Recently,the China National Intellectual Property Administration released the"List of Enterprises Approved to Use the Geographical Indication Logo."The"Wujiang Silk"geographical indication logo has...Recently,the China National Intellectual Property Administration released the"List of Enterprises Approved to Use the Geographical Indication Logo."The"Wujiang Silk"geographical indication logo has been renewed and launched.This official approval serves to distinguish and celebrate the quality and cultural heritage of Shengze silk,and the use of this symbol is a testament to that distinction.Three enterprises from Shengze have been approved to use the logo:Saint Joy,Huajia Silk,and Xinmin Silk.展开更多
This study investigates the microstructure and co-precipitation behavior of multicomponent(Ni(Al,Mn)and Cu)nanoparticles in the weld heat-affected zones of high-strength low-carbon steel.Through thermal simulations,th...This study investigates the microstructure and co-precipitation behavior of multicomponent(Ni(Al,Mn)and Cu)nanoparticles in the weld heat-affected zones of high-strength low-carbon steel.Through thermal simulations,the intercritical,fine-grained,and coarsegrained heat-affected zones were systematically characterized to elucidate the interplay between the microstructure,precipitation,and mechanical properties.At a heat input of 30 kJ·cm^(−1),Ni(Al,Mn)nanoparticles dissolve in the intercritical heat-affected zone,followed by dense reprecipitation coupled with significant coarsening of Cu particles during cooling,thereby retaining high strength but reducing impact toughness to(142±10)J(compared to(205±8)J of the base metal).The fine-grained heat-affected zone,under the same heat input,exhibits a refined ferritic-bainite matrix with a few fine Ni(Al,Mn)and slightly coarsened Cu particles,thus enhancing plastic deformation capacity and resulting in superior impact toughness of(196±7)J.Despite complete dissolution of original precipitates at peak temperatures in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone,re-precipitated nanoparticles provide effective strengthening effect,compensating for grain coarsening and dislocation recovery and resulting in an impressive impact toughness of(186±6)J.The toughening mechanism is primarily attributed to the synergistic actions of the matrix,precipitates,and deformation twins.These findings provide mechanistic and quantitative insights for developing processing-microstructure-property relationships in different welding heat-affected zones,and this framework can be further utilized to optimize welding parameters for tailored applications.展开更多
Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governm...Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governments and forestry de-partments in the world. This paper analyzes the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in the world, including the interest in certification in exporting countries and importing countries, trade flow and business competition, and the demands for Certified Forest Products (CFPs) and also discusses the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in China.展开更多
Objective: To establish an evaluation index system for the first-time certification of diabetes specialist nurses in line with the clinical nursing practice in China, and to provide a reference basis for government ad...Objective: To establish an evaluation index system for the first-time certification of diabetes specialist nurses in line with the clinical nursing practice in China, and to provide a reference basis for government administrations and hospitals to formulate unified standards. Methods: After the research team has determined the theme, it will consult the development of A) specialist nursing through the library, Internet and electronic literature database;B) the history of the development of specialist nurses in diabetes and other fields;C) the selection criteria of specialist nurses;D) the training of specialist nurses system, assessment method;E) Specialist nurse certification body, evaluation standards and certification standards and other related documents, literature, books and report materials. The author established the preliminary index system through literature review, specialist interview and group discussion and used Delphi method to organize three rounds of 30 experts’ consultations. Results: A first certification evaluation index system including 8 fundamental indicators, 5 first-level indicators, 19 second-level indicators and 99 third-level indicators was constructed for diabetes nurses. Conclusion: The results of three rounds of expert consultation and demonstration are reliable, and the constructed index system is suitable for comprehensive evaluation of diabetes specialist nurses, which provides a basis for the effective management of nursing resources.展开更多
The development strategy of the certification technology on engine bird ingestion is proposed after reviewing the development history of engine bird ingestion certification in developed Western countries,and analyzing...The development strategy of the certification technology on engine bird ingestion is proposed after reviewing the development history of engine bird ingestion certification in developed Western countries,and analyzing technical characteristics during different developing periods.Moreover,the main issues of bird ingestion certification technology,development program and strategy for the turbofan engines industry are addressed in detail.Finally,the relevant technique development is investigated and the main objects of bird ingestion certification technology for the turbofan engines are summarized and concluded.展开更多
