Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for opti...Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.展开更多
Investigations into the long-term creep behavior of Beishan granite in uniaxial compression were conducted.Four levels of axial stress(60,70,87,and 95 MPa)were applied to rock specimens.Contrasting with earlier resear...Investigations into the long-term creep behavior of Beishan granite in uniaxial compression were conducted.Four levels of axial stress(60,70,87,and 95 MPa)were applied to rock specimens.Contrasting with earlier research,the long-term creep data in this work present a substantial advancement in the time dimension.Except for the sample subjected to 60 MPa axial loading,which did not fail after a loading duration of 1650 d,the specimens under the other three stresses all failed after sustained constant loading durations of 1204,1023,and 839 d,respectively.A lower envelope of driving stress-ratio for crystalline rocks was obtained,tending towards approximately 0.45 over an infinite time scale.According to the experimental results,as axial stress increases,both the axial strain accumulated in the transient creep process and the strain rate associated with steady-state creep deformation increase exponentially;however,the share of steady-state creep strain remains nearly constant at about82.53%.A novel damage-based creep model was put forward.It provides an enhanced depiction of the comprehensive creep process in rocks,notably improving the accuracy in forecasting the accelerated creep phase,which significantly impacts the long-term stability of engineering structures.展开更多
With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent ...With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent customer service,and medical diagnosis,is constructed based on complex technologies like machine learning and deep learning.Its uncertain behavior and data dependence pose unprecedented challenges to software testing.However,existing software testing courses mainly focus on conventional contents and are unable to meet the requirements of intelligent software testing.Therefore,this work deeply analyzed the relevant technologies of intelligent software testing,including reliability evaluation indicator system,neuron coverage,and test case generation.It also systematically designed an intelligent software testing course,covering teaching objectives,teaching content,teaching methods,and a teaching case.Verified by the practical teaching in four classes,this course has achieved remarkable results,providing practical experience for the reform of software testing courses.展开更多
While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest fre...While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.展开更多
Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our ...Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our members have been very active over the past 12 months and this has resulted in new technologies for the production of technical fibres and fabrics,the introduction of AI and machine learning into process control systems and significant advances in materials testing,”says BTMA CEO Jason Kent.“There’s real excitement about what can be achieved in 2026 as we look ahead to upcoming exhibitions such as JEC Composites in Paris in March and Techtextil in Frankfurt in April.”展开更多
Objective:To investigate the long-term prognosis and postoperative cosmetic outcomes of breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage breast cancer,providing a referen...Objective:To investigate the long-term prognosis and postoperative cosmetic outcomes of breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage breast cancer,providing a reference for the selection of clinical treatment plans.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 68 patients with early-stage breast cancer admitted from January 2022 to December 2025.Based on the surgical approach,patients were divided into an observation group(breast-conserving surgery+sentinel lymph node biopsy)and a control group(other surgical methods such as modified radical mastectomy/total mastectomy).Clinical and pathological characteristics,incidence of postoperative complications,follow-up prognosis,and satisfaction with cosmetic outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results:Among the 68 patients,41 were in the observation group and 27 in the control group.The average age of patients in the observation group was(54.32±8.15)years,while that in the control group was(62.45±9.76)years.The average tumor size in the observation group was(1.86±0.72)cm,compared to(3.21±1.45)cm in the control group.The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 9.76%,significantly lower than that in the control group at 33.33%(P<0.05).The 6-month disease-free survival rate was 95.12%in the observation group and 88.89%in the control group,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).The excellent and good rate of cosmetic outcomes in the observation group was 87.80%,significantly higher than that in the control group at 29.63%(P<0.05).Conclusion:Breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy for early-stage breast cancer can achieve long-term prognostic outcomes comparable to those of traditional radical surgery,with the advantages of fewer postoperative complications and superior cosmetic results.This approach is worthy of clinical promotion and application,particularly for early-stage breast cancer patients who have a demand for preserving breast morphology.展开更多
Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the c...Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the common prosperity strategy. The research identifies key obstacles to income expansion, including an undiversified industrial structure, insufficient human capital, and a lack of robust social protection. These call for systemic solutions featuring institutional innovation, resource consolidation, and capability enhancement. Building on Zhejiang's experience as a common prosperity demonstration zone, the article constructs an integrated framework centered on four pillars: industrial empowerment, education upgrading, social security reinforcement, and digital coordination. It further offers concrete policy proposals involving the cultivation of localized industries, vocational skill training, enhanced safety nets, and the adoption of digital tools. The study thus offers both theoretical insights and practical paradigms for tackling the challenge of raising incomes in low-income rural areas.展开更多
With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raisin...With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.展开更多
