This study focused on improving the cathode performance of Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.15)O_(3-δ)(BSCN)-based perovskite materials through molybdenum(Mo)doping.Pure BSCN and Mo-modified-BSCN—Ea_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0...This study focused on improving the cathode performance of Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.15)O_(3-δ)(BSCN)-based perovskite materials through molybdenum(Mo)doping.Pure BSCN and Mo-modified-BSCN—Ea_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.1)Mo_(0.05)O_(3-δ)(B S CNM_(0.05)),Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.05)Mo_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BSCNM_(0.1)),and Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Mo_(0.15)O_(3-δ)(BSCM)—with Mo doping contents of 5mol%,10mol%,and15mol%,respectively,were successfully prepared using the sol-gel method.The effects of Mo doping on the crystal structure,conductivity,thermal expansion coefficient,oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity,and electrochemical performance were systematically evaluated using X-ray diffraction analysis,thermally induced characterization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and single-cell performance tests.The results revealed that Mo doping could improve the conductivity of the materials,suppress their thermal expansion effects,and significantly improve the electrochemical performance.Surface chemical state analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that 5mol%Mo doping could facilitate a high adsorbed oxygen concentration leading to enhanced ORR activity in the materials.Density functional theory calculations confirmed that Mo doping promoted the ORR activity in the materials.At an operating temperature of 600℃,the BSCNM_(0.05)cathode material exhibited significantly enhanced electrochemical impedance characteristics,with a reduced area specific resistance of 0.048Ω·cm~2,which was lower than that of the undoped BSCN matrix material by 32.39%.At the same operating temperature,an anode-supported single cell using a BSCNM_(0.05)cathode achieved a peak power density of 1477 mW·cm^(-2),which was 30.71%,56.30%,and 171.50%higher than those of BSCN,BSCNM_(0.1),and B SCM,respectively.The improved ORR activity and electrochemical performance of BSCNM_(0.05)indicate that it can be used as a cathode material in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.展开更多
In order to study the mechanical properties of damaged reinforced concrete(RC)beams reinforced with ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),a four-point bending test was conducted to systematically investigate the influ...In order to study the mechanical properties of damaged reinforced concrete(RC)beams reinforced with ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),a four-point bending test was conducted to systematically investigate the influence of factors such as the number of reinforcement surfaces and the degree of damage.The results indicate that single-sided repaired beams have certain advantages in crack resistance performance,but are more disadvantageous in ultimate bearing capacity,with obvious debonding phenomenon before the end of loading.Compared with single-sided reinforcement,the cracking load of the three-sided reinforced beam increased by an average of 1.85 times,the ultimate bearing capacity increased by an average of 177.5%,and a good UHPC-RC combination effect could be formed,which could work synergistically until the end of loading.The degree of pre damage has a significant impact on the crack resistance performance of reinforced beams,while its impact on the ultimate bearing capacity is relatively limited.When the pre splitting width of the RC beam increases from 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm,the ultimate bearing capacity decreases by 28.33%.展开更多
Al/NH_(4)CoF_(3)-Φ(Φ=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 3.0)binary composites and Al-NH_(4)CoF_(3)@P(VDF-HFP)ternary composites are fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted blending and electrostatic spraying.The effect of equivale...Al/NH_(4)CoF_(3)-Φ(Φ=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 3.0)binary composites and Al-NH_(4)CoF_(3)@P(VDF-HFP)ternary composites are fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted blending and electrostatic spraying.The effect of equivalence ratio(Φ)on the reaction properties is systematically investigated in the binary Al/NH_(4)CoF_(3)system.For ternary systems,electrostatic spraying allows both components to be efficiently encapsulated by P(VDF-HFP)and to achieve structural stabilization and enhanced reactivity through synergistic interfacial interactions.Morphological analysis using SEM/TEM revealed that P(VDF-HFP)formed a protective layer on Al and NH_(4)CoF_(3)particles,improving dispersion,hydrophobicity(water contact angle increased by 80.5%compared to physically mixed composites),and corrosion resistance.Thermal decomposition of NH_(4)CoF_(3)occurred at 265℃,releasing NH_(3)and HF,which triggered exothermic reactions with Al.The ternary composites exhibited a narrowed main reaction temperature range and concentrated heat release,attributed to improved interfacial contact and polymer decomposition.Combustion tests demonstrated that Al-NH_(4)CoF_(3)@P(VDF-HFP)achieved self-sustaining combustion.In addition,a simple validation was done by replacing the Al component in the aluminium-containing propellant,demonstrating its potential application in the propellant field.This work establishes a novel strategy for designing stable,high-energy composites with potential applications in advanced propulsion systems.展开更多
A micro turbo-expander capable of high working speed was specially manufactured for use in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC).A series of tests were executed to examine the performance of the machine.In the experiment,the...A micro turbo-expander capable of high working speed was specially manufactured for use in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC).A series of tests were executed to examine the performance of the machine.In the experiment,the machine was tested under different inlet pressure conditions (0.2-0.5 MPa).Data such as the compressed air pressure,temperatures of the inlet and the outlet,rotational speed,and electric power generation were analyzed to discover underlying relationships.During the test,the rotational speed of the machine reached as high as 54 000 r/min,the peak value of the temperature drop between the inlet and the outlet reached 42 ℃,the maximum electric power generated by the motor-generator attached to the machine reached 630 W,and the efficiency of the machine reached 0.43.展开更多