This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification aut...This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification authority functions through a threshold secret sharing mechanism, in which each node holds a secret share and multiple nodes jointly provide complete services. Certification authority is not limited in a local neighborhood but can be completed within multi-hop location. In addition, we replace broadcast by multicast to improve system performance and reduce communication overhead. This paper resolves some technical problems of ubiquitous certification authority services, and presents a wieldy multi-hop certification authority algorithm. Simulation results confirm the availability and effectiveness of our design.展开更多
Forest sustainability is the foundation of forestry and modern forest management. Originally the central concept was sustained-yield and maximum timber production and then multiple-use and other non-timber values gain...Forest sustainability is the foundation of forestry and modern forest management. Originally the central concept was sustained-yield and maximum timber production and then multiple-use and other non-timber values gained importance. After the Rio Conference and development of the Montréal Process in the early 1990’s, forest sustainability rapidly gained importance and various forest certification schemes developed to certify forest products that were grown using sustainable forest management. Forest sustainability and forest certification have become critical topics in forestry curricula. The American Tree Farm System is one of the important North American forest certification organizations. Modern forestry curricula often include a capstone course where forest management plans are developed. We describe a capstone course at Clemson University under development that uses the management standards and management plan template of the American Tree Farm System as a framework for students to develop actual forest management plans for local forest owners. The material is integrated into a series of four courses leading up to the capstone course. The course offered a hands-on approach for students to create management plans using actual certification standards and the system’s management plan template. In addition, students received specialized training to qualify as auditors for the certification system. This is an example of forest sustainability being integrated into the forestry curriculum.展开更多
Distributed certification via threshold cryptography is much more secu re than other ways to protect certification authority (CA) 's private key,and c an tolerate some intrusions. As the original system such as IT...Distributed certification via threshold cryptography is much more secu re than other ways to protect certification authority (CA) 's private key,and c an tolerate some intrusions. As the original system such as ITTC,etc.,is unsaf e ,inefficient and impracitcal in actual network environment,this paper brings u p a new distributed certification scheme,which although it generates key shares concentratively,it updates key shares distributedly,and so,avoids single-po in t failure like ITTC. It not only enhances robustness with Feldman verification and SSL protocol,but can also change the threshold (t,k) flexibly and robu stly,and so,is much more practical. In this work,the authors implement the prototype sy stem of the new scheme and test and analyze its performance.展开更多
On weekends,Ms.Ran,who works in the Internet industry,goes to the Beijing Country Fair to buy vegetables,fruits and yoghourt."Before when I bought fruits at the stalls along the streets,I always asked whether the...On weekends,Ms.Ran,who works in the Internet industry,goes to the Beijing Country Fair to buy vegetables,fruits and yoghourt."Before when I bought fruits at the stalls along the streets,I always asked whether the fruit is suitable for pregnant women,"said Ms.Ran.She tried to learn if the vendor would admit the fruits had much pesticide residue,展开更多
According to the investigation results of 70 green food enterprises in Sichuan Province,the strategic targets of enterprises implementing green food certification are discussed by borrowing ideas from the Balanced Sco...According to the investigation results of 70 green food enterprises in Sichuan Province,the strategic targets of enterprises implementing green food certification are discussed by borrowing ideas from the Balanced Score Card.Balanced Score Card index system is selected and improved according to the changes of enterprises before and after implementing the green food certification system.Then,the performance evaluation index system of enterprises implementing green food certification is established.This index system has five strategic directions of finance,customer,internal management,social ecology,and learning and growth,and has 11 strategic targets,such as increasing operating profit,expanding market,improving the quality of staff,improving the production technology level,enhancing the core competence of enterprises,ensuring food safety,improving the physical quality of human,and protecting ecological environment.According to the principles of guidance,scientificity,comparability,feasibility,and significance,a total of 24 evaluation indices are established,including the change of product cost,change of product sales revenue,change of profit rate,change of return on investment,change of internal and external lost cost,change of the proportion of certified products in total sales and so on.展开更多
