近几年来,关于哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)在各种哺乳动物细胞中调节肌动蛋白微丝极化及肌球蛋白微丝网形成的研究一直在不断地取得新的进展。尽管到目前为止,包括mTORC2上游和下游在内的相关的调控路径还...近几年来,关于哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)在各种哺乳动物细胞中调节肌动蛋白微丝极化及肌球蛋白微丝网形成的研究一直在不断地取得新的进展。尽管到目前为止,包括mTORC2上游和下游在内的相关的调控路径还未明确,但是因为mTORC的生物学多样性,使其成为了当今生物学研究的焦点之一。基于长久以来特别是近五年对mTORC2的研究,在涉及细胞运动迁移、增殖分化、蛋白质合成、凋亡及自噬等生物学功能的研究中,一些重要的下游相关调控分子和蛋白相继被发现,比如P-Rex1/2、Rho家族GTPases、PKC、cAMP、p27Kip1等。该综述着重总结了mTORC2实现这些生物学功能所可能通过的四条路径。当然,仍然需要大量的实验数据和研究证据进一步地证实和完善这些已经发现的可能存在的路径。展开更多
Glioblastoma （GBM） is one of the most lethal human cancers. Genomic analyses define the molecular architecture of GBM and highlight a central function for mechanistic target of rapamycin （roTOR） signaling, roTOR k...Glioblastoma （GBM） is one of the most lethal human cancers. Genomic analyses define the molecular architecture of GBM and highlight a central function for mechanistic target of rapamycin （roTOR） signaling, roTOR kinase exists in two multi- protein complexes, namely, mTORC 1 and mTORC2. These complexes differ in terms of function, regulation and rapamycin sensitivity, mTORC 1 is well established as a cancer drug target, whereas the functions of mTORC2 in cancer, including GBM, remains poorly understood. This study reviews the recent findings that demonstrate a central function ofmTORC2 in regulating tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming, and targeted therapy resistance in GBM, which makes mTORCZ as a critical GBM drug target.展开更多
Background:Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,resistance to sorafenib...Background:Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,resistance to sorafenib is an urgent problem to be resolved to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib.As the activation of AKT/mTOR played a pivotal role in sorafenib resistance,we evaluated the effect of a dual mTOR complex 1/2 inhibitor Torin2 on overcoming the sorafenib resistance in HCC cells.Methods:The sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B cell lines were established from their parental cell lines.The synergistic effect of sorafenib and Torin2 on these cells was measured by cell viability assay and quantified using the Chou-Talalay method.Apoptosis induced by the combination of sorafenib and Torin2 and the alteration in the specific signaling pathways of interest were detected by Western blotting.Results:Sorafenib treatment inversely inhibited AKT in parental but activated AKT in sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B HCC cells,which underscores the significance of AKT activation.Torin2 and sorafenib synergistically suppressed the viability of sorafenib-resistant cells via apoptosis induction.Torin2 successfully suppressed the sorafenib-activated mTORC2-AKT axis,leading to the dephosphorylation of Ser136 in BAD protein,and increased the expression of total BAD,which contributed to the apoptosis in sorafenibresistant HCC cells.Conclusions:In this study,Torin2 and sorafenib showed synergistic cytostatic capacity in sorafenibresistant HCC cells,via the suppression of mTORC2-AKT-BAD pathway.Our results suggest a novel strategy of drug combination for overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC.展开更多
哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体(mammalian target of rapamycin complex,mTORC)是细胞生长、存活、代谢的重要调控中心,它对维持生命有机体的正常生理活动和内稳态的平衡有着重要作用。mTORC根据其蛋白组份可分为mTORC1和mTORC2。mTORC...哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体(mammalian target of rapamycin complex,mTORC)是细胞生长、存活、代谢的重要调控中心,它对维持生命有机体的正常生理活动和内稳态的平衡有着重要作用。mTORC根据其蛋白组份可分为mTORC1和mTORC2。mTORC2的主要组成蛋白有mTOR、Rictor、mLST8、Deptor、mSin1、Protor和Hsp70。mTORC2通过作用于Akt,PKCα和SGK1等来调控多项生命活动,如胚胎发育,细胞骨架重建,细胞迁移,蛋白质翻译和修饰等。mTOR信号通路异常已被证实与肿瘤相关,同时发现多种肿瘤发生与mTORC2及其异常调节信号通路相关。因此,对mTORC2组成、功能以及参与的信号通路的研究,可能为进一步研制其相关的靶向抑制药物乃至肿瘤治疗提供新思路。本综述将介绍mTORC2的组成结构、功能、参与的信号通路,及其在血液肿瘤中作用的研究进展。展开更多