The rutting and low-temperature resistances of warm-mix recycled asphalt binders under the secondary aging condition were measured by the dynamic shear rheometer test and bending beam rheometer test.Effects of differe...The rutting and low-temperature resistances of warm-mix recycled asphalt binders under the secondary aging condition were measured by the dynamic shear rheometer test and bending beam rheometer test.Effects of different types of warm-mix asphalt(WMA)technologies and additives were evaluated.Aging and improvement mechanisms were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test.It is found that recycled binders after the secondary aging are more resistant to rutting and less resistant to low-temperature cracking.The two warm-mix asphalt technologies have opposite effects.Using the Sasobit WMA significantly improves the rutting resistance and reduces the low temperature resistance for the recycled binders due to its morphological change at different temperatures.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Sasobit additive increase by 4.6 to 5.6 times.However,using the Evotherm WMA causes the deterioration of the rutting resistance due to the structural lubrication effect.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Evotherm additive show the reduction of 52%to 62%.It is recommended to add the styrene butadiene rubber latex or crumb rubber powder into the warm-mix recycled asphalt binders to simultaneously improve the rutting and low-temperature cracking resistances.展开更多
In this work,n-pentane catalytic cracking over HZSM-5 zeolites was studied at 650°C under atmosphere pressure.A particular attention was paid to the measurement of n-pentane conversion,light olefins production,pr...In this work,n-pentane catalytic cracking over HZSM-5 zeolites was studied at 650°C under atmosphere pressure.A particular attention was paid to the measurement of n-pentane conversion,light olefins production,product distribution,coke deposit,etc.Several indexes were defined to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was found that decreasing the weight hourly space velocity,increasing the reactant partial pressure,and increasing the carrier gas flow rate could inhibit C-H bond breaking and enhance the C-C bond breaking and hydride transfer reactions,leading to reduced alkenes selectivity,which suppressed the formation of external coke and alleviated the deactivation of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was deduced that the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites was improved at the cost of alkenes selectivity.Compared with decreasing the weight hourly space velocity and increasing the reactant partial pressure,increasing the carrier gas flow rate could enhance the diffusion process and protect alkenes from being consumed in coke formation in order to improve the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites with less reduction of alkenes selectivity.展开更多
Among the alloying-type anodes,elemental Sb possesses the suitable yet safe plateau,simple lithiation pathway,small voltage polarization,high conductivity,and superior cycle stability.However,challenge is that its int...Among the alloying-type anodes,elemental Sb possesses the suitable yet safe plateau,simple lithiation pathway,small voltage polarization,high conductivity,and superior cycle stability.However,challenge is that its intrinsic capacity is rather low(660 mAh g^(-1)),<1/6 of silicon.Herein,we propose a seamless integration strategy by merging the voltage and capacity of phosphorus and antimony into a solid solution alloy.Interestingly,the enlistment of P is found greatly enlarge the capacity from 660 to 993 mAh g^(-1) for such Sb_(30)P_(30) solid solution,while maintaining a single and stable discharge plateau(~0.79 V)similar to elemental Sb.Various experimental characterizations including XPS,PDF,Raman,and EDS mapping reveal that in such a material the P and Sb atoms have interacted with each other to form a homogenous solid solution alloy,rather than a simple mixing of the two substances.Thus,the Sb_(30)P_(30) exhibits superior rate performances(807 mAh g^(-1) at 5000 mA g^(-1))and cyclability(821 mAh g^(-1) remained after 300 cycles).Furthermore,such Sb_(60-x)P_(x) alloys can even deliver 621 mAh g^(-1) at30℃,which can be served as the alternative anode materials for high-energy and low-temperature batteries.This unique seamless integration strategy based on solid solution chemistry can be easily leveraged to manipulate the capacity of other electrode materials at similar voltage.展开更多
The cracking performance of semi-flexible pavement(SFP) was investigated by using the semi-circular bending(SCB) test in this paper. Thirteen grouting slurries were prepared. The compressive strength of these material...The cracking performance of semi-flexible pavement(SFP) was investigated by using the semi-circular bending(SCB) test in this paper. Thirteen grouting slurries were prepared. The compressive strength of these materials ranges from 3 to 100 MPa. The relationship between the compressive strength of the grouting slurry and the cracking property of SFP was obtained at different loading rates and different temperatures. The peak load, fracture energy(E), flexible index(FI), and cracking resistance index(CRI) were calculated to determine the material performance. The results show that the compressive strength of the grout influences the cracking behavior. With a higher comprehensive strength grouting slurry, the FI value of SFP decreased initially and then increased slightly at 25 ℃ in 50 mm/min. The CRI value decreased at the same time. E values changed just according to the test temperature and loading rate. The damage paths of SFP are different. The damage path of the SFP sample appears as diffuse damage at 1 mm/min at 60 ℃ or clean damage at 50 mm/min at 25 ℃. These findings indicate that there is a correlation between the compressive strength of grouting slurry and SFP cracking behavior. The cracking form is influenced by loading rate and temperature.展开更多
The positive-and negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI)coupled with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)was employed to identify the chemical composition of heteroatomic compounds ...The positive-and negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI)coupled with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)was employed to identify the chemical composition of heteroatomic compounds in four distillates of Fushun shale oil,and their catalytic cracking performance was investigated.There are nine classes of basic nitrogen compounds(BNCs)and eleven classes of non-basic heteroatomic compounds(NBHCs)in the different distillates.The dominant BNCs are mainly basic N1 class species.The dominant NBHCs are mainly acidic O2 and O1 class species in the300-350℃,350-400℃,and 400-450℃distillates,while the neutral N1,N1 O1 and N2 compounds become relatively abundant in the>450℃fraction.The basic N1 compounds and acidic O1 and O2 compounds are separated into different distillates by the degree of alkylation(different carbon number)but not by aromaticity(different double-bond equivalent values).The basic N1 O1 and N2 class species and neutral N1 and N2 class species are separated into different distillates by the degrees of both alkylation and aromaticity.After the catalytic cracking of Fushun shale oil,the classes of BNCs in the liquid products remain unchanged,while the classes and relative abundances of NBHCs vary significantly.展开更多