Since the middle 1990s, ecotourism certification has been given more and more attention to around the world.As a developing country with abundant ecotourism products, it is necessary for China to adopt certification t...Since the middle 1990s, ecotourism certification has been given more and more attention to around the world.As a developing country with abundant ecotourism products, it is necessary for China to adopt certification to ensuresustainable development of ecotourism. But there are few products certificated until now in China. After reviewing thetrend of ecotourism certification in the world and summarizing its theory and method, this paper analyzes the progressand prospect of ecotourism certification in China, and concludes that certification in China is necessary and promising.展开更多
We explore the organizational, environmental, and economic effects of sustainable forest management （FM） certification by Smart- Wood （SW）, one of the certification bodies accredited by the Forest Stewardship Coun...We explore the organizational, environmental, and economic effects of sustainable forest management （FM） certification by Smart- Wood （SW）, one of the certification bodies accredited by the Forest Stewardship Council （FSC） to carry out certification in Japan. We closely investigated three enterprises： the Yusuhara Forest Owners＇ Cooperative, Yamanashi Prefectural Forest, and Ryujin-mura Forest Owners＇ Coopera- tive. Interviews with representatives of these entities provided crucial empirical information regarding the influence of certification on envi- ronmental assessment, rare-species protection, landscape-management planning, management objectives, and forest supervision. Attainment of FM status improved environmental awareness and engendered positive changes in assessing and managing forests and other natural resources but simultaneously imposed heavier economic costs.展开更多
The content validity of marketing performance measurement metrics in China is reported. Based on the respondents in the research, the statistic analysis of relative importance, and the frequencies of use of marketing ...The content validity of marketing performance measurement metrics in China is reported. Based on the respondents in the research, the statistic analysis of relative importance, and the frequencies of use of marketing metrics are given. It is shown that the marketing metrics are consistent with market orientation, sectors and the role of managers, that affect the way in measuring marketing performance. The investigation results provide certified basis for developing marketing performance assessment systems in Chinese enterprises.展开更多
Enterprises and their products require corresponding international qualification when they participate in international market competition after China joined WTO. At present, the number of certified welding fabricatio...Enterprises and their products require corresponding international qualification when they participate in international market competition after China joined WTO. At present, the number of certified welding fabrication companies is still small. However, more and more enterprises are getting to realize the importance, and we have already had the following basic conditions: welding personnel qualification according to the international guidelines and rules, welding standards equivalent to ISO and EN standards, as well as full successful experiences of company certification gained through cooperation between China and Germany. So with additional industries’ support and government’s attention, company certification according to international rules will provide qualification guarantee for welding fabrication companies to participate in international market competition.展开更多
A sustainable materials management for metals should be achieved to conserve resources of metal minerals.For the sustainable materials management,material flows through the whole life cycle of materials have been reco...A sustainable materials management for metals should be achieved to conserve resources of metal minerals.For the sustainable materials management,material flows through the whole life cycle of materials have been recognized by material flow analysis(MFA) studies.Former MFA studies pointed out that cyclic use of metals could be enhanced not only by increasing quantity of recovered scrap but also by upgrading quality of the scrap.In general,the quality is degraded by contaminants which commingle at disassembling processes.The mixture of contaminants depends on usage of materials in products.Here,Type I ecolabelling has a potential to convey messages for avoiding mixture of contaminants to the producers of finished products.In this study,on the basis of a survey on existing certification criteria related to metals in the world,a general concept of certification criteria on sustainable materials management for metals in Type I ecolabelling system is proposed.Finally,we propose six criteria in the form of certification criteria in Type I ecolabelling system.展开更多