Cloud services,favored by many enterprises due to their high flexibility and easy operation,are widely used for data storage and processing.However,the high latency,together with transmission overheads of the cloud ar...Cloud services,favored by many enterprises due to their high flexibility and easy operation,are widely used for data storage and processing.However,the high latency,together with transmission overheads of the cloud architecture,makes it difficult to quickly respond to the demands of IoT applications and local computation.To make up for these deficiencies in the cloud,fog computing has emerged as a critical role in the IoT applications.It decentralizes the computing power to various lower nodes close to data sources,so as to achieve the goal of low latency and distributed processing.With the data being frequently exchanged and shared between multiple nodes,it becomes a challenge to authorize data securely and efficiently while protecting user privacy.To address this challenge,proxy re-encryption(PRE)schemes provide a feasible way allowing an intermediary proxy node to re-encrypt ciphertext designated for different authorized data requesters without compromising any plaintext information.Since the proxy is viewed as a semi-trusted party,it should be taken to prevent malicious behaviors and reduce the risk of data leakage when implementing PRE schemes.This paper proposes a new fog-assisted identity-based PRE scheme supporting anonymous key generation,equality test,and user revocation to fulfill various IoT application requirements.Specifically,in a traditional identity-based public key architecture,the key escrow problem and the necessity of a secure channel are major security concerns.We utilize an anonymous key generation technique to solve these problems.The equality test functionality further enables a cloud server to inspect whether two candidate trapdoors contain an identical keyword.In particular,the proposed scheme realizes fine-grained user-level authorization while maintaining strong key confidentiality.To revoke an invalid user identity,we add a revocation list to the system flows to restrict access privileges without increasing additional computation cost.To ensure security,it is shown that our system meets the security notion of IND-PrID-CCA and OW-ID-CCA under the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman(DBDH)assumption.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longit...AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longitudinal observational study,detailed medical histories of APAC patients and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at final followup were collected.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of blindness.Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors associated with visual outcomes.RESULTS:This study included 39 affected eyes of 31 subjects(26 females)with an average age of 74.1±8.0y.At 6.7±4.2y after APAC attack,2(5.7%)eyes had bestcorrected visual acuity(VA)worse than 3/60.Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was observed in 15(39.5%)affected eyes and 5(25.0%)fellow eyes.Nine affected eyes(23.7%)had GON,and 11(28.9%)were blind.Six(15.4%)affected eyes and 2(9.1%)fellow eyes had suspicious progression.A significantly higher blindness rate in factory workers compared to office workers.Logistic regression identified that worse VA at attack(OR 10.568,95%CI 1.288-86.695;P=0.028)and worse early postoperative VA(OR 13.214,95%CI 1.157-150.881;P=0.038)were risk factors for blindness.Multivariate regression showed that longer duration of elevated intraocular pressure(P=0.004)and worse early postoperative VA(P=0.009)were associated with worse visual outcomes.CONCLUSION:Despite LE surgery,some APAC patients experience continued visual function deterioration.Lifelong monitoring is necessary.Target pressure and progression rates should be re-evaluated during follow-up.展开更多
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a subtype of stroke that causes severe neurological damage and is associated with poor long-term prognosis.Cognitive impairment is a major manifestation of long-term neurological dysfunction...Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a subtype of stroke that causes severe neurological damage and is associated with poor long-term prognosis.Cognitive impairment is a major manifestation of long-term neurological dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.However,there is notable absence of biological markers to predict long-term prognosis in this patient population.Given the aging-like neurocognitive phenomena associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage,this study postulates that telomere length,a recognized biomarker for aging,could be used as a prognostic indicator for subarachnoid hemorrhage.A left internal carotid artery intravascular puncture mouse model was used to simulate subarachnoid hemorrhage.Comprehensive neurological test scores were obtained through neurobehavioral assessments conducted at one-month intervals.Concurrently,the relative telomere length was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction,which was performed using DNA extracted from ear notch and brain tissue after each assessment.Furthermore,proteomic analysis was employed to investigate differential protein expression in hippocampal tissue.Subarachnoid hemorrhage mice exhibited persistent neurocognitive impairment over a prolonged period of time.There was a significant positive correlation between telomere length and neurological test scores,confirming the usefulness of telomere length as a prognostic indicator in subarachnoid hemorrhage.Hippocampal tissue from subarachnoid hemorrhage mice showed reduced expression of acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase-2 and abnormalities in the expression of proteins related to ribosomes,energy metabolism,and cellular signal transduction.This study confirmed telomere shortening in the brain and metabolic disturbances in the hippocampi of subarachnoid hemorrhage mice.Thus,telomere length is a predictive marker for long-term impairment of cognitive function in mice following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.展开更多
Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen t...Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen tests are usually limited at the nanogram range,which is primarily due to the passive capillary fluidics through nitrocellulose membranes,often associated with non-specific bindings and high background noise.To overcome this challenge,we report a Beads-on-a-Tip design by replacing nitrocellulose membranes with a pipette tip loaded with magnetic beads.The beads are pre-conjugated with capture antibodies that support a typical sandwich immunoassay.This design enriches the low-abundant antigen proteins and allows an active washing process to significantly reduce non-specific bindings.To further improve the detection sensitivity,we employed upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)as luminescent reporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)antigen as a model analyte to benchmark the performance of this design against our previously reported methods.We found that the key to enhance the immunocomplex formation and signal-to-noise ratio lay in optimizing incubation time and the UCNP-to-bead ratio.We therefore successfully demonstrated that the new method can achieve a very large dynamic range from 500 fg/mL to 10μg/mL,across over 7 digits,and a limit of detection of 706 fg/mL,nearly another order of magnitude lower than the best reported LFIA using UCNPs in COVID-19 spike antigen detection.Our system offers a promising solution for ultra-sensitive and quantitative POCT diagnostics.展开更多