Due to the low water-cement ratio of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),fluidity and shrinkage cracking are key aspects determining the performance and durability of this type of concrete.In this study,the effects ...Due to the low water-cement ratio of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),fluidity and shrinkage cracking are key aspects determining the performance and durability of this type of concrete.In this study,the effects of different types of cementitious materials,chemical shrinkage-reducing agents(SRA)and steel fiber(SF)were assessed.Compared with M2-UHPC and M3-UHPC,M1-UHPC was found to have better fluidity and shrinkage cracking performance.Moreover,different SRA incorporation methods,dosage and different SF types and aspect ratios were implemented.The incorporation of SRA and SF led to a decrease in the fluidity of UHPC.SRA internal content of 1%(NSRA-1%),SRA external content of 1%(WSRA-1%),STS-0.22 and STE-0.7 decreased the fluidity of UHPC by 3.3%,8.3%,9.2%and 25%,respectively.However,SRA and SF improved the UHPC shrinkage cracking performance.NSRA-1%and STE-0.7 reduced the shrinkage value of UHPC by 40%and 60%,respectively,and increased the crack resistance by 338%and 175%,respectively.In addition,the addition of SF was observed to make the microstructure of UHPC more compact,and the compressive strength and flexural strength of 28 d were increased by 26.9%and 19.9%,respectively.展开更多
CsPbX_(3)-based(X=I,Br,Cl)inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)prepared by low-temperature process have attracted much attention because of their low cost and excellent thermal stability.However,the high trap state d...CsPbX_(3)-based(X=I,Br,Cl)inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)prepared by low-temperature process have attracted much attention because of their low cost and excellent thermal stability.However,the high trap state density and serious charge recombination between low-temperature processed TiO_(2)film and inorganic perovskite layer interface seriously restrict the performance of all-inorganic PSCs.Here a thin polyethylene oxide(PEO)layer is employed to modify TiO_(2)film to passivate traps and promote carrier collection.The impacts of PEO layer on microstructure and photoelectric characteristics of TiO_(2)film and related devices are systematically studied.Characterization results suggest that PEO modification can reduce the surface roughness of TiO_(2)film,decrease its average surface potential,and passivate trap states.At optimal conditions,the champion efficiency of CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs with PEO-modified TiO_(2)(PEO-PSCs)has been improved to 11.24%from 9.03%of reference PSCs.Moreover,the hysteresis behavior and charge recombination have been suppressed in PEO-PSCs.展开更多
High-performance concrete （HPC） is stronger and more durable than conventional concrete. However, shrinkage and shrinkage cracking are common phenomena in HPC, especially early-age cracking. This study assessed earl...High-performance concrete （HPC） is stronger and more durable than conventional concrete. However, shrinkage and shrinkage cracking are common phenomena in HPC, especially early-age cracking. This study assessed early-age cracking of HPC for two mixtures using restrained ring tests. The two mixtures were produced with water/binder mass ratio （mw/mB） of 0.22 and 0.40, respectively. The results show that, with greater steel thickness, the higher degree of restraint resulted in a higher interface pressure and earlier cracking. With steel thickness of 6 mm, 19 mm, and 30 mm, the age of cracking were, respectively, 12 days, 8 days, and 5.4 days with the mw/mB = 0.22 mixture; and 22.5 days, 12.6 days, and 7.1 days with the mw/mB= 0.40 mixture. Cases of the same steel thickness show that the ring specimens with a thicker concrete wall crack later. With the mw/mB = 0.22 mixture, concrete walls with thicknesses of 37.5 mm, 75 mm, and 112.5 mm cracked at 3.4 days, 8.0 days, and 9.8 days, respectively; with the mw/mB = 0.40 mixture, the ages of cracking were 7.1 days, 12.6 days, and 16.0 days, respectively.展开更多
A series of CoMo/ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts with different contents of ZrO2 were prepared and characterized through XRD,XPS,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR,HR-TEM,and N2 adsorption-desorption technologies.The performance of the catalysts fo...A series of CoMo/ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts with different contents of ZrO2 were prepared and characterized through XRD,XPS,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR,HR-TEM,and N2 adsorption-desorption technologies.The performance of the catalysts for low-temperature coal tar(LTCT)hydrocracking reaction was investigated.The interaction between active metals and Al2O3 was weakened with the introduction of ZrO2,which increased the MoS2 content and the stack layer number of MoS2 slabs to further promote the catalytic performance.At the same time,the amount of acid sites increased with an increasing ZrO2 content.When the ZrO2 content reached 32%,the pore volume of the catalyst decreased significantly.This phenomenon reduced the content of MoS2 and the stack layer number of MoS2 slabs,which were not conducive to improving the catalytic performance.The catalyst containing 24%of ZrO2 exhibited the best catalytic performance for hydrocracking reaction,with the residue conversion and the total yield of gasoline and diesel fractions reaching 60.64%and 66.54%,respectively,which could fulfill the requirements for hydrocracking LTCT.展开更多
The available test methods for optimal moisture content of cold recycled mixture(CRM)as well as its bulk specific gravity,and theoretical maximum relative density were analyzed in this work.Some test improvements were...The available test methods for optimal moisture content of cold recycled mixture(CRM)as well as its bulk specific gravity,and theoretical maximum relative density were analyzed in this work.Some test improvements were suggested to improve test control of the CRM road performance based on the discovered flaws.Besides,the properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP),including the content of old asphalt,penetration index,passing rate of 4.75 mm sieve,and gradation change rate after extraction,were examined.The effects of RAP characteristics on splitting tensile strength,water stability,the high-and low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt CRM were studied.The results show that the optimum moisture content of CRM should be determined when the compaction work matches the specimen’s molding work.Among the analyzed methods of bulk specific gravity assessment,the dry-surface and CoreLok methods provide more robust and accurate results than the wax-sealing method,while the dry-surface method is the most cost-efficient.The modified theoretical maximum relative density test method is proposed,which can reduce the systematic error of the vacuum test method.The following RAP-CRM trends can be observed.The lower the content of old asphalt and the smaller the change rate of gradation,the smaller the voids and the better the water stability of CRM.The greater the penetration of old asphalt,the higher the fracture work and low-temperature splitting strength.The greater the penetration,the higher the passing rate of 4.75 mm sieve after extraction,and the worse the high-temperature performance of CRM.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aq...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.展开更多
