the discovery of a breast tumor in February 2019.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-),PR(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(55-60%+).Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy,i.e.,the AC-TH regimen(epirubicin,cyclophosphamide,docetaxel-paclitaxel,and trastuzumab),was administered for 8 cycles.She underwent modified radical mastectomy of the right breast in November 2019 and received tocilizumab targeted therapy for 1 year.Brain metastasis was found 9 mo after surgery.She underwent brain metastasectomy in August 2020.Immunohistochemistry showed ER(-)and PR.(-),HER-2(3+),and Ki-67(10-20%+).In November 2020,the patient experienced headache symptoms.After an examination,tumor recurrence in the original surgical region of the brain was observed,and the patient was treated with inetetamab,pyrotinib,and capecitabine.Whole-brain radiotherapy was recommended.The patient and her family refused radiotherapy for personal reasons.In September 2021,a routine examination revealed that the brain tumor was considerably larger.The original systemic treatment was continued and combined with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for brain metastases,followed by regular hospitalization and routine examinations.The patient’s condition is generally stable,and she has a relatively high quality of life.This case report demonstrates that in patients with BCBM and resistance to trastuzumab,inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy can prolong survival.CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with small molecule TKI drugs,chemotherapy and radiation may be an effective regimen for maintaining stable disease in patients with BCBM.
基金financially supported by the innovation funding from Wei Qiao Group(Nos.H2872307 and H2872305)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and Graduate Student Innovation Fund of Donghua University(No.CUSF-DH-D-2024004)。
文摘Poly(ester amide)s(PEAs)attract much attention as a new kind of biodegradable polymers.However,the synthesis of PEAs with sequence-regulated chain structures is still complicated due to the multistep polymerization,high monomer purity,as well as the usage of organic solvents,which greatly inhibits its development and applications.Herein,a one-pot strategy without solvent was developed to synthesize the alternating PEA fromα,ω-amino alcohol and dicarboxylic acid by sequential polycondensation,where water was used as the controlling agent for amidation and esterification.Specifically,the amidation and esterification were controlled to proceed in turn by adding or removing water,realizing the one-pot preparation of alternating PEAs.The resultant PEA is characterized by^1H-and^(13)C-NMR,and its chain structure is confirmed to be highly quasi-alternating similar to alternating PEAs prepared by classical methods The evaluations from DSC and DMA demonstrate that the properties of quasi-alternating PEA(T_(m)=102℃,ΔH_(m)=30J·g^(-1))are far superior to those of random PEA(T_(m)=72℃,ΔH_(m)<1 J·g^(-1)).
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China （863 Program, No.2006AA02Z211）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No.20376034）, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China （BK2006181）, and the Scientific Research Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of Anhui Province of China （2005jq1163）, and the Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China for College Postgraduate Students in Inno-vation Engineering （2007）.
文摘To improve the covalent immobilization of penicillin acylase （PA）, macromolecular crowding theory was applied to its immobilization. Influence of mass ratio of enzyme to the silica, as well as, activation time with glutaraldehyde on the activity of assembled PA, was studied. In the mesopores, the effect of fl-cyclodextrin （β-CD） on the immobilization of the enzyme was also investigated. It was remarkable that the coupled yield and relative activity reached 99.5% and 92.3%, respectively, when penicillin acylase assembled covalently in the mesopores. The results here indicate that mimicked macromolecule crowding could significantly ameliorate the performance of covalently immobilized PA.
文摘In many sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), large amounts of water vapor come from the air and the reactors. The relative humidity (RH) of exhaust gas is normally >60% and is supersaturated. Maintaining the property of adsorbent on VOCs in a highly humid gas stream is a serious industrial problem. In this study, the adsorption/desorption behavior of toluene in a micro-mesoporous polymeric resin was investigated in a highly humid environment to explore the influence of abound water vapor on resin adsorption and regeneration. This resin could selectively adsorb toluene at an RH of 80%, and its adsorption property was unaffected by the presence of water vapor. In the case of humidity saturation, the resin displayed a high adsorption capacity at a moisture content of <30%. Therefore, the polymer resin is an excellent water-resistant adsorbent of VOCs. In the regenerative experiment, the resin maintained its original adsorption capability after four adsorption/ desorption cycles of toluene purging with nitrogen gas at 120℃. The resin exhibited excellent regeneration performance at high humidity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40505026)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-YW-403)
文摘The organic matter in tropospheric aerosol plays an important role in atmospheric physical and chemical processes. The bulk of organic matter, representing a significant proportion of the total suspended particulate （TSP） mass, is bound to polymeric material whose structure and properties are largely unknown. Here we used thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （Td-GC/MS） to study organic compounds of low molecular mass and pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （Py-GC/MS） to characterize the chemical structure of macromolecules in TSP samples collected in different seasons from different sites in Guangzhou. n-Alkanes, fatty acids and nitriles were the predominant compounds in the thermodesorption products, whereas aromatics, fatty acids, nitriles and n-alkanes/alkenes were the major compounds in the pyrolysates. The results indicated that aromatics were main units in macromolecules. The fatty acids and nltriles formed from carboxylic ammonium salts were detected in both thermodesorption products and pyrolysates at a certain concentration, indicating the importance of these compounds in TSP formation. The TSP source mainly determined the occurrence of compounds in samples from urban, suburban and forest sites, whereas the TSP source and formation process maybe controlled the seasonal variation in compounds detected. High levels of nitriles in summer samples from suburban and forest sites coincide with the release of ammonium from the land and of fatty acids from vegetation at these sites.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21734005)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0711504).