The authors consider the issue of hypothesis testing in varying-coefficient regression models with high-dimensional data.Utilizing kernel smoothing techniques,the authors propose a locally concerned U-statistic method...The authors consider the issue of hypothesis testing in varying-coefficient regression models with high-dimensional data.Utilizing kernel smoothing techniques,the authors propose a locally concerned U-statistic method to assess the overall significance of the coefficients.The authors establish that the proposed test is asymptotically normal under both the null hypothesis and local alternatives.Based on the locally concerned U-statistic,the authors further develop a globally concerned U-statistic to test whether the coefficient function is zero.A stochastic perturbation method is employed to approximate the distribution of the globally concerned test statistic.Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed test in finite samples.展开更多
To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a mult...To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a multivariate sequence-to-sequence prediction model integrating a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)encoder,a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)decoder,and a multi-head attention mechanism.This approach enhances prediction accuracy and robustness across different control modes and load spectra by leveraging multi-channel inputs and cross-variable feature interactions,thereby capturing both short-term high-frequency dynamics and long-term slow drift characteristics.Experiments using long-term data from real test benches demonstrate that the model achieves a stable MSE below 0.01 on the validation set,with MAE and RMSE of approximately 0.018 and 0.052,respectively,and a coefficient of determination reaching 0.98.This significantly outperforms traditional identification methods and single RNN models.Sensitivity analysis indicates that a prediction stride of 10 achieves an optimal balance between accuracy and computational overhead.Ablation experiments validated the contribution of multi-head attention and decoder architecture to enhancing cross-variable coupling modeling capabilities.This model can be applied to residualdriven early warning in health monitoring,and risk assessment with scheme optimization in test design.It enables near-real-time deployment feasibility,providing a practical data-driven technical pathway for reliability assurance in advanced equipment.展开更多
Patients affected by monogenic diseases impose a substantial burden on both themselves and their families.The primary preventive measure,i.e.,invasive prenatal diagnosis,carries a risk of miscarriage and cannot be per...Patients affected by monogenic diseases impose a substantial burden on both themselves and their families.The primary preventive measure,i.e.,invasive prenatal diagnosis,carries a risk of miscarriage and cannot be performed early in pregnancy.Hence,there is a need for non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)for monogenic diseases.By utilizing enriched cell-free fetal DNA(cffDNA)from maternal plasma,we refine the NIPT method,which combines targeted region capture technology,haplotyping,and analysis of informative site frequency.We apply this method to 93 clinical families at genetic risk for thalassemia,encompassing various genetic variant types,to establish a workflow and evaluate its efficiency.Our approach requires only 3 ng of DNA input to generate 0.1 Gb informative target genomic data and leverages a minimum of 3%cffDNA.This method has a 98.16%success rate and 100%concordance with conventional invasive methods.Furthermore,we demonstrate the ability to analyze fetal genotypes as early as eight weeks of gestation.This study establishes an optimized NIPT method for the early detection of various thalassemia disorders during pregnancy.This technique demonstrates high accuracy and potential for clinical application in prenatal diagnosis.展开更多
As deep learning(DL)models are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains(e.g.,healthcare),concerns over privacy and security have intensified.Conventional penetration testing frameworks,such asOWASP and NIST,are effe...As deep learning(DL)models are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains(e.g.,healthcare),concerns over privacy and security have intensified.Conventional penetration testing frameworks,such asOWASP and NIST,are effective for traditional networks and applications but lack the capabilities to address DL-specific threats,such asmodel inversion,membership inference,and adversarial attacks.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of penetration testing for the privacy of DL models,examining the shortfalls of existing frameworks,tools,and testing methodologies.Through systematic evaluation of existing literature and empirical analysis,we identify three major contributions:(i)a critical assessment of traditional penetration testing frameworks’inadequacies when applied to DL-specific privacy vulnerabilities,(ii)a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art privacy-preserving methods and their integration with penetration testing workflows,and(iii)the development of a structured framework that combines reconnaissance,threat modeling,exploitation,and post-exploitation phases specifically tailored for DL privacy assessment.Moreover,this review evaluates popular solutions such as IBMAdversarial Robustness Toolbox and TensorFlowPrivacy,alongside privacy-preserving techniques(e.g.,Differential Privacy,Homomorphic Encryption,and Federated Learning),which we systematically analyze through comparative studies of their effectiveness,computational overhead,and practical deployment constraints.While these techniques offer promising safeguards,their adoption is hindered by accuracy loss,performance overheads,and the rapid evolution of attack strategies.Our findings reveal that no single existing solution provides comprehensive protection,which leads us to propose a hybrid approach that strategically combines multiple privacy-preserving mechanisms.The findings of this survey underscore an urgent need for automated,regulationcompliant penetration testing frameworks specifically tailored to DL systems.We argue for hybrid privacy solutions that combinemultiple protectivemechanisms to ensure bothmodel accuracy and privacy.Building on our analysis,we present actionable recommendations for developing adaptive penetration testing strategies that incorporate automated vulnerability assessment,continuous monitoring,and regulatory compliance verification.展开更多
Smartphone-based electrocardiograms(ECGs)are increasingly utilized for monitoring atrial fibrillation(AF)recurrence after catheter ablation(CA),referred to as smartphone AF burden(SMURDEN).The SMURDEN data often exhib...Smartphone-based electrocardiograms(ECGs)are increasingly utilized for monitoring atrial fibrillation(AF)recurrence after catheter ablation(CA),referred to as smartphone AF burden(SMURDEN).The SMURDEN data often exhibit complex patterns of zero AF episodes,which may arise from either true AF-free status(structural zeros)or missed AF episodes due to intermittent monitoring(random zeros).Such a mixture of AF-free and at-risk patients can lead to zero-inflation in the data.The authors propose a novel zero-inflation test for binomial regression models to identify recurrence-free AF populations.Unlike traditional approaches requiring fully specified zero-inflated models,the proposed test utilizes a weighted average of the discrepancies between observed and expected zero proportions,with weights determined by binomial sizes.A closed-form test statistic is developed,and its asymptotic distribution is derived using estimating equations.Simulations demonstrate superior performance over existing methods,and real-world AF monitoring data validate the practical utility of our proposed test.展开更多