A review of the literature suggests that errors in death certification are common. We reviewed the published literature to clarify what is known and what remains to be learned before evidence-based changes in medical ...A review of the literature suggests that errors in death certification are common. We reviewed the published literature to clarify what is known and what remains to be learned before evidence-based changes in medical education can be recommended. We searched the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database for articles that addressed death certificate accuracy and identified 159 articles of interest published from 1996 to 2010. Among these 159 articles, we found 83 that were relevant to our goals and objectives. Cause of death certification has been shown to be problematic and several interventions have been shown to improve its accuracy, especially if the intervention is interactive. However these studies have focused on short term gains rather than on long term retention and performance, leaving a significant data gap. We suggest a study design that could address this data gap.展开更多
Forest certification has become an important governance mechanism of improving forest management.The present situation of forest certification in Canada is introduced in this paper,and the measures for promoting fores...Forest certification has become an important governance mechanism of improving forest management.The present situation of forest certification in Canada is introduced in this paper,and the measures for promoting forest certification in Canada are analyzed.By referring to the experience of Canada,several recommendations are put forward for promotion of forest certification in China.展开更多
GIS certification has been a contentious issue amongst geo-technology professionals for years. Many arguments have been advanced for it, the chief one being that certification is the only way through which a true GIS ...GIS certification has been a contentious issue amongst geo-technology professionals for years. Many arguments have been advanced for it, the chief one being that certification is the only way through which a true GIS professional can be defined for the consumer public. There have been counter arguments, for example that certification will limit the widespread adoption of GIS technology, which is just a tool that anybody should be free to apply, or that it will only add another layer of regulation in a global political environment that favours increased de-regulation. The objective of this paper is to create greater awareness about GIS certification, which doesn’t exist yet in many countries, including some developed ones. Such increased awareness may encourage the standardization of GIS personnel qualifications, which could underpin a better, more dependable growth of the GIS industry, especially in the developing countries. Through analysis of key existing literature on the subject, plus the author’s own professional experiences, the paper explores the issues around GIS certification, looks at global trends on the issue and discusses the situation in the Kenyan GIS industry in respect of certification. The paper finds that there is a global move towards certification, and the relevant work of ISO has given the issue international attention. However, the paper also finds that the presence of a strong GIS professional association greatly assists in the development of a program for such certification, and that the lack of such an association makes it difficult to succeed.展开更多
Voluntary pre-farm certification schemes especially GlobalGAP are increasingly defining market access for smallholders in developing countries. Their strict demand for financial and technical competencies and concerns...Voluntary pre-farm certification schemes especially GlobalGAP are increasingly defining market access for smallholders in developing countries. Their strict demand for financial and technical competencies and concerns for producer welfare and environmental conservation imply that transition to certified production could spell smallholders’ exit or shift to alternative markets for no-compliance. But what factors motivate successful transition to certification and does alternative market access exist for the unsuccessful transition? Multinomial logit estimates reveal training and higher farm assets base as key indicators of successful certification and organized production. However, a large cultivated land resource favours certification but disfavours transition to organized production. The results point to sensitivity of certification schemes to expertise on technical information and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce and economies of scale in farming. The transition to organized production seems efficient if technical knowledge and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce are present. The results imply that farmer expertise, farm assets and land resource are critical barriers for farmers transiting to certification schemes. This calls for concerted mitigation if smallholders in developing countries are to benefit from the lucrative premium markets in Western Europe.展开更多
文摘Recently,the China National Intellectual Property Administration released the"List of Enterprises Approved to Use the Geographical Indication Logo."The"Wujiang Silk"geographical indication logo has been renewed and launched.This official approval serves to distinguish and celebrate the quality and cultural heritage of Shengze silk,and the use of this symbol is a testament to that distinction.Three enterprises from Shengze have been approved to use the logo:Saint Joy,Huajia Silk,and Xinmin Silk.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2330110)Youth Science Foundation Project(Category A)of Liaoning Province,China(No.2025JH6/101100006).
