To ensure the reliability of learned information,most insects require multiple intervals of experience before storing the information as long-term memory(LTM),and this requirement has been validated in insects from th...To ensure the reliability of learned information,most insects require multiple intervals of experience before storing the information as long-term memory(LTM),and this requirement has been validated in insects from the behavioral to the molecular level.Recent studies have shown that some insects can form LTM after one-trial experience,although the mechanisms underlying one-trial LTM formation are not well understood.Therefore,understanding the mechanisms underlying rapid learning and subsequent preference formation in insects is crucial.Here we show that the agricultural pest Bactrocera dorsalis can rapidly form LTM,which is dependent on protein synthesis,and that the formation of LTM requires high energy support at the cost of reduced survival.Furthermore,based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)metabolomics approach,we found that LTM-related processes are sequentially coupled to two processes for energy generation,the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.This was further confirmed by blocking these energy generation processes.Our results provide a theoretical basis for the development of behavioral modulators in oriental fruit flies that target energy generation metabolites,as well as a new perspective on the rapid formation of LTM in insects.展开更多
Background:Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Resveratrol is a promising compound for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases,including AD.Aims:...Background:Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Resveratrol is a promising compound for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases,including AD.Aims:To investigate mitochondrial damage and the effects of resveratrol on inflammation,cognitive function,and mitochondrial quality control in APP/PS1 mice.Methods:Comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)damage was conducted between 10-month-old APP/PS1 mice and age-matched C57BL/6 mice.Assessments included measurement of amyloid-βlevels,inflammatory markers,swimming distance in the Morris water maze,and gut microbiome composition.Resveratrol’s effects on cytokine expression,mtDNA levels in plasma,and activation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Antioxidant response element(Nrf2/ARE)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(also known as Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(PI3K/Akt/mTORC1)signaling pathways were also evaluated.Results:APP/PS1 mice exhibited significantly increased mtDNA damage in the prefrontal cortex,midbrain,and cerebellum,alongside higher amyloid-βlevels and inflammatory markers.Resveratrol treatment led to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,a decrease in Proteobacteria levels,and lower cell-free mtDNA in plasma.Partial improvement in long-term spatial memory was observed in APP/PS1 mice following resveratrol treatment,likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties.Activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and markers of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 axis activation were noted,with the latter regulating long-term potentiation.Conclusion:Resveratrol demonstrates potential in mitigating inflammation and improving mitochondrial quality control in APP/PS1 mice,but it does not reduce amyloid-βlevels,highlighting the complexity of AD pathology and the need for further research.展开更多
Objective To evaluate whether the thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for assessing long-term memory （LTM） in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Animals were trained at 20℃ overnight in presence of foo...Objective To evaluate whether the thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for assessing long-term memory （LTM） in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Animals were trained at 20℃ overnight in presence of food. The percentage of animals performing isothermal tracking （IT） behavior was measured at different time intervals after the training. Results The percentage of animals performing IT behavior, the numbers of body bends inside and outside the training temperature, and the expression patterns of AFD and AIY neurons were similar to those in control animals at 36 and 48 h after training; whereas when extending to 60, 72, and 84 h, locomotory behavior defects were observed in the assayed animals, suggesting that this thermal tracking model is feasible for analyzing LTM at 36 and 48 h after training. Moreover, the percent-age of animals performing IT behavior was reduced at 18, 36, and 48 h after training in neuronal calcium sensor-1 gene （nsc-1） mutant animals compared with that in wild-type N2 animals. In addition, exposure to plumbum （Pb） significantly repressed the LTM at 18, 36, and 48 h after training in both wild-type N2 and ncs-1 mutant animals. Conclusion The thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for evaluating the LTM regulated by NCS-1, and can be employed for elucidating regulatory functions of specific genes or effects of stimuli on memory in C. elegans.展开更多