Anti-crack performance of concrete with phosphorus slag and fly ash singly and compositely added is investigated in terms of physical performance, hydration heat, dry shrinkage and creep. Index K is introduced to eval...Anti-crack performance of concrete with phosphorus slag and fly ash singly and compositely added is investigated in terms of physical performance, hydration heat, dry shrinkage and creep. Index K is introduced to evaluate the crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete. Results show that the strength of phosphorus slag concrete increases with the increase of fineness, and when surface specific area is greater than 300 m^2/kg, the tendency slows down. Strength decreases with phosphorus slag content increasing and there is an optimal content existing between 30% and 50%. Both phosphorus slag and fly ash have obvious effect on elongating time setting, reducing hydration heat to a large extent and increasing creep value. Crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete is divided into three stages, namely early hazardous stage, growth stage and later mature stage. With microstructure analysis, mechanism of effect of phosphorus slag on concrete performances and P and F on cement hydration is explored. It is concluded after comprehensive evaluation that the crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete is approximate to, even to some extent better than that of fly ash concrete.展开更多
Energy Performance Contracting was introduced into China in the mid 1990s. Since western energy service companies came to China, their management pattern has undergone major changes. Why did such changes occur? Mainly...Energy Performance Contracting was introduced into China in the mid 1990s. Since western energy service companies came to China, their management pattern has undergone major changes. Why did such changes occur? Mainly because these companies encountered two difficulties in China: tax and financing.展开更多
Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are increasingly required to operate under harsh conditions,particularly at low-temperature condition.Developing novel electrolytes is a facile and effective approach to elevate the electroc...Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are increasingly required to operate under harsh conditions,particularly at low-temperature condition.Developing novel electrolytes is a facile and effective approach to elevate the electrochemical performances of LIBs at low temperature.Herein,a dual-salt electrolyte consisting of(lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(Li TFSI)and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(Li ODFB))is proposed to regulate the solvation structure of Li^(+) ions and improve the reaction kinetics under low temperature.Based on the comprehensive electrochemical tests and theoretical computations,the introduction of LiODFB component not only effectively benefits the formation of cathode electrolyte interface(CEI)layer on the surface of LiFePO_(4) electrode,but also inhibits the chemical corrosion effect of Li TFSIcontaining electrolytes on Al foil.As expected,the optimized Li||LiFePO_(4) cells can display high reversible capacity of 117.0 m Ah/g after 100 cycles at-20℃.This work provides both theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the rational design of low-temperature resistant electrolytes.展开更多
Lithium ion batteries are important for new energy technologies and manufacturing systems.However,enhancing their capacity and cycling stability poses a significant challenge.This study proposes a novel method,i.e.,mo...Lithium ion batteries are important for new energy technologies and manufacturing systems.However,enhancing their capacity and cycling stability poses a significant challenge.This study proposes a novel method,i.e.,modifying current collectors with perforations,to address these issues.Lithium ion batteries with mechanically perforated current collectors are prepared and tested with charge/discharge cycles,revealing superior capacity as well as enhanced electrochemical stability over cycles.Impedance spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and peeling tests are conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.Higher peel resistance,minimized interface cracking,and reduced electrical impedance are found in the perforated electrodes after cycles.Investigations indicate that the perforation holes on current collectors allow the active materials coating on the two sides of the current collector to bind together and,thus,lead to enhanced adhesion between the current collector and active layer.Mechanical simulation illustrates the role of perforated current collectors in curbing interface cracking during lithiation,while electrochemical simulation shows that the interfacial cracking hinders the diffusion of lithium ions,thereby increasing battery impedance and reducing the cyclic performance.This investigation reveals the potential of designing non-active battery components to enhance battery performance,advocating a nuanced approach to battery design emphasizing structural integrity and interface optimization.展开更多
Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are promising for grid-scale energy storage,but their practical application is hindered by limited cycling life and inferior low-temperature performance,primarily due to Zn dendrite g...Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are promising for grid-scale energy storage,but their practical application is hindered by limited cycling life and inferior low-temperature performance,primarily due to Zn dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interface.To address these challenges,we develop a new and cheap hydrated eutectic electrolyte(HEE)composed of ZnCl_(2),choline chloride(ChCl),and H_(2)O,which can fundamentally tune desirable interface chemistries for dendrite-free and low-temperature ZMBs.The optimized HEE with a solvation structure of ZnCl_(3)(ChCl)(H_(2)O)_(2) shows a high co nductivity of 15.98 mS cm^(-1)and excellent freeze resistance below-40℃.It has been found that hydrogen bonding between ChCl and H_(2)O effectively reduces water activity,while preferential adsorption of ChCl molecules at the inner Helmholtz plane promotes the formation of a protective solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)on Zn metal anodes,which greatly suppresses the dendrites and side reactions.Therefore,the HEE endows the as-fabricated Zn//Zn symmetric cells and Zn//polyaniline full batteries with superior electrochemical performance at-40℃,such as a long cycling life of 870 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2)and a high capacity of 75 mAh g^(-1)at 0.3 A g^(-1).The HEE reported here may pave a new way to construct high-performance ZMBs for specific low-temperature application scenarios.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22309067)the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,China(No.KL21-05)the Marine Equipment and Technology Institute,Jiangsu University of Science and Technology,China(No.XTCX202404)。
文摘This study focused on improving the cathode performance of Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.15)O_(3-δ)(BSCN)-based perovskite materials through molybdenum(Mo)doping.Pure BSCN and Mo-modified-BSCN—Ea_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.1)Mo_(0.05)O_(3-δ)(B S CNM_(0.05)),Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Nb_(0.05)Mo_(0.1)O_(3-δ)(BSCNM_(0.1)),and Ba_(0.6)Sr_(0.4)Co_(0.85)Mo_(0.15)O_(3-δ)(BSCM)—with Mo doping contents of 5mol%,10mol%,and15mol%,respectively,were successfully prepared using the sol-gel method.The effects of Mo doping on the crystal structure,conductivity,thermal expansion coefficient,oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)activity,and electrochemical performance were systematically evaluated using X-ray diffraction analysis,thermally induced characterization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and single-cell performance tests.The results revealed that Mo doping could improve the conductivity of the materials,suppress their thermal expansion effects,and significantly improve the electrochemical performance.Surface chemical state analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that 5mol%Mo doping could facilitate a high adsorbed oxygen concentration leading to enhanced ORR activity in the materials.Density functional theory calculations confirmed that Mo doping promoted the ORR activity in the materials.At an operating temperature of 600℃,the BSCNM_(0.05)cathode material exhibited significantly enhanced electrochemical impedance characteristics,with a reduced area specific resistance of 0.048Ω·cm~2,which was lower than that of the undoped BSCN matrix material by 32.39%.At the same operating temperature,an anode-supported single cell using a BSCNM_(0.05)cathode achieved a peak power density of 1477 mW·cm^(-2),which was 30.71%,56.30%,and 171.50%higher than those of BSCN,BSCNM_(0.1),and B SCM,respectively.The improved ORR activity and electrochemical performance of BSCNM_(0.05)indicate that it can be used as a cathode material in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
文摘In order to study the mechanical properties of damaged reinforced concrete(RC)beams reinforced with ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),a four-point bending test was conducted to systematically investigate the influence of factors such as the number of reinforcement surfaces and the degree of damage.The results indicate that single-sided repaired beams have certain advantages in crack resistance performance,but are more disadvantageous in ultimate bearing capacity,with obvious debonding phenomenon before the end of loading.Compared with single-sided reinforcement,the cracking load of the three-sided reinforced beam increased by an average of 1.85 times,the ultimate bearing capacity increased by an average of 177.5%,and a good UHPC-RC combination effect could be formed,which could work synergistically until the end of loading.The degree of pre damage has a significant impact on the crack resistance performance of reinforced beams,while its impact on the ultimate bearing capacity is relatively limited.When the pre splitting width of the RC beam increases from 0.2 mm to 0.4 mm,the ultimate bearing capacity decreases by 28.33%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51706105)。
文摘Al/NH_(4)CoF_(3)-Φ(Φ=0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,and 3.0)binary composites and Al-NH_(4)CoF_(3)@P(VDF-HFP)ternary composites are fabricated via ultrasonication-assisted blending and electrostatic spraying.The effect of equivalence ratio(Φ)on the reaction properties is systematically investigated in the binary Al/NH_(4)CoF_(3)system.For ternary systems,electrostatic spraying allows both components to be efficiently encapsulated by P(VDF-HFP)and to achieve structural stabilization and enhanced reactivity through synergistic interfacial interactions.Morphological analysis using SEM/TEM revealed that P(VDF-HFP)formed a protective layer on Al and NH_(4)CoF_(3)particles,improving dispersion,hydrophobicity(water contact angle increased by 80.5%compared to physically mixed composites),and corrosion resistance.Thermal decomposition of NH_(4)CoF_(3)occurred at 265℃,releasing NH_(3)and HF,which triggered exothermic reactions with Al.The ternary composites exhibited a narrowed main reaction temperature range and concentrated heat release,attributed to improved interfacial contact and polymer decomposition.Combustion tests demonstrated that Al-NH_(4)CoF_(3)@P(VDF-HFP)achieved self-sustaining combustion.In addition,a simple validation was done by replacing the Al component in the aluminium-containing propellant,demonstrating its potential application in the propellant field.This work establishes a novel strategy for designing stable,high-energy composites with potential applications in advanced propulsion systems.
基金Project (Nos.50974150 and 50708105) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A micro turbo-expander capable of high working speed was specially manufactured for use in an organic Rankine cycle (ORC).A series of tests were executed to examine the performance of the machine.In the experiment,the machine was tested under different inlet pressure conditions (0.2-0.5 MPa).Data such as the compressed air pressure,temperatures of the inlet and the outlet,rotational speed,and electric power generation were analyzed to discover underlying relationships.During the test,the rotational speed of the machine reached as high as 54 000 r/min,the peak value of the temperature drop between the inlet and the outlet reached 42 ℃,the maximum electric power generated by the motor-generator attached to the machine reached 630 W,and the efficiency of the machine reached 0.43.
基金The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20181404)Qing Lan Project(2016)the Training Plan Project for Young Core Teachers of Nanjing Forestry University(2017).