The dynamic characteristics of the track system can directly affect its service performance and failure process.To explore the load characteristics and dynamic response of the track system under the dynamic loads from...The dynamic characteristics of the track system can directly affect its service performance and failure process.To explore the load characteristics and dynamic response of the track system under the dynamic loads from the rack vehicle in traction conditions,a systematic test of the track subsystem was carried out on a large-slope test line.In the test,the bending stress of the rack teeth,the wheel-rail forces,and the acceleration of crucial components in the track system were measured.Subsequently,a detailed analysis was conducted on the tested signals of the rack railway track system in the time domain and the time-frequency domains.The test results indicate that the traction force significantly affects the rack tooth bending stress and the wheel-rail forces.The vibrations of the track system under the traction conditions are mainly caused by the impacts generated from the gear-rack engagement,which are then transferred to the sleepers,the rails,and the ballast beds.Furthermore,both the maximum stress on the racks and the wheel-rail forces measured on the rails remain below their allowable values.This experimental study evaluates the load characteristics and reveals the vibration characteristics of the rack railway track system under the vehicle’s ultimate load,which is very important for the load-strengthening design of the key components such as racks and the vibration and noise reduction of the track system.展开更多
Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse...Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.展开更多
Abstract To investigate the use of the three-point bending method and supplement the corresponding strength data of compacted snow for transportation-related applications in cold regions,compacted snow beams with an a...Abstract To investigate the use of the three-point bending method and supplement the corresponding strength data of compacted snow for transportation-related applications in cold regions,compacted snow beams with an average density of 592 kg·m−3 were fabricated and tested at three distinct flexural strain rates.Each strain rate corresponded to the ductile,transitional,and brittle behavior of compacted snow,respectively.The flexural strength,ranging from 0.518 to 0.933 MPa,peaks at the ductile-to-brittle transition,while the flexural modulus,varying between 48.97 and 287.72 MPa,increases with strain rate within the tested range.At the same strain rate corresponding to brittle failure,both mechanical properties of compacted snow exhibit higher values than those of natural snow tested by the authors.Notably,the flexural strain rate at the ductile-to-brittle transition for compacted snow identified in this study is comparable to those previously reported for natural snow under uniaxial tension.Additionally,the obtained strength data are thoroughly compared with existing literature,with detailed discussions provided.The loading rates associated with typical failure modes of compacted snow under bending,together with the obtained strength values,provide methodological guidance and reference data for future in situ testing of compacted snow structures.展开更多
文摘Test case prioritization and ranking play a crucial role in software testing by improving fault detection efficiency and ensuring software reliability.While prioritization selects the most relevant test cases for optimal coverage,ranking further refines their execution order to detect critical faults earlier.This study investigates machine learning techniques to enhance both prioritization and ranking,contributing to more effective and efficient testing processes.We first employ advanced feature engineering alongside ensemble models,including Gradient Boosted,Support Vector Machines,Random Forests,and Naive Bayes classifiers to optimize test case prioritization,achieving an accuracy score of 0.98847 and significantly improving the Average Percentage of Fault Detection(APFD).Subsequently,we introduce a deep Q-learning framework combined with a Genetic Algorithm(GA)to refine test case ranking within priority levels.This approach achieves a rank accuracy of 0.9172,demonstrating robust performance despite the increasing computational demands of specialized variation operators.Our findings highlight the effectiveness of stacked ensemble learning and reinforcement learning in optimizing test case prioritization and ranking.This integrated approach improves testing efficiency,reduces late-stage defects,and improves overall software stability.The study provides valuable information for AI-driven testing frameworks,paving the way for more intelligent and adaptive software quality assurance methodologies.
基金financially supported by the China Atomic Energy Authority(CAEA)through the Geological Disposal Programthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42307258)the China National Nuclear Corporation Fundamental Research Project(No.CNNC-JCYJ-202307)。
文摘Investigations into the long-term creep behavior of Beishan granite in uniaxial compression were conducted.Four levels of axial stress(60,70,87,and 95 MPa)were applied to rock specimens.Contrasting with earlier research,the long-term creep data in this work present a substantial advancement in the time dimension.Except for the sample subjected to 60 MPa axial loading,which did not fail after a loading duration of 1650 d,the specimens under the other three stresses all failed after sustained constant loading durations of 1204,1023,and 839 d,respectively.A lower envelope of driving stress-ratio for crystalline rocks was obtained,tending towards approximately 0.45 over an infinite time scale.According to the experimental results,as axial stress increases,both the axial strain accumulated in the transient creep process and the strain rate associated with steady-state creep deformation increase exponentially;however,the share of steady-state creep strain remains nearly constant at about82.53%.A novel damage-based creep model was put forward.It provides an enhanced depiction of the comprehensive creep process in rocks,notably improving the accuracy in forecasting the accelerated creep phase,which significantly impacts the long-term stability of engineering structures.
基金Computer Basic Education Teaching Research Project of Association of Fundamental Computing Education in Chinese Universities(Nos.2025-AFCEC-527 and 2024-AFCEC-088)Research on the Reform of Public Course Teaching at Nantong College of Science and Technology(No.2024JGG015).