Long-term memory(LTM)in the climate system has been well recognized and applied in different research fields,but the origins of this property are still not clear.In this work,the authors contribute to this issue by st...Long-term memory(LTM)in the climate system has been well recognized and applied in different research fields,but the origins of this property are still not clear.In this work,the authors contribute to this issue by studying model simulations under different scenarios.The global mean temperatures from pre-industrial control runs(pi Control),historical(all forcings)simulations,natural forcing only simulations(Historical Nat),greenhouse gas forcing only simulations(Historical GHG),etc.,are analyzed using the detrended fluctuation analysis.The authors find that the LTM already exists in the pi Control simulations,indicating the important roles of internal natural variability in producing the LTM.By comparing the results among different scenarios,the LTM from the piControl runs is further found to be strengthened by adding natural forcings such as the volcanic forcing and the solar forcing.Accordingly,the observed LTM in the climate system is suggested to be mainly controlled by both the‘internal’natural variability and the‘external’natural forcings.The anthropogenic forcings,however,may weaken the LTM.In the projections from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5,a weakening trend of the LTM strength is found.In view of the close relations between the climate memory and the climate predictability,a reduced predictability may be expected in a warming climate.展开更多
Objective: To observe the effects on spatial long-term memory in the rats with vascular dementia(VD)treated with moxibustion for resolving stasis and promoting meridian circulation.Methods: The modified 2-vascular occ...Objective: To observe the effects on spatial long-term memory in the rats with vascular dementia(VD)treated with moxibustion for resolving stasis and promoting meridian circulation.Methods: The modified 2-vascular occlusion(2-VO) method was used to prepare VD animal model. The rats were randomized into a sham-operation group, a model group, a moxibustion group and a western medication group, 15 rats in each one. In the moxibustion group, mild warm moxibustion was applied to"Bǎihuì(百会 GV 20)" "DàZhuī(大椎 GV 14)" and "Shéntíng(神庭 GV 24)". 20 min at each point, once a day, for 3 weeks consecutively. In the western medicaion group, mouse nerve growth factor(NGF) was injected intraperitoneally, 0.18 mL/kg, once a day, for 3 weeks consecutively. Morris water maze test was used, the time of the first passing platform, the frequency of passing-platform and swimming speed in120 s were determined of the rats in each group. Western blot were used to test the protein expressions of hippocampal Nestin and DCX.Results: At the end of three courses of treatment, compared with sham-operation group, the difference was not significant statistically in swimming speed in the model group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group separately(all P>0.05). Three days after modeling, the mean of escape latency was prolonged obviously in the modeled rats compared with the rats in the shamoperation group(88.84 ± 19.94 vs 18.15 ±9.41, P< 0.01). At the end of three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group(22.01 ± 10.07), the mean of escape latency was different statistically in the model group(89.18± 19.70), the moxibustion group(37.21 ±13.31) and the western medication group separately(51.50± 16.15), all P<0.01. Compared with the model group, the mean of escape latency was shortened in the moxibustion group and western medication group respectively(37.21 ± 13.31 vs89.18 ± 19.70, 51.50 ± 16.15 vs 89.18 ± 19.70, both P< 0.01). Compared with the western medication group,there was no statistical significant difference in the mean of escape latency in the moxibustion group(37.21 ± 13.31 vs 51.50 ±16.15, P> 0.05). Compared with the sham-operation group, the frequency of passing-platform was decreased in the model group(0.73 ±0.96 vs 2.60 ±1.45, P<0.01); compared with model group, the frequency of passing-platform was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medicine group and the statistically significant difference presented in the moxibustion group(2.06 ± 1.33 vs 0.73 ±0.96, P<0.01). Compared with the sham-operation group, the time of first passing-platform was prolonged in the model group(87.86 ± 33.25 vs 36.13 +29.76, P< 0.01). Compared with the model group,the time of first passing-platform was shortened in the moxibustion group and the western medicine group respectively(49.53 ±29.48 vs 87.86 ± 33.25.P< 0.01; 58.98 ± 36.22 vs 87.86 ±33.25, P< 0.05). After three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group, Nestin expression was reduced in the model group,(0.33 ±0.12 vs 0.51 ±0.02, P<0.05) and was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group respectively(1.33 ± 0.17 vs 0.51 ± 0.02. 