文摘The rutting and low-temperature resistances of warm-mix recycled asphalt binders under the secondary aging condition were measured by the dynamic shear rheometer test and bending beam rheometer test.Effects of different types of warm-mix asphalt(WMA)technologies and additives were evaluated.Aging and improvement mechanisms were investigated by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test.It is found that recycled binders after the secondary aging are more resistant to rutting and less resistant to low-temperature cracking.The two warm-mix asphalt technologies have opposite effects.Using the Sasobit WMA significantly improves the rutting resistance and reduces the low temperature resistance for the recycled binders due to its morphological change at different temperatures.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Sasobit additive increase by 4.6 to 5.6 times.However,using the Evotherm WMA causes the deterioration of the rutting resistance due to the structural lubrication effect.The rutting factor values of recycled asphalt binders with the Evotherm additive show the reduction of 52%to 62%.It is recommended to add the styrene butadiene rubber latex or crumb rubber powder into the warm-mix recycled asphalt binders to simultaneously improve the rutting and low-temperature cracking resistances.
基金The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.21908010)the Education Department of Jilin Province(Grant No.JJKH20191314KJ)the Changchun University of Technology.
文摘In this work,n-pentane catalytic cracking over HZSM-5 zeolites was studied at 650°C under atmosphere pressure.A particular attention was paid to the measurement of n-pentane conversion,light olefins production,product distribution,coke deposit,etc.Several indexes were defined to evaluate the effects of operating conditions on the catalytic performance of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was found that decreasing the weight hourly space velocity,increasing the reactant partial pressure,and increasing the carrier gas flow rate could inhibit C-H bond breaking and enhance the C-C bond breaking and hydride transfer reactions,leading to reduced alkenes selectivity,which suppressed the formation of external coke and alleviated the deactivation of HZSM-5 zeolites.It was deduced that the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites was improved at the cost of alkenes selectivity.Compared with decreasing the weight hourly space velocity and increasing the reactant partial pressure,increasing the carrier gas flow rate could enhance the diffusion process and protect alkenes from being consumed in coke formation in order to improve the catalytic stability of HZSM-5 zeolites with less reduction of alkenes selectivity.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52072138,21571073,51772115)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0206900)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2019CFA002)。
文摘Among the alloying-type anodes,elemental Sb possesses the suitable yet safe plateau,simple lithiation pathway,small voltage polarization,high conductivity,and superior cycle stability.However,challenge is that its intrinsic capacity is rather low(660 mAh g^(-1)),<1/6 of silicon.Herein,we propose a seamless integration strategy by merging the voltage and capacity of phosphorus and antimony into a solid solution alloy.Interestingly,the enlistment of P is found greatly enlarge the capacity from 660 to 993 mAh g^(-1) for such Sb_(30)P_(30) solid solution,while maintaining a single and stable discharge plateau(~0.79 V)similar to elemental Sb.Various experimental characterizations including XPS,PDF,Raman,and EDS mapping reveal that in such a material the P and Sb atoms have interacted with each other to form a homogenous solid solution alloy,rather than a simple mixing of the two substances.Thus,the Sb_(30)P_(30) exhibits superior rate performances(807 mAh g^(-1) at 5000 mA g^(-1))and cyclability(821 mAh g^(-1) remained after 300 cycles).Furthermore,such Sb_(60-x)P_(x) alloys can even deliver 621 mAh g^(-1) at30℃,which can be served as the alternative anode materials for high-energy and low-temperature batteries.This unique seamless integration strategy based on solid solution chemistry can be easily leveraged to manipulate the capacity of other electrode materials at similar voltage.
基金Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52078241)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210058)。
文摘The cracking performance of semi-flexible pavement(SFP) was investigated by using the semi-circular bending(SCB) test in this paper. Thirteen grouting slurries were prepared. The compressive strength of these materials ranges from 3 to 100 MPa. The relationship between the compressive strength of the grouting slurry and the cracking property of SFP was obtained at different loading rates and different temperatures. The peak load, fracture energy(E), flexible index(FI), and cracking resistance index(CRI) were calculated to determine the material performance. The results show that the compressive strength of the grout influences the cracking behavior. With a higher comprehensive strength grouting slurry, the FI value of SFP decreased initially and then increased slightly at 25 ℃ in 50 mm/min. The CRI value decreased at the same time. E values changed just according to the test temperature and loading rate. The damage paths of SFP are different. The damage path of the SFP sample appears as diffuse damage at 1 mm/min at 60 ℃ or clean damage at 50 mm/min at 25 ℃. These findings indicate that there is a correlation between the compressive strength of grouting slurry and SFP cracking behavior. The cracking form is influenced by loading rate and temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21776312)。
文摘The positive-and negative-ion electrospray ionization(ESI)coupled with Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)was employed to identify the chemical composition of heteroatomic compounds in four distillates of Fushun shale oil,and their catalytic cracking performance was investigated.There are nine classes of basic nitrogen compounds(BNCs)and eleven classes of non-basic heteroatomic compounds(NBHCs)in the different distillates.The dominant BNCs are mainly basic N1 class species.The dominant NBHCs are mainly acidic O2 and O1 class species in the300-350℃,350-400℃,and 400-450℃distillates,while the neutral N1,N1 O1 and N2 compounds become relatively abundant in the>450℃fraction.The basic N1 compounds and acidic O1 and O2 compounds are separated into different distillates by the degree of alkylation(different carbon number)but not by aromaticity(different double-bond equivalent values).The basic N1 O1 and N2 class species and neutral N1 and N2 class species are separated into different distillates by the degrees of both alkylation and aromaticity.After the catalytic cracking of Fushun shale oil,the classes of BNCs in the liquid products remain unchanged,while the classes and relative abundances of NBHCs vary significantly.
基金the Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2022BCA082 and 2022BCA077).