文摘With the rapid development of artificial intelligence,the intelligence level of software is increasingly improving.Intelligent software,which is widely applied in crucial fields such as autonomous driving,intelligent customer service,and medical diagnosis,is constructed based on complex technologies like machine learning and deep learning.Its uncertain behavior and data dependence pose unprecedented challenges to software testing.However,existing software testing courses mainly focus on conventional contents and are unable to meet the requirements of intelligent software testing.Therefore,this work deeply analyzed the relevant technologies of intelligent software testing,including reliability evaluation indicator system,neuron coverage,and test case generation.It also systematically designed an intelligent software testing course,covering teaching objectives,teaching content,teaching methods,and a teaching case.Verified by the practical teaching in four classes,this course has achieved remarkable results,providing practical experience for the reform of software testing courses.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.43277051)the Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education(No.B230203006).
文摘While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.
文摘Members of the British Textile Machinery Association(BTMA)can look back on 2025 as a year marked by notable technological advances and continued progress in global trade,despite an uncertain and volatile market.“Our members have been very active over the past 12 months and this has resulted in new technologies for the production of technical fibres and fabrics,the introduction of AI and machine learning into process control systems and significant advances in materials testing,”says BTMA CEO Jason Kent.“There’s real excitement about what can be achieved in 2026 as we look ahead to upcoming exhibitions such as JEC Composites in Paris in March and Techtextil in Frankfurt in April.”
文摘Objective:To investigate the long-term prognosis and postoperative cosmetic outcomes of breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with early-stage breast cancer,providing a reference for the selection of clinical treatment plans.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 68 patients with early-stage breast cancer admitted from January 2022 to December 2025.Based on the surgical approach,patients were divided into an observation group(breast-conserving surgery+sentinel lymph node biopsy)and a control group(other surgical methods such as modified radical mastectomy/total mastectomy).Clinical and pathological characteristics,incidence of postoperative complications,follow-up prognosis,and satisfaction with cosmetic outcomes were compared between the two groups.Results:Among the 68 patients,41 were in the observation group and 27 in the control group.The average age of patients in the observation group was(54.32±8.15)years,while that in the control group was(62.45±9.76)years.The average tumor size in the observation group was(1.86±0.72)cm,compared to(3.21±1.45)cm in the control group.The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was 9.76%,significantly lower than that in the control group at 33.33%(P<0.05).The 6-month disease-free survival rate was 95.12%in the observation group and 88.89%in the control group,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).The excellent and good rate of cosmetic outcomes in the observation group was 87.80%,significantly higher than that in the control group at 29.63%(P<0.05).Conclusion:Breast-conserving surgery combined with sentinel lymph node biopsy for early-stage breast cancer can achieve long-term prognostic outcomes comparable to those of traditional radical surgery,with the advantages of fewer postoperative complications and superior cosmetic results.This approach is worthy of clinical promotion and application,particularly for early-stage breast cancer patients who have a demand for preserving breast morphology.
文摘Taking the rural low-income population of Zhejiang Province as its subject, this paper examines how to build a sustainable income-growth mechanism and identify feasible implementation paths within the context of the common prosperity strategy. The research identifies key obstacles to income expansion, including an undiversified industrial structure, insufficient human capital, and a lack of robust social protection. These call for systemic solutions featuring institutional innovation, resource consolidation, and capability enhancement. Building on Zhejiang's experience as a common prosperity demonstration zone, the article constructs an integrated framework centered on four pillars: industrial empowerment, education upgrading, social security reinforcement, and digital coordination. It further offers concrete policy proposals involving the cultivation of localized industries, vocational skill training, enhanced safety nets, and the adoption of digital tools. The study thus offers both theoretical insights and practical paradigms for tackling the challenge of raising incomes in low-income rural areas.
基金supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Security,Ministry of Education of China(KLCS20240211)。
文摘With the rapid development of Internet technology,REST APIs(Representational State Transfer Application Programming Interfaces)have become the primary communication standard in modern microservice architectures,raising increasing concerns about their security.Existing fuzz testing methods include random or dictionary-based input generation,which often fail to ensure both syntactic and semantic correctness,and OpenAPIbased approaches,which offer better accuracy but typically lack detailed descriptions of endpoints,parameters,or data formats.To address these issues,this paper proposes the APIDocX fuzz testing framework.It introduces a crawler tailored for dynamic web pages that automatically simulates user interactions to trigger APIs,capturing and extracting parameter information from communication packets.A multi-endpoint parameter adaptation method based on improved Jaccard similarity is then used to generalize these parameters to other potential API endpoints,filling in gaps in OpenAPI specifications.Experimental results demonstrate that the extracted parameters can be generalized with 79.61%accuracy.Fuzz testing using the enriched OpenAPI documents leads to improvements in test coverage,the number of valid test cases generated,and fault detection capabilities.This approach offers an effective enhancement to automated REST API security testing.
基金supported in part by the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan under the contract numbers NSTC 114-2221-E-019-055-MY2 and NSTC 114-2221-E-019-069.