1.39 ± 0.10 vs 0.51 ±0.02, both P< 0.01).Compared with the model group, Nestin expression was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group, respectively(1.33 ± 0.17 vs 0.33±0.12. 1.39±0.10 vs 0.33 ±0.12, both P< 0.01).Compared with the western medication group, the difference was not significant statistically in the moxibustion group(1.33±0.17 vs 1.39±0.10, P>0.05). After three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group, DCX expression was decreased in the model group, but without significant difference(0.44±0.20 vs 0.51 ±0.26, P> 0.05), the expression was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group respectively(0.98±0.25 vs 0.51±0.26. P< 0.05; 1.11±0.43 vs 0.51 ±0.26,P<0.01). Compared with the model group, DCX expression was obviously increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group(0.98 ± 0.25 vs 0.44 ± 0.20. 1.11 ± 0.43 vs 0.44 ± 0.20, both P<0.01). The difference in DCX expression was not statistically significant between the western medication group and the moxibustion group(0.98 ± 0.25 vs 1.11 ± 0.43. P> 0.05).Conclusion: Moxibustion apparently improves the long-term memory in VD rats.展开更多
To investigate effects and possible mechanism of Ro 20-1724, a PDE4 inhibitor, on long-time learning and memory ability following repeated ketamine exposure in immature rats. Methods: Sixty 21-day-old SD rats were ran...To investigate effects and possible mechanism of Ro 20-1724, a PDE4 inhibitor, on long-time learning and memory ability following repeated ketamine exposure in immature rats. Methods: Sixty 21-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): C: Normal control group, S: Saline control group, K: Ketamine, K + Ro:?Ketamine + Ro 20-1724, K + E: Ketamine + ethanol vehicle. Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1) or its vehicle (ethanol) was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes after ketamine anesthesia (70 mg·kg-1), daily for seven days. Nine weeks after birth, the Morris water maze was used to test the ability of learning and spatial localization memory on the rats. Following behavioral testing, animals’ hippocampi were removed for Western blot and electron microscopic examination. Results: In the Morris water maze test, compared with controls, the escape latency in groups exposed to ketamine or ketamine plus the ethanol vehicle were significantly prolonged (P P < 0.05), and the expression of p-CREB in the hippocampus was also decreased (P 0.05), while there was no significant difference between control groups and animals treated with Ro 20-1724 following ketamine exposure (P > 0.05). Electron microscopy demonstrated degenerative changes in hippocampal neurons of animals repetitively exposed to 70 mg·kg-1 Ketamine, which was ameliorated by Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1). Conclusion: The PDE-4 inhibitor Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1<span展开更多
Studies on insects have contributed significantly to a better understanding of learning and memory,which is a necessary cognitive capability for all animals.Although the formation of memory has been studied in some mo...Studies on insects have contributed significantly to a better understanding of learning and memory,which is a necessary cognitive capability for all animals.Although the formation of memory has been studied in some model insects,more evidence is required to clarify the characteristics of memory formation,especially long-term memory(LTM),which is important for reliably storing information.Here,we explored this question by examining Bactrocera dorsalis,an agricultural pest with excellent learning abilities.Using the classical conditioning paradigm of the olfactory proboscis extension reflex(PER),we found that paired conditioning with multiple trials(>3)spaced with an intertrial interval(≥10 min)resulted in stable memory that lasted for at least 3 d.Furthermore,even a single conditioning trial was sufficient for the formation of a 2-d memory.With the injection of protein inhibitors,protein-synthesis-dependent memory was confirmed to start 4 h after training,and its dependence on translation and transcription differed.Moreover,the results revealed that the dependence of memory on protein translation exhibited a time-window effect(4-6 h).Our findings provide an integrated view of LTM in insects,suggesting common mechanisms in LTM formation that play a key role in the biological basis of memory.展开更多
The fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,is able to discriminate visual landmarks and form visual long-term memory in a flight simulator.Studies focused on the molecular mechanism of long-term memory have shown that memo...The fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,is able to discriminate visual landmarks and form visual long-term memory in a flight simulator.Studies focused on the molecular mechanism of long-term memory have shown that memory formation requires mRNA transcription and protein synthesis.However,little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the visual learning paradigm.The present study demonstrated that both spaced training procedure(STP)and consecutive training procedure(CTP)would induce long-term memory at 12 hour after training,and STP caused significantly higher 12-h memory scores compared with CTP.Labelfree quantification of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)and microarray were utilized to analyze proteomic and transcriptomic differences between the STP and CTP groups.Proteomic analysis revealed 30 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated proteins;Transcriptomic analysis revealed 145 up-regulated and 129 down-regulated genes.Among them,five candidate genes were verified by quantitative PCR,which revealed results similar to microarray.These results provide insight into the molecular components influencing visual long-term memory and facilitate further studies on the roles of identified genes in memory formation.展开更多
Objective To gain a better understanding of gene expression changes in the brain following microwave exposure in mice. This study hopes to reveal mechanisms contributing to microwave-induced learning and memory dysfun...Objective To gain a better understanding of gene expression changes in the brain following microwave exposure in mice. This study hopes to reveal mechanisms contributing to microwave-induced learning and memory dysfunction. Methods Mice were exposed to whole body 2100 MHz microwaves with specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.45 W/kg, 1.8 W/kg, and 3.6 W/kg for 1 hour daily for 8 weeks. Differentially expressing genes in the brains were screened using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, with genes showing more significant differences further confirmed by RT-PCR. Results The gene chip results demonstrated that 41 genes (0.45 W/kg group), 29 genes (1.8 W/kg group), and 219 genes (3.6 W/kg group) were differentially expressed. GO analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in metabolic processes, cellular metabolic processes, regulation of biological processes, macromolecular metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, cellular protein metabolic processes, transport, developmental processes, cellular component organization, etc. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes are mainly involved in pathways related to ribosome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, long-term potentiation, Huntington's disease, and Neurotrophin signaling. Construction of a protein interaction network identified several important regulatory genes including synbindin (sbdn), Crystallin (CryaB), PPP1CA, Ywhaq, Psap, Psmb1, Pcbp2, etc., which play important roles in the processes of learning and memory. Conclusion Long-term, low-level microwave exposure may inhibit learning and memory by affecting protein and energy metabolic processes and signaling pathways relating to neurological functions or diseases.展开更多
The influence of attention on memorizing related items and on available long-term memory (ALTM) was explored,showing that N400 of no-memory items was more negative than that of the memory item.The results of the categ...The influence of attention on memorizing related items and on available long-term memory (ALTM) was explored,showing that N400 of no-memory items was more negative than that of the memory item.The results of the category comparison task indicated that information processing under attention-driven in WM determined the availability of related long-term memory,i.e.,specific content,which was formerly concerned or ignored,yielding different indirect semantic priming effects.These indicate that the orientation of conceptual attention leads the related representations of LTM to diverse activation patterns,supporting the activation-based model.展开更多
It is adequate to use the gray theory for modeling and forecasting short-term calamity series. The forecast of calamity gray series is equivalent to predicting an extraordinary event in nature. In order to look for th...It is adequate to use the gray theory for modeling and forecasting short-term calamity series. The forecast of calamity gray series is equivalent to predicting an extraordinary event in nature. In order to look for the regularity, the calamity date series, created from the threshold for a fixed time-interval series, are studied. In this paper, the Hurst exponent is applied to defining the long-term memory effect of the simulated calamity series, and is tested for the feasibility of using it as pre-requisite information before the gray modeling and forecasting. Based on the fractional Brownian motion (fBm) model, the time series with a definite length or quantity of data are derived assuming that various kinds of memory effect exist. Different threshold values are defined to yield or to analogize the calamity date series that are required in the prediction of the gray calamity events. After case study, both of the simulated and real seismic data show that the Hurst exponents are greater than 0.5 and, therefore, indicate that the long-term memory ef-fect exists. The correlation between the Hurst exponent and the gray modeling parameter, a, provides criteria for the classification of the forecast.展开更多