文摘This study investigates the microstructure and co-precipitation behavior of multicomponent(Ni(Al,Mn)and Cu)nanoparticles in the weld heat-affected zones of high-strength low-carbon steel.Through thermal simulations,the intercritical,fine-grained,and coarsegrained heat-affected zones were systematically characterized to elucidate the interplay between the microstructure,precipitation,and mechanical properties.At a heat input of 30 kJ·cm^(−1),Ni(Al,Mn)nanoparticles dissolve in the intercritical heat-affected zone,followed by dense reprecipitation coupled with significant coarsening of Cu particles during cooling,thereby retaining high strength but reducing impact toughness to(142±10)J(compared to(205±8)J of the base metal).The fine-grained heat-affected zone,under the same heat input,exhibits a refined ferritic-bainite matrix with a few fine Ni(Al,Mn)and slightly coarsened Cu particles,thus enhancing plastic deformation capacity and resulting in superior impact toughness of(196±7)J.Despite complete dissolution of original precipitates at peak temperatures in the coarse-grained heat-affected zone,re-precipitated nanoparticles provide effective strengthening effect,compensating for grain coarsening and dislocation recovery and resulting in an impressive impact toughness of(186±6)J.The toughening mechanism is primarily attributed to the synergistic actions of the matrix,precipitates,and deformation twins.These findings provide mechanistic and quantitative insights for developing processing-microstructure-property relationships in different welding heat-affected zones,and this framework can be further utilized to optimize welding parameters for tailored applications.
文摘Forest certification is considered to be complementary to forest management policies and takes a significant effect on forest product trade. In recent decade, it has been followed with interest and approved by governments and forestry de-partments in the world. This paper analyzes the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in the world, including the interest in certification in exporting countries and importing countries, trade flow and business competition, and the demands for Certified Forest Products (CFPs) and also discusses the influence of forest certification on forest product trade in China.
文摘Objective: To establish an evaluation index system for the first-time certification of diabetes specialist nurses in line with the clinical nursing practice in China, and to provide a reference basis for government administrations and hospitals to formulate unified standards. Methods: After the research team has determined the theme, it will consult the development of A) specialist nursing through the library, Internet and electronic literature database;B) the history of the development of specialist nurses in diabetes and other fields;C) the selection criteria of specialist nurses;D) the training of specialist nurses system, assessment method;E) Specialist nurse certification body, evaluation standards and certification standards and other related documents, literature, books and report materials. The author established the preliminary index system through literature review, specialist interview and group discussion and used Delphi method to organize three rounds of 30 experts’ consultations. Results: A first certification evaluation index system including 8 fundamental indicators, 5 first-level indicators, 19 second-level indicators and 99 third-level indicators was constructed for diabetes nurses. Conclusion: The results of three rounds of expert consultation and demonstration are reliable, and the constructed index system is suitable for comprehensive evaluation of diabetes specialist nurses, which provides a basis for the effective management of nursing resources.
文摘The development strategy of the certification technology on engine bird ingestion is proposed after reviewing the development history of engine bird ingestion certification in developed Western countries,and analyzing technical characteristics during different developing periods.Moreover,the main issues of bird ingestion certification technology,development program and strategy for the turbofan engines industry are addressed in detail.Finally,the relevant technique development is investigated and the main objects of bird ingestion certification technology for the turbofan engines are summarized and concluded.
文摘This paper theoretically analyzes a deficiency of the existing scheme, and proposes a distributed multi-hop certification authority scheme for mobile Ad Hoc networks. In our design, we distribute the certification authority functions through a threshold secret sharing mechanism, in which each node holds a secret share and multiple nodes jointly provide complete services. Certification authority is not limited in a local neighborhood but can be completed within multi-hop location. In addition, we replace broadcast by multicast to improve system performance and reduce communication overhead. This paper resolves some technical problems of ubiquitous certification authority services, and presents a wieldy multi-hop certification authority algorithm. Simulation results confirm the availability and effectiveness of our design.
文摘Forest sustainability is the foundation of forestry and modern forest management. Originally the central concept was sustained-yield and maximum timber production and then multiple-use and other non-timber values gained importance. After the Rio Conference and development of the Montréal Process in the early 1990’s, forest sustainability rapidly gained importance and various forest certification schemes developed to certify forest products that were grown using sustainable forest management. Forest sustainability and forest certification have become critical topics in forestry curricula. The American Tree Farm System is one of the important North American forest certification organizations. Modern forestry curricula often include a capstone course where forest management plans are developed. We describe a capstone course at Clemson University under development that uses the management standards and management plan template of the American Tree Farm System as a framework for students to develop actual forest management plans for local forest owners. The material is integrated into a series of four courses leading up to the capstone course. The course offered a hands-on approach for students to create management plans using actual certification standards and the system’s management plan template. In addition, students received specialized training to qualify as auditors for the certification system. This is an example of forest sustainability being integrated into the forestry curriculum.