文摘近几年来,关于哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)在各种哺乳动物细胞中调节肌动蛋白微丝极化及肌球蛋白微丝网形成的研究一直在不断地取得新的进展。尽管到目前为止,包括mTORC2上游和下游在内的相关的调控路径还未明确,但是因为mTORC的生物学多样性,使其成为了当今生物学研究的焦点之一。基于长久以来特别是近五年对mTORC2的研究,在涉及细胞运动迁移、增殖分化、蛋白质合成、凋亡及自噬等生物学功能的研究中,一些重要的下游相关调控分子和蛋白相继被发现,比如P-Rex1/2、Rho家族GTPases、PKC、cAMP、p27Kip1等。该综述着重总结了mTORC2实现这些生物学功能所可能通过的四条路径。当然,仍然需要大量的实验数据和研究证据进一步地证实和完善这些已经发现的可能存在的路径。
基金supported by grants from the National Institute for Neurological Diseases and Stroke(NS73831)the National Cancer Institute(CA151819)+1 种基金The Ben and Catherine Ivy Foundation,the Defeat GBM Research Collaborative,a subsidiary of National Brain Tumor Societyby the generous donations from the Ziering Family Foundation in memory of Sigi Ziering
文摘Glioblastoma （GBM） is one of the most lethal human cancers. Genomic analyses define the molecular architecture of GBM and highlight a central function for mechanistic target of rapamycin （roTOR） signaling, roTOR kinase exists in two multi- protein complexes, namely, mTORC 1 and mTORC2. These complexes differ in terms of function, regulation and rapamycin sensitivity, mTORC 1 is well established as a cancer drug target, whereas the functions of mTORC2 in cancer, including GBM, remains poorly understood. This study reviews the recent findings that demonstrate a central function ofmTORC2 in regulating tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming, and targeted therapy resistance in GBM, which makes mTORCZ as a critical GBM drug target.
基金a grant from Medical and Health Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(2019RC076).
文摘Background:Sorafenib is an oral multi-kinase inhibitor that was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).However,resistance to sorafenib is an urgent problem to be resolved to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib.As the activation of AKT/mTOR played a pivotal role in sorafenib resistance,we evaluated the effect of a dual mTOR complex 1/2 inhibitor Torin2 on overcoming the sorafenib resistance in HCC cells.Methods:The sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B cell lines were established from their parental cell lines.The synergistic effect of sorafenib and Torin2 on these cells was measured by cell viability assay and quantified using the Chou-Talalay method.Apoptosis induced by the combination of sorafenib and Torin2 and the alteration in the specific signaling pathways of interest were detected by Western blotting.Results:Sorafenib treatment inversely inhibited AKT in parental but activated AKT in sorafenib-resistant Huh7 and Hep3B HCC cells,which underscores the significance of AKT activation.Torin2 and sorafenib synergistically suppressed the viability of sorafenib-resistant cells via apoptosis induction.Torin2 successfully suppressed the sorafenib-activated mTORC2-AKT axis,leading to the dephosphorylation of Ser136 in BAD protein,and increased the expression of total BAD,which contributed to the apoptosis in sorafenibresistant HCC cells.Conclusions:In this study,Torin2 and sorafenib showed synergistic cytostatic capacity in sorafenibresistant HCC cells,via the suppression of mTORC2-AKT-BAD pathway.Our results suggest a novel strategy of drug combination for overcoming sorafenib resistance in HCC.
文摘哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体(mammalian target of rapamycin complex,mTORC)是细胞生长、存活、代谢的重要调控中心,它对维持生命有机体的正常生理活动和内稳态的平衡有着重要作用。mTORC根据其蛋白组份可分为mTORC1和mTORC2。mTORC2的主要组成蛋白有mTOR、Rictor、mLST8、Deptor、mSin1、Protor和Hsp70。mTORC2通过作用于Akt,PKCα和SGK1等来调控多项生命活动,如胚胎发育,细胞骨架重建,细胞迁移,蛋白质翻译和修饰等。mTOR信号通路异常已被证实与肿瘤相关,同时发现多种肿瘤发生与mTORC2及其异常调节信号通路相关。因此,对mTORC2组成、功能以及参与的信号通路的研究,可能为进一步研制其相关的靶向抑制药物乃至肿瘤治疗提供新思路。本综述将介绍mTORC2的组成结构、功能、参与的信号通路,及其在血液肿瘤中作用的研究进展。