文摘Due to the low water-cement ratio of ultra-high-performance concrete(UHPC),fluidity and shrinkage cracking are key aspects determining the performance and durability of this type of concrete.In this study,the effects of different types of cementitious materials,chemical shrinkage-reducing agents(SRA)and steel fiber(SF)were assessed.Compared with M2-UHPC and M3-UHPC,M1-UHPC was found to have better fluidity and shrinkage cracking performance.Moreover,different SRA incorporation methods,dosage and different SF types and aspect ratios were implemented.The incorporation of SRA and SF led to a decrease in the fluidity of UHPC.SRA internal content of 1%(NSRA-1%),SRA external content of 1%(WSRA-1%),STS-0.22 and STE-0.7 decreased the fluidity of UHPC by 3.3%,8.3%,9.2%and 25%,respectively.However,SRA and SF improved the UHPC shrinkage cracking performance.NSRA-1%and STE-0.7 reduced the shrinkage value of UHPC by 40%and 60%,respectively,and increased the crack resistance by 338%and 175%,respectively.In addition,the addition of SF was observed to make the microstructure of UHPC more compact,and the compressive strength and flexural strength of 28 d were increased by 26.9%and 19.9%,respectively.
基金financially supported by the Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.303523)。
文摘CsPbX_(3)-based(X=I,Br,Cl)inorganic perovskite solar cells(PSCs)prepared by low-temperature process have attracted much attention because of their low cost and excellent thermal stability.However,the high trap state density and serious charge recombination between low-temperature processed TiO_(2)film and inorganic perovskite layer interface seriously restrict the performance of all-inorganic PSCs.Here a thin polyethylene oxide(PEO)layer is employed to modify TiO_(2)film to passivate traps and promote carrier collection.The impacts of PEO layer on microstructure and photoelectric characteristics of TiO_(2)film and related devices are systematically studied.Characterization results suggest that PEO modification can reduce the surface roughness of TiO_(2)film,decrease its average surface potential,and passivate trap states.At optimal conditions,the champion efficiency of CsPbI_(2)Br PSCs with PEO-modified TiO_(2)(PEO-PSCs)has been improved to 11.24%from 9.03%of reference PSCs.Moreover,the hysteresis behavior and charge recombination have been suppressed in PEO-PSCs.
文摘High-performance concrete （HPC） is stronger and more durable than conventional concrete. However, shrinkage and shrinkage cracking are common phenomena in HPC, especially early-age cracking. This study assessed early-age cracking of HPC for two mixtures using restrained ring tests. The two mixtures were produced with water/binder mass ratio （mw/mB） of 0.22 and 0.40, respectively. The results show that, with greater steel thickness, the higher degree of restraint resulted in a higher interface pressure and earlier cracking. With steel thickness of 6 mm, 19 mm, and 30 mm, the age of cracking were, respectively, 12 days, 8 days, and 5.4 days with the mw/mB = 0.22 mixture; and 22.5 days, 12.6 days, and 7.1 days with the mw/mB= 0.40 mixture. Cases of the same steel thickness show that the ring specimens with a thicker concrete wall crack later. With the mw/mB = 0.22 mixture, concrete walls with thicknesses of 37.5 mm, 75 mm, and 112.5 mm cracked at 3.4 days, 8.0 days, and 9.8 days, respectively; with the mw/mB = 0.40 mixture, the ages of cracking were 7.1 days, 12.6 days, and 16.0 days, respectively.
基金Financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(21968034)is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘A series of CoMo/ZrO2-Al2O3 catalysts with different contents of ZrO2 were prepared and characterized through XRD,XPS,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR,HR-TEM,and N2 adsorption-desorption technologies.The performance of the catalysts for low-temperature coal tar(LTCT)hydrocracking reaction was investigated.The interaction between active metals and Al2O3 was weakened with the introduction of ZrO2,which increased the MoS2 content and the stack layer number of MoS2 slabs to further promote the catalytic performance.At the same time,the amount of acid sites increased with an increasing ZrO2 content.When the ZrO2 content reached 32%,the pore volume of the catalyst decreased significantly.This phenomenon reduced the content of MoS2 and the stack layer number of MoS2 slabs,which were not conducive to improving the catalytic performance.The catalyst containing 24%of ZrO2 exhibited the best catalytic performance for hydrocracking reaction,with the residue conversion and the total yield of gasoline and diesel fractions reaching 60.64%and 66.54%,respectively,which could fulfill the requirements for hydrocracking LTCT.
文摘The available test methods for optimal moisture content of cold recycled mixture(CRM)as well as its bulk specific gravity,and theoretical maximum relative density were analyzed in this work.Some test improvements were suggested to improve test control of the CRM road performance based on the discovered flaws.Besides,the properties of reclaimed asphalt pavement(RAP),including the content of old asphalt,penetration index,passing rate of 4.75 mm sieve,and gradation change rate after extraction,were examined.The effects of RAP characteristics on splitting tensile strength,water stability,the high-and low-temperature performance of emulsified asphalt CRM were studied.The results show that the optimum moisture content of CRM should be determined when the compaction work matches the specimen’s molding work.Among the analyzed methods of bulk specific gravity assessment,the dry-surface and CoreLok methods provide more robust and accurate results than the wax-sealing method,while the dry-surface method is the most cost-efficient.The modified theoretical maximum relative density test method is proposed,which can reduce the systematic error of the vacuum test method.The following RAP-CRM trends can be observed.The lower the content of old asphalt and the smaller the change rate of gradation,the smaller the voids and the better the water stability of CRM.The greater the penetration of old asphalt,the higher the fracture work and low-temperature splitting strength.The greater the penetration,the higher the passing rate of 4.75 mm sieve after extraction,and the worse the high-temperature performance of CRM.