文摘Distributed certification via threshold cryptography is much more secu re than other ways to protect certification authority (CA) 's private key,and c an tolerate some intrusions. As the original system such as ITTC,etc.,is unsaf e ,inefficient and impracitcal in actual network environment,this paper brings u p a new distributed certification scheme,which although it generates key shares concentratively,it updates key shares distributedly,and so,avoids single-po in t failure like ITTC. It not only enhances robustness with Feldman verification and SSL protocol,but can also change the threshold (t,k) flexibly and robu stly,and so,is much more practical. In this work,the authors implement the prototype sy stem of the new scheme and test and analyze its performance.
文摘On weekends,Ms.Ran,who works in the Internet industry,goes to the Beijing Country Fair to buy vegetables,fruits and yoghourt."Before when I bought fruits at the stalls along the streets,I always asked whether the fruit is suitable for pregnant women,"said Ms.Ran.She tried to learn if the vendor would admit the fruits had much pesticide residue,
基金Supported by the National Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation(09XJY024)
文摘According to the investigation results of 70 green food enterprises in Sichuan Province,the strategic targets of enterprises implementing green food certification are discussed by borrowing ideas from the Balanced Score Card.Balanced Score Card index system is selected and improved according to the changes of enterprises before and after implementing the green food certification system.Then,the performance evaluation index system of enterprises implementing green food certification is established.This index system has five strategic directions of finance,customer,internal management,social ecology,and learning and growth,and has 11 strategic targets,such as increasing operating profit,expanding market,improving the quality of staff,improving the production technology level,enhancing the core competence of enterprises,ensuring food safety,improving the physical quality of human,and protecting ecological environment.According to the principles of guidance,scientificity,comparability,feasibility,and significance,a total of 24 evaluation indices are established,including the change of product cost,change of product sales revenue,change of profit rate,change of return on investment,change of internal and external lost cost,change of the proportion of certified products in total sales and so on.
文摘Since the middle 1990s, ecotourism certification has been given more and more attention to around the world.As a developing country with abundant ecotourism products, it is necessary for China to adopt certification to ensuresustainable development of ecotourism. But there are few products certificated until now in China. After reviewing thetrend of ecotourism certification in the world and summarizing its theory and method, this paper analyzes the progressand prospect of ecotourism certification in China, and concludes that certification in China is necessary and promising.
文摘We explore the organizational, environmental, and economic effects of sustainable forest management （FM） certification by Smart- Wood （SW）, one of the certification bodies accredited by the Forest Stewardship Council （FSC） to carry out certification in Japan. We closely investigated three enterprises： the Yusuhara Forest Owners＇ Cooperative, Yamanashi Prefectural Forest, and Ryujin-mura Forest Owners＇ Coopera- tive. Interviews with representatives of these entities provided crucial empirical information regarding the influence of certification on envi- ronmental assessment, rare-species protection, landscape-management planning, management objectives, and forest supervision. Attainment of FM status improved environmental awareness and engendered positive changes in assessing and managing forests and other natural resources but simultaneously imposed heavier economic costs.
文摘The content validity of marketing performance measurement metrics in China is reported. Based on the respondents in the research, the statistic analysis of relative importance, and the frequencies of use of marketing metrics are given. It is shown that the marketing metrics are consistent with market orientation, sectors and the role of managers, that affect the way in measuring marketing performance. The investigation results provide certified basis for developing marketing performance assessment systems in Chinese enterprises.