文摘Cloud services,favored by many enterprises due to their high flexibility and easy operation,are widely used for data storage and processing.However,the high latency,together with transmission overheads of the cloud architecture,makes it difficult to quickly respond to the demands of IoT applications and local computation.To make up for these deficiencies in the cloud,fog computing has emerged as a critical role in the IoT applications.It decentralizes the computing power to various lower nodes close to data sources,so as to achieve the goal of low latency and distributed processing.With the data being frequently exchanged and shared between multiple nodes,it becomes a challenge to authorize data securely and efficiently while protecting user privacy.To address this challenge,proxy re-encryption(PRE)schemes provide a feasible way allowing an intermediary proxy node to re-encrypt ciphertext designated for different authorized data requesters without compromising any plaintext information.Since the proxy is viewed as a semi-trusted party,it should be taken to prevent malicious behaviors and reduce the risk of data leakage when implementing PRE schemes.This paper proposes a new fog-assisted identity-based PRE scheme supporting anonymous key generation,equality test,and user revocation to fulfill various IoT application requirements.Specifically,in a traditional identity-based public key architecture,the key escrow problem and the necessity of a secure channel are major security concerns.We utilize an anonymous key generation technique to solve these problems.The equality test functionality further enables a cloud server to inspect whether two candidate trapdoors contain an identical keyword.In particular,the proposed scheme realizes fine-grained user-level authorization while maintaining strong key confidentiality.To revoke an invalid user identity,we add a revocation list to the system flows to restrict access privileges without increasing additional computation cost.To ensure security,it is shown that our system meets the security notion of IND-PrID-CCA and OW-ID-CCA under the Decisional Bilinear Diffie-Hellman(DBDH)assumption.
文摘AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longitudinal observational study,detailed medical histories of APAC patients and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at final followup were collected.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of blindness.Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors associated with visual outcomes.RESULTS:This study included 39 affected eyes of 31 subjects(26 females)with an average age of 74.1±8.0y.At 6.7±4.2y after APAC attack,2(5.7%)eyes had bestcorrected visual acuity(VA)worse than 3/60.Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was observed in 15(39.5%)affected eyes and 5(25.0%)fellow eyes.Nine affected eyes(23.7%)had GON,and 11(28.9%)were blind.Six(15.4%)affected eyes and 2(9.1%)fellow eyes had suspicious progression.A significantly higher blindness rate in factory workers compared to office workers.Logistic regression identified that worse VA at attack(OR 10.568,95%CI 1.288-86.695;P=0.028)and worse early postoperative VA(OR 13.214,95%CI 1.157-150.881;P=0.038)were risk factors for blindness.Multivariate regression showed that longer duration of elevated intraocular pressure(P=0.004)and worse early postoperative VA(P=0.009)were associated with worse visual outcomes.CONCLUSION:Despite LE surgery,some APAC patients experience continued visual function deterioration.Lifelong monitoring is necessary.Target pressure and progression rates should be re-evaluated during follow-up.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81901336(to JM).
文摘Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a subtype of stroke that causes severe neurological damage and is associated with poor long-term prognosis.Cognitive impairment is a major manifestation of long-term neurological dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.However,there is notable absence of biological markers to predict long-term prognosis in this patient population.Given the aging-like neurocognitive phenomena associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage,this study postulates that telomere length,a recognized biomarker for aging,could be used as a prognostic indicator for subarachnoid hemorrhage.A left internal carotid artery intravascular puncture mouse model was used to simulate subarachnoid hemorrhage.Comprehensive neurological test scores were obtained through neurobehavioral assessments conducted at one-month intervals.Concurrently,the relative telomere length was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction,which was performed using DNA extracted from ear notch and brain tissue after each assessment.Furthermore,proteomic analysis was employed to investigate differential protein expression in hippocampal tissue.Subarachnoid hemorrhage mice exhibited persistent neurocognitive impairment over a prolonged period of time.There was a significant positive correlation between telomere length and neurological test scores,confirming the usefulness of telomere length as a prognostic indicator in subarachnoid hemorrhage.Hippocampal tissue from subarachnoid hemorrhage mice showed reduced expression of acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase-2 and abnormalities in the expression of proteins related to ribosomes,energy metabolism,and cellular signal transduction.This study confirmed telomere shortening in the brain and metabolic disturbances in the hippocampi of subarachnoid hemorrhage mice.Thus,telomere length is a predictive marker for long-term impairment of cognitive function in mice following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
基金financially supported by ARC Linkage project(LP210200642)ARC Center of Excellence for Quantum Biotechnology(grant no.CE230100021)+1 种基金National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Fellowship—(grant no.APP2017499)Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Deep Tissue Imaging Phase 2(grant no.DT12-0000000182).
文摘Lateral flow immunoassays(LFIAs)are low-cost,rapid,and easy to use for pointof-care testing(POCT),but the majority of the available LFIA tests are indicative,rather than quantitative,and their sensitivity in antigen tests are usually limited at the nanogram range,which is primarily due to the passive capillary fluidics through nitrocellulose membranes,often associated with non-specific bindings and high background noise.To overcome this challenge,we report a Beads-on-a-Tip design by replacing nitrocellulose membranes with a pipette tip loaded with magnetic beads.The beads are pre-conjugated with capture antibodies that support a typical sandwich immunoassay.This design enriches the low-abundant antigen proteins and allows an active washing process to significantly reduce non-specific bindings.To further improve the detection sensitivity,we employed upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)as luminescent reporters and SARS-CoV-2 spike(S)antigen as a model analyte to benchmark the performance of this design against our previously reported methods.We found that the key to enhance the immunocomplex formation and signal-to-noise ratio lay in optimizing incubation time and the UCNP-to-bead ratio.We therefore successfully demonstrated that the new method can achieve a very large dynamic range from 500 fg/mL to 10μg/mL,across over 7 digits,and a limit of detection of 706 fg/mL,nearly another order of magnitude lower than the best reported LFIA using UCNPs in COVID-19 spike antigen detection.Our system offers a promising solution for ultra-sensitive and quantitative POCT diagnostics.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No.23&ZD126National Science Foundation of China under Grant No.12471256+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province under Grant No.202203021221219Scientific and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi under Grant No.2023L164。
文摘The authors consider the issue of hypothesis testing in varying-coefficient regression models with high-dimensional data.Utilizing kernel smoothing techniques,the authors propose a locally concerned U-statistic method to assess the overall significance of the coefficients.The authors establish that the proposed test is asymptotically normal under both the null hypothesis and local alternatives.Based on the locally concerned U-statistic,the authors further develop a globally concerned U-statistic to test whether the coefficient function is zero.A stochastic perturbation method is employed to approximate the distribution of the globally concerned test statistic.Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the validity of the proposed test in finite samples.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC),Grant number 5247052693.