基金partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479022)Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007129)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)which are environmentally benign and cheap can be used for grid-scale energy storage,but have a short cycling life mainly due to the poor reversibility of zinc metal anodes in mild aqueous electrolytes.A zincophilic carbon(ZC)layer was deposited on a Zn metal foil at 450°C by the up-stream pyrolysis of a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular substance framework,as-sembled from melamine(ME)and cyanuric acid(CA).The zincophilic groups(C=O and C=N)in the ZC layer guide uniform zinc plating/stripping and eliminate dendrites and side reactions.so that assembled symmetrical batteries(ZC@Zn//ZC@Zn)have a long-term service life of 2500 h at 1 mA cm^(−2) and 1 mAh cm^(−2),which is much longer than that of bare Zn anodes(180 h).In addition,ZC@Zn//V2O5 full batteries have a higher capacity of 174 mAh g^(−1) after 1200 cycles at 2 A g^(−1) than a Zn//V_(2)O_(5) counterpart(100 mAh g^(−1)).The strategy developed for the low-temperat-ure deposition of the ZC layer is a new way to construct advanced zinc metal anodes for ZMBs.
基金Supported by the Guizhou Goupitan Hydro-Power Plant Project
文摘Anti-crack performance of concrete with phosphorus slag and fly ash singly and compositely added is investigated in terms of physical performance, hydration heat, dry shrinkage and creep. Index K is introduced to evaluate the crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete. Results show that the strength of phosphorus slag concrete increases with the increase of fineness, and when surface specific area is greater than 300 m^2/kg, the tendency slows down. Strength decreases with phosphorus slag content increasing and there is an optimal content existing between 30% and 50%. Both phosphorus slag and fly ash have obvious effect on elongating time setting, reducing hydration heat to a large extent and increasing creep value. Crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete is divided into three stages, namely early hazardous stage, growth stage and later mature stage. With microstructure analysis, mechanism of effect of phosphorus slag on concrete performances and P and F on cement hydration is explored. It is concluded after comprehensive evaluation that the crack resistance of phosphorus slag concrete is approximate to, even to some extent better than that of fly ash concrete.
文摘Energy Performance Contracting was introduced into China in the mid 1990s. Since western energy service companies came to China, their management pattern has undergone major changes. Why did such changes occur? Mainly because these companies encountered two difficulties in China: tax and financing.
基金the financial support from the S&T program of Hebei(Nos.215A4401D and 225A4404D)the Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology of Hainan University(No.XTCX2022HYC14)+3 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Hebei University(No.2021YWF11)the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(No.QN2024087)the Xingtai City Natural Science Foundation(No.2023ZZ027)partially supported by the Pico Election Microscopy Center of Hainan University。
文摘Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are increasingly required to operate under harsh conditions,particularly at low-temperature condition.Developing novel electrolytes is a facile and effective approach to elevate the electrochemical performances of LIBs at low temperature.Herein,a dual-salt electrolyte consisting of(lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide(Li TFSI)and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(Li ODFB))is proposed to regulate the solvation structure of Li^(+) ions and improve the reaction kinetics under low temperature.Based on the comprehensive electrochemical tests and theoretical computations,the introduction of LiODFB component not only effectively benefits the formation of cathode electrolyte interface(CEI)layer on the surface of LiFePO_(4) electrode,but also inhibits the chemical corrosion effect of Li TFSIcontaining electrolytes on Al foil.As expected,the optimized Li||LiFePO_(4) cells can display high reversible capacity of 117.0 m Ah/g after 100 cycles at-20℃.This work provides both theoretical basis and experimental guidance for the rational design of low-temperature resistant electrolytes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12172205,11872236,and 12072183.
文摘Lithium ion batteries are important for new energy technologies and manufacturing systems.However,enhancing their capacity and cycling stability poses a significant challenge.This study proposes a novel method,i.e.,modifying current collectors with perforations,to address these issues.Lithium ion batteries with mechanically perforated current collectors are prepared and tested with charge/discharge cycles,revealing superior capacity as well as enhanced electrochemical stability over cycles.Impedance spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy,and peeling tests are conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.Higher peel resistance,minimized interface cracking,and reduced electrical impedance are found in the perforated electrodes after cycles.Investigations indicate that the perforation holes on current collectors allow the active materials coating on the two sides of the current collector to bind together and,thus,lead to enhanced adhesion between the current collector and active layer.Mechanical simulation illustrates the role of perforated current collectors in curbing interface cracking during lithiation,while electrochemical simulation shows that the interfacial cracking hinders the diffusion of lithium ions,thereby increasing battery impedance and reducing the cyclic performance.This investigation reveals the potential of designing non-active battery components to enhance battery performance,advocating a nuanced approach to battery design emphasizing structural integrity and interface optimization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22479022,52174276)the Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Foundation(Youth Science Program Type A of Liaoning Province,2025JH6/101100007)+1 种基金the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC2007129)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N25QNR011)。
文摘Aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)are promising for grid-scale energy storage,but their practical application is hindered by limited cycling life and inferior low-temperature performance,primarily due to Zn dendrite growth and parasitic reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interface.To address these challenges,we develop a new and cheap hydrated eutectic electrolyte(HEE)composed of ZnCl_(2),choline chloride(ChCl),and H_(2)O,which can fundamentally tune desirable interface chemistries for dendrite-free and low-temperature ZMBs.The optimized HEE with a solvation structure of ZnCl_(3)(ChCl)(H_(2)O)_(2) shows a high co nductivity of 15.98 mS cm^(-1)and excellent freeze resistance below-40℃.It has been found that hydrogen bonding between ChCl and H_(2)O effectively reduces water activity,while preferential adsorption of ChCl molecules at the inner Helmholtz plane promotes the formation of a protective solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)on Zn metal anodes,which greatly suppresses the dendrites and side reactions.Therefore,the HEE endows the as-fabricated Zn//Zn symmetric cells and Zn//polyaniline full batteries with superior electrochemical performance at-40℃,such as a long cycling life of 870 h at 1 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2)and a high capacity of 75 mAh g^(-1)at 0.3 A g^(-1).The HEE reported here may pave a new way to construct high-performance ZMBs for specific low-temperature application scenarios.