The mushroom body(MB),a bilateral brain structure pos-sessing about 2000-2500 neurons per hemisphere,plays a central role in olfactory learning and memory in Dros-ophila melanogaster.Extensive studies have demonstrat-...The mushroom body(MB),a bilateral brain structure pos-sessing about 2000-2500 neurons per hemisphere,plays a central role in olfactory learning and memory in Dros-ophila melanogaster.Extensive studies have demonstrat-ed that three major types of MB neurons(α/β,α’/β’andγ)exhibit distinct functions in memory processing,including the critical role of approximately 1000 MBα/βneurons in retrieving long-term memory.Inspired by recent fi ndings that MBα/βneurons can be further divided into three subdivisions(surface,posterior and core)and wherein theα/βcore neurons play an permissive role in long-term memory consolidation,we examined the functional differ-ences of all the three morphological subdivisions of MBα/βby temporally precise manipulation of their synaptic outputs during long-term memory retrieval.We found the normal neurotransmission from a combination of MBα/βsurface and posterior neurons is necessary for retrieving both aversive and appetitive long-term memory,whereas output from MBα/βposterior or core subdivision alone is dispensable.These results imply a specifi c requirement of about 500 MBα/βneurons in supporting long-term memory retrieval and a further functional partitioning for memory processing within the MBα/βregion.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Brain injury patients often exhibit learning and memory functional deficits. Long-term potentiation （LTP） is a representative index for studying learning and memory cellular models; the LTP index correl...BACKGROUND： Brain injury patients often exhibit learning and memory functional deficits. Long-term potentiation （LTP） is a representative index for studying learning and memory cellular models; the LTP index correlates to neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to investigate correlations of learning and memory functions to LTP in brain injury patients, and to summarize the research advancements in mechanisms underlying brain functional improvements after rehabilitation intervention. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY： Using the terms ＂brain injuries, rehabilitation, learning and memory, long-term potentiation＂, manuscripts that were published from 2000-2007 were retrieved from the PubMed database. At the same time, manuscripts published from 2000-2007 were also retrieved from the Database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals with the same terms in the Chinese language. A total of 64 manuscripts were obtained and primarily screened. Inclusion criteria： studies on learning and memory, as well as LTP in brain injury patients, and studies focused on the effects of rehabilitation intervention on the two indices; studies that were recently published or in high-impact journals. Exclusion criteria： repetitive studies. LITERATURE EVALUATION： The included manuscripts primarily focused on correlations between learning and memory and LTP, the effects of brain injury on learning and memory, as well as LTP, and the effects of rehabilitation intervention on learning and memory after brain injury. The included 39 manuscripts were clinical, basic experimental, or review studies. DATA SYNTHESIS： Learning and memory closely correlates to LTP. The neurobiological basis of learning and memory is central nervous system plasticity, which involves neural networks, neural circuits, and synaptic connections, in particular, synaptic plasticity. LTP is considered to be an ideal model for studying synaptic plasticity, and it is also a classic model for studying neural plasticity of learning and memory. Brain injury patients clinically present with various manifestations, such as paralysis and sensory disability, which closely correlate to injured regions. In addition, learning and memory abilities decrease in brain injury patients and LTP decreases following brain injury. Brain tissue injury will lead to brain functional deficits. Hippocampal LTP is very sensitive. Difficulties in LTP induction are apparent even prior to morphological changes in brain tissue. There are no specific treatments for learning and memory functional deficits following brain injury. At present, behavioral and compensative therapies are the typical forms of rehabilitation. These results indicate that rehabilitation promotes learning and memory functional recovery in brain injury patients by speeding up LTP formation in the hippocampal CA3 region. CONCLUSION： Rehabilitation intervention increases LTP formation in the hippocampal CA3 region and recovers learning and memory functions in brain injury patients.展开更多