文摘To address the insufficient prediction accuracy of multi-state parameters in electro-hydraulic servo material fatigue testing machines under complex loading and nonlinear coupling conditions,this paper proposes a multivariate sequence-to-sequence prediction model integrating a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)encoder,a Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU)decoder,and a multi-head attention mechanism.This approach enhances prediction accuracy and robustness across different control modes and load spectra by leveraging multi-channel inputs and cross-variable feature interactions,thereby capturing both short-term high-frequency dynamics and long-term slow drift characteristics.Experiments using long-term data from real test benches demonstrate that the model achieves a stable MSE below 0.01 on the validation set,with MAE and RMSE of approximately 0.018 and 0.052,respectively,and a coefficient of determination reaching 0.98.This significantly outperforms traditional identification methods and single RNN models.Sensitivity analysis indicates that a prediction stride of 10 achieves an optimal balance between accuracy and computational overhead.Ablation experiments validated the contribution of multi-head attention and decoder architecture to enhancing cross-variable coupling modeling capabilities.This model can be applied to residualdriven early warning in health monitoring,and risk assessment with scheme optimization in test design.It enables near-real-time deployment feasibility,providing a practical data-driven technical pathway for reliability assurance in advanced equipment.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2024YFA1802300)the Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(ZDKJ2021037)+4 种基金the Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20677)Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund(ZDYF2020117,ZDY2024SHFZ143)Hainan Province Science and TechnologyProject(LCXY202102,LCYX202203,LCYX202301,LCYx202502)Innovative research project for postgraduate students in Hainan Medical University(HYYB2021A05)the Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center,and the specific research fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202310).
文摘Patients affected by monogenic diseases impose a substantial burden on both themselves and their families.The primary preventive measure,i.e.,invasive prenatal diagnosis,carries a risk of miscarriage and cannot be performed early in pregnancy.Hence,there is a need for non-invasive prenatal testing(NIPT)for monogenic diseases.By utilizing enriched cell-free fetal DNA(cffDNA)from maternal plasma,we refine the NIPT method,which combines targeted region capture technology,haplotyping,and analysis of informative site frequency.We apply this method to 93 clinical families at genetic risk for thalassemia,encompassing various genetic variant types,to establish a workflow and evaluate its efficiency.Our approach requires only 3 ng of DNA input to generate 0.1 Gb informative target genomic data and leverages a minimum of 3%cffDNA.This method has a 98.16%success rate and 100%concordance with conventional invasive methods.Furthermore,we demonstrate the ability to analyze fetal genotypes as early as eight weeks of gestation.This study establishes an optimized NIPT method for the early detection of various thalassemia disorders during pregnancy.This technique demonstrates high accuracy and potential for clinical application in prenatal diagnosis.
基金supported in part by the Tianjin Natural Science Foundation Project(24JCZDJC01000)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.3122025091).
文摘As deep learning(DL)models are increasingly deployed in sensitive domains(e.g.,healthcare),concerns over privacy and security have intensified.Conventional penetration testing frameworks,such asOWASP and NIST,are effective for traditional networks and applications but lack the capabilities to address DL-specific threats,such asmodel inversion,membership inference,and adversarial attacks.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of penetration testing for the privacy of DL models,examining the shortfalls of existing frameworks,tools,and testing methodologies.Through systematic evaluation of existing literature and empirical analysis,we identify three major contributions:(i)a critical assessment of traditional penetration testing frameworks’inadequacies when applied to DL-specific privacy vulnerabilities,(ii)a comprehensive evaluation of state-of-the-art privacy-preserving methods and their integration with penetration testing workflows,and(iii)the development of a structured framework that combines reconnaissance,threat modeling,exploitation,and post-exploitation phases specifically tailored for DL privacy assessment.Moreover,this review evaluates popular solutions such as IBMAdversarial Robustness Toolbox and TensorFlowPrivacy,alongside privacy-preserving techniques(e.g.,Differential Privacy,Homomorphic Encryption,and Federated Learning),which we systematically analyze through comparative studies of their effectiveness,computational overhead,and practical deployment constraints.While these techniques offer promising safeguards,their adoption is hindered by accuracy loss,performance overheads,and the rapid evolution of attack strategies.Our findings reveal that no single existing solution provides comprehensive protection,which leads us to propose a hybrid approach that strategically combines multiple privacy-preserving mechanisms.The findings of this survey underscore an urgent need for automated,regulationcompliant penetration testing frameworks specifically tailored to DL systems.We argue for hybrid privacy solutions that combinemultiple protectivemechanisms to ensure bothmodel accuracy and privacy.Building on our analysis,we present actionable recommendations for developing adaptive penetration testing strategies that incorporate automated vulnerability assessment,continuous monitoring,and regulatory compliance verification.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in UIBE under Grant No.CXTD14-05。
文摘Smartphone-based electrocardiograms(ECGs)are increasingly utilized for monitoring atrial fibrillation(AF)recurrence after catheter ablation(CA),referred to as smartphone AF burden(SMURDEN).The SMURDEN data often exhibit complex patterns of zero AF episodes,which may arise from either true AF-free status(structural zeros)or missed AF episodes due to intermittent monitoring(random zeros).Such a mixture of AF-free and at-risk patients can lead to zero-inflation in the data.The authors propose a novel zero-inflation test for binomial regression models to identify recurrence-free AF populations.Unlike traditional approaches requiring fully specified zero-inflated models,the proposed test utilizes a weighted average of the discrepancies between observed and expected zero proportions,with weights determined by binomial sizes.A closed-form test statistic is developed,and its asymptotic distribution is derived using estimating equations.Simulations demonstrate superior performance over existing methods,and real-world AF monitoring data validate the practical utility of our proposed test.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52388102)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFTD0011)the Fundamental Research Funds for the State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System of Southwest Jiaotong University(No.2023TPL-T11).