文摘Enterprises and their products require corresponding international qualification when they participate in international market competition after China joined WTO. At present, the number of certified welding fabrication companies is still small. However, more and more enterprises are getting to realize the importance, and we have already had the following basic conditions: welding personnel qualification according to the international guidelines and rules, welding standards equivalent to ISO and EN standards, as well as full successful experiences of company certification gained through cooperation between China and Germany. So with additional industries’ support and government’s attention, company certification according to international rules will provide qualification guarantee for welding fabrication companies to participate in international market competition.
基金the Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A) KAKENHI 22686084
文摘A sustainable materials management for metals should be achieved to conserve resources of metal minerals.For the sustainable materials management,material flows through the whole life cycle of materials have been recognized by material flow analysis(MFA) studies.Former MFA studies pointed out that cyclic use of metals could be enhanced not only by increasing quantity of recovered scrap but also by upgrading quality of the scrap.In general,the quality is degraded by contaminants which commingle at disassembling processes.The mixture of contaminants depends on usage of materials in products.Here,Type I ecolabelling has a potential to convey messages for avoiding mixture of contaminants to the producers of finished products.In this study,on the basis of a survey on existing certification criteria related to metals in the world,a general concept of certification criteria on sustainable materials management for metals in Type I ecolabelling system is proposed.Finally,we propose six criteria in the form of certification criteria in Type I ecolabelling system.
文摘A review of the literature suggests that errors in death certification are common. We reviewed the published literature to clarify what is known and what remains to be learned before evidence-based changes in medical education can be recommended. We searched the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database for articles that addressed death certificate accuracy and identified 159 articles of interest published from 1996 to 2010. Among these 159 articles, we found 83 that were relevant to our goals and objectives. Cause of death certification has been shown to be problematic and several interventions have been shown to improve its accuracy, especially if the intervention is interactive. However these studies have focused on short term gains rather than on long term retention and performance, leaving a significant data gap. We suggest a study design that could address this data gap.
文摘Forest certification has become an important governance mechanism of improving forest management.The present situation of forest certification in Canada is introduced in this paper,and the measures for promoting forest certification in Canada are analyzed.By referring to the experience of Canada,several recommendations are put forward for promotion of forest certification in China.
文摘GIS certification has been a contentious issue amongst geo-technology professionals for years. Many arguments have been advanced for it, the chief one being that certification is the only way through which a true GIS professional can be defined for the consumer public. There have been counter arguments, for example that certification will limit the widespread adoption of GIS technology, which is just a tool that anybody should be free to apply, or that it will only add another layer of regulation in a global political environment that favours increased de-regulation. The objective of this paper is to create greater awareness about GIS certification, which doesn’t exist yet in many countries, including some developed ones. Such increased awareness may encourage the standardization of GIS personnel qualifications, which could underpin a better, more dependable growth of the GIS industry, especially in the developing countries. Through analysis of key existing literature on the subject, plus the author’s own professional experiences, the paper explores the issues around GIS certification, looks at global trends on the issue and discusses the situation in the Kenyan GIS industry in respect of certification. The paper finds that there is a global move towards certification, and the relevant work of ISO has given the issue international attention. However, the paper also finds that the presence of a strong GIS professional association greatly assists in the development of a program for such certification, and that the lack of such an association makes it difficult to succeed.
文摘Voluntary pre-farm certification schemes especially GlobalGAP are increasingly defining market access for smallholders in developing countries. Their strict demand for financial and technical competencies and concerns for producer welfare and environmental conservation imply that transition to certified production could spell smallholders’ exit or shift to alternative markets for no-compliance. But what factors motivate successful transition to certification and does alternative market access exist for the unsuccessful transition? Multinomial logit estimates reveal training and higher farm assets base as key indicators of successful certification and organized production. However, a large cultivated land resource favours certification but disfavours transition to organized production. The results point to sensitivity of certification schemes to expertise on technical information and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce and economies of scale in farming. The transition to organized production seems efficient if technical knowledge and assets that enhance cultivation of quality, reliable and hygienic produce are present. The results imply that farmer expertise, farm assets and land resource are critical barriers for farmers transiting to certification schemes. This calls for concerted mitigation if smallholders in developing countries are to benefit from the lucrative premium markets in Western Europe.