文摘This review firstly gives an overview on the importance of crystallization in natural and synthetic polymers/macromolecules.Then it introduces the typical features that have been raised by chain-like macromolecules in crystallization,including anisotropic interactions in the thermodynamic driving forces,chain folding in the crystal morphologies,chemical confinement in the copolymer crystallization,and mechanical enhancement in the stretching processes.Four features separately cover the thermodynamics and the kinetics of polymer crystallization,as well as the crystallinity and the mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers.The review ends up with how these features enhance specific functions of crystalline polymers,which demonstrates polymer crystallization as a challenging yet promising field in the future.
基金support from the SCI-TECH Academy of Zhejiang University。
文摘In 2020, the MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization in Zhejiang University had made progresses in several aspects. First, a series of metal-free organoboron catalysts had been designed and synthesized facilely, exhibiting outstanding reactivity, thermalstability and productivity in different kinds of polymerization and cycloaddition reactions. Second, a variety of chalcogen(O, S, Se)-rich polymers had been synthesized via organocatalysis and fabricated to be the ionic conductive and photoluminescent materials. Third, diverse microenvironment-sensitive nanoparticles had been designed,and novel strategies had been realized, to enhance the therapeutic efficacy in cancer as well as biofilmassociated infections. Fourth, m6 A modification on cellular transcriptome-wide messenger RNA had been successfully mapped at single base resolution using a metabolic labeling method. Fifth, a hydrogel-based robot had been developed, showing swift locomotion as a response to dynamic light stimulations. Sixth,the conformation-size scaling law and the conformation evolution map of 2 D macromolecules in solution had been elucidated experimentally, in the single-layer graphene oxide model. Seventh, semitransparent polymer solar cells, promising as building-integrated photovoltaics, have been developed with the fine balance among power conversion efficiency, visible light transparency and infrared photon radiation rejection. Finally, long-range ordered bulk-heterojunctions of organic semiconductors had been achieved,and their superior optoelectronic properties and potential application in photoelectric conversion had been revealed. The related work progresses are reviewed in this paper.
文摘Nephrolithiasis seems to be the result of crystal formation,aggregation and retention in the kidney during crystalluria.These processes have to occur within the short urinary transit time through the kidney being in the order of few minutes.Recently much work was done on rather qualitative aspects of nephrolithiasis like genetics,metabolism and morphology.In this review we try to provide some quantitative information on urinary supersaturation with respect to stone minerals,especially Ca oxalate(CaO x),on the formation and aggregation of Ca Ox crystals and on crystal retention in the kidney.The paper is centered on idiopathic Ca nephrolithiasis being the most frequent stone disease with only partially known pathogenesis.New aspects of the role of urinary macromolecules in stone formation and of the mechanism of crystal aggregation are provided.
基金the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada for funding this study
文摘Enrichment and immobilization of analytes by chemical bonding or physical adsorption is typically the first step in many commonly used analytical techniques. In this paper, we discuss a permeation drag based technique as an alternative approach for carrying out location-specific immobilization of macro- molecular analytes. Fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） labeled macromolecules and their complexes were enriched near the surface of ultrafiltration membranes and detected by direct visual observation and fluorescence imaging. The level of macromolecule enrichment at the immobilization sites could be controlled by manipulating the filtration rate and thereby the magnitude of permeation drag. Higher enrichment as indicated by higher fluorescence intensity was observed at higher filtration rates. Also, larger macromolecules were more easily enriched. The feasibility of using this technique for detecting immunocomplexes was demonstrated by carrying out experiments with FITC labeled bovine serum al- bumin （FITC-BSA） and its corresponding antibody. This permeation drag based enrichment technique could potentially be developed further to suit a range of analytical applications involving more sophis- ticated detection methods.