文摘The dynamic characteristics of the track system can directly affect its service performance and failure process.To explore the load characteristics and dynamic response of the track system under the dynamic loads from the rack vehicle in traction conditions,a systematic test of the track subsystem was carried out on a large-slope test line.In the test,the bending stress of the rack teeth,the wheel-rail forces,and the acceleration of crucial components in the track system were measured.Subsequently,a detailed analysis was conducted on the tested signals of the rack railway track system in the time domain and the time-frequency domains.The test results indicate that the traction force significantly affects the rack tooth bending stress and the wheel-rail forces.The vibrations of the track system under the traction conditions are mainly caused by the impacts generated from the gear-rack engagement,which are then transferred to the sleepers,the rails,and the ballast beds.Furthermore,both the maximum stress on the racks and the wheel-rail forces measured on the rails remain below their allowable values.This experimental study evaluates the load characteristics and reveals the vibration characteristics of the rack railway track system under the vehicle’s ultimate load,which is very important for the load-strengthening design of the key components such as racks and the vibration and noise reduction of the track system.
基金financially supported by the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Project of China (2021FY100501)the Youth Innovation of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Y2023QC16)。
文摘Long-term manure application has the potential to alleviate soil acidification, and increase carbon sequestration and nutrient availability, thus improving cropland fertility. However, the mechanisms behind greenhouse gas N_(2)O emissions from acidic soil mediated by long-term manure application remain poorly understood. Herein, we investigated N_(2)O emission and its linkage with gross N mineralization and nitrification rates, as well as nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in an acidic upland soil subjected to 36-year fertilization treatments, including an unfertilized control(CK), inorganic fertilizer(F), 2× rate of inorganic fertilizer(2F), manure(M), and the combination of inorganic fertilizer and manure(FM) treatments. Compared to the CK treatment(1.34 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)), fertilization strongly increased N_(2)O emissions by 34-fold on average, with more pronounced increases in the manure-amendment(10.6-169 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)) than those in the inorganic fertilizer treatments(3.26-5.51 μg N kg^(-1) d^(-1)). The manure amendment-stimulated N_(2)O emissions were highly associated with increased soil pH, mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, substrate availability(e.g., particulate organic carbon, NO_(3)^(-)and available phosphorus), gross N mineralization rates, denitrifier abundances and the(nirK+nirS)/nosZ ratio. These findings suggest that the increased N_(2)O emissions primarily resulted from alleviated acidification, increased substrate availability and improved soil structure, thus enhancing microbial N mineralization and favoring N_(2)O^(-)producing denitrifiers over N_(2)O consumers. Moreover, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB) rather than ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA) positively correlated with soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration and N_(2)O emissions, indicating that nitrification indirectly contributed to N_(2)O production by supplying NO_(3)^(-)for denitrification. Collectively, manure amendment potentially stimulates N_(2)O emissions, primarily resulting from alleviated soil acidification and increased substrate availability, thus enhancing N mineralization and denitrifier-mediated N_(2)O production. Our findings suggest that consideration should be given to the greenhouse gas budgets of agricultural ecosystems when applying manure for managing the pH and fertility of acidic soils.
基金financial support from the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(Grant no.24DZ3100504)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant no.2022YFC2807102).
文摘Abstract To investigate the use of the three-point bending method and supplement the corresponding strength data of compacted snow for transportation-related applications in cold regions,compacted snow beams with an average density of 592 kg·m−3 were fabricated and tested at three distinct flexural strain rates.Each strain rate corresponded to the ductile,transitional,and brittle behavior of compacted snow,respectively.The flexural strength,ranging from 0.518 to 0.933 MPa,peaks at the ductile-to-brittle transition,while the flexural modulus,varying between 48.97 and 287.72 MPa,increases with strain rate within the tested range.At the same strain rate corresponding to brittle failure,both mechanical properties of compacted snow exhibit higher values than those of natural snow tested by the authors.Notably,the flexural strain rate at the ductile-to-brittle transition for compacted snow identified in this study is comparable to those previously reported for natural snow under uniaxial tension.Additionally,the obtained strength data are thoroughly compared with existing literature,with detailed discussions provided.The loading rates associated with typical failure modes of compacted snow under bending,together with the obtained strength values,provide methodological guidance and reference data for future in situ testing of compacted snow structures.