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) was originally identified in patients with seizures. It is densely distributed in the hip-pocampus and amygdala in particular. Because the expression of ...Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) was originally identified in patients with seizures. It is densely distributed in the hip-pocampus and amygdala in particular. Because the expression of Arc/Arg3.1 is regulated by nerve in-puts, it is thought to be an immediate early gene. As shown both in vitro and in vivo, Arc/Arg3.1 is in-volved in synaptic consolidation and regulates some forms of learning and memory in rats and mice [1,2]. Furthermore, a recent study suggests that Arc/Arg3.1 may play a significant role in signal transmission via AMPA-type glutamate receptors [3-5]. Therefore, we conducted a detailed analysis of fear memory in Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice. As previously reported, the knockout animals exhib-ited impaired fear memory in both contextual and cued test situations. Although Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice showed almost the same performance as wild-type littermates 4 hr after a conditioning trial, their performance was impaired in the retention test after 24 hr or longer, either with or without reconsolidation. Immunohistochemical analyses showed an abnormal density of GluR1 in the hip-pocampus of Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice;however, an application of AMPA potentiator did not improve memory performance in the mutant mice. Memory impairment in Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice is so ro-bust that the mice provide a useful tool for devel-oping treatments for memory impairment.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of smoking of dried leaves of Carica papaya(pawpaw)based on ethnopharmacological information which indicated that smoking of papaya leaves could influence motor performance and lea...Objective:To investigate the effects of smoking of dried leaves of Carica papaya(pawpaw)based on ethnopharmacological information which indicated that smoking of papaya leaves could influence motor performance and learning.Methods:Twenty-four rats were used for the study,and were grouped into four groups.Groups 1served as the control(not exposed to papaya leaves smoke),while Groups 2,3 and 4 were exposed to smoke from 6.25 g,12.50 g and 18.75 g of dry pawpaw leaves respectively in a smoking chamber twice daily for 21 d with each exposure lasting for 3 min.Lastly,hippocampus was harvested in each group for histological study.Result:The results showed that there were significant(P<0.05)increases in mean of recall latencies of long-term spatial memory in the animal administered the high dose while the other groups had significantly(P<0.05)lower frequencies.Histological investigation showed signs of mild neural degeneration in high dose group and hypochromic appcarance of the Nissl substance in all treated groups.Conclusions:In conclusion,the findings from this study has demonstrated that smoking of papaya leaves has the ability to maintain an intact long-term spatial memory at all doses but retrieving such memory is faster with the low and medium dosages.展开更多
Microstructures of a CuZnAlMnNi shape memory alloy in the as-quenched andlong-term aged conditions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Aged for one yearin martensite phase, an equilibrium α-phase w...Microstructures of a CuZnAlMnNi shape memory alloy in the as-quenched andlong-term aged conditions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Aged for one yearin martensite phase, an equilibrium α-phase with fcc structure was observed in the M18R martensitematrix, accompanied by the appearance of a novel diffraction pattern. By analysis, it was suggestedthat the novel pattern results from the α-phase and the martensite matrix remaining in seven fineplates which produce intense secondary diffraction effect when the diffraction beams enter from onephase into another.展开更多
Recent evidence demonstrates that with training, one can enhance visual working memory (VWM) capacity and attention over time in the near transfer tasks. Not only do these studies reveal the characteristics of VWM loa...Recent evidence demonstrates that with training, one can enhance visual working memory (VWM) capacity and attention over time in the near transfer tasks. Not only do these studies reveal the characteristics of VWM load and the influences of training, they may also provide insights into developing effective rehabilitation for patients with VWM deficiencies. However, few studies have investigated VWM over extended periods of time and evaluated transfer benefits on non-trained tasks. Here, we combined behavioral and electroencephalographical approaches to investigate VWM load, training gains, and transfer benefits. Our results reveal that VWM capacity is directly correlated to the difference of event-related potential waveforms. In particular, the “magic number 4” can be observed through the contralateral delay amplitude and the average capacity is 3.25-item over 15 participants. Furthermore, our findings indicate that VWM capacity can be improved through training;and after training exercises, participants from the training group are able to dramatically improve their performance. Likewise, the training effects on non-trained tasks can also be observed at the 12th week after training. Therefore, we conclude that participants can benefit from training gains, and augmented VWM capacity sustained over long periods of time on specific variety of tasks.展开更多
Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance lo...Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance long-term memory function.However,no study has evaluated whether long-term memory is enhanced when an acute bout of exercise occurs during both of these time periods,when compared to just prior to memory encoding.A within-subject randomized con-trolled intervention was employed.On separate laboratory visits,participants completed two main protocols,including(1)exercise before memory encoding and(2)exercise before and after memory encoding.Long-term memory was assessed,via a word-list task,from a 20-min delay period and a 24-h delay period.We observed a significant main effect for time,F(8,176)=529.5,P<0.001,ηp^(2)=0.96,but no significant main effect for condition,F(l,22)=0.08,P=0.77,ηp^(2)=0.004,or time by condition interaction,F(8,176)=0.19,P=0.99,ηp^(2)=0.009.In conclusion,there was no difference in long-term memory function when comparing acute exercise only prior to memory encoding vs.acute exercise both before and immediately after memory encoding.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072486 and 31971424)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(GZC20240511)。
文摘To ensure the reliability of learned information,most insects require multiple intervals of experience before storing the information as long-term memory(LTM),and this requirement has been validated in insects from the behavioral to the molecular level.Recent studies have shown that some insects can form LTM after one-trial experience,although the mechanisms underlying one-trial LTM formation are not well understood.Therefore,understanding the mechanisms underlying rapid learning and subsequent preference formation in insects is crucial.Here we show that the agricultural pest Bactrocera dorsalis can rapidly form LTM,which is dependent on protein synthesis,and that the formation of LTM requires high energy support at the cost of reduced survival.Furthermore,based on a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)metabolomics approach,we found that LTM-related processes are sequentially coupled to two processes for energy generation,the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.This was further confirmed by blocking these energy generation processes.Our results provide a theoretical basis for the development of behavioral modulators in oriental fruit flies that target energy generation metabolites,as well as a new perspective on the rapid formation of LTM in insects.
基金supported by the Russian science foundation(grant#22-74-00115 to A.P.G.).
文摘Background:Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease(AD).Resveratrol is a promising compound for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases,including AD.Aims:To investigate mitochondrial damage and the effects of resveratrol on inflammation,cognitive function,and mitochondrial quality control in APP/PS1 mice.Methods:Comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)damage was conducted between 10-month-old APP/PS1 mice and age-matched C57BL/6 mice.Assessments included measurement of amyloid-βlevels,inflammatory markers,swimming distance in the Morris water maze,and gut microbiome composition.Resveratrol’s effects on cytokine expression,mtDNA levels in plasma,and activation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Antioxidant response element(Nrf2/ARE)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(also known as Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1(PI3K/Akt/mTORC1)signaling pathways were also evaluated.Results:APP/PS1 mice exhibited significantly increased mtDNA damage in the prefrontal cortex,midbrain,and cerebellum,alongside higher amyloid-βlevels and inflammatory markers.Resveratrol treatment led to reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines,a decrease in Proteobacteria levels,and lower cell-free mtDNA in plasma.Partial improvement in long-term spatial memory was observed in APP/PS1 mice following resveratrol treatment,likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties.Activation of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway and markers of PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 axis activation were noted,with the latter regulating long-term potentiation.Conclusion:Resveratrol demonstrates potential in mitigating inflammation and improving mitochondrial quality control in APP/PS1 mice,but it does not reduce amyloid-βlevels,highlighting the complexity of AD pathology and the need for further research.
文摘Objective To evaluate whether the thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for assessing long-term memory （LTM） in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Animals were trained at 20℃ overnight in presence of food. The percentage of animals performing isothermal tracking （IT） behavior was measured at different time intervals after the training. Results The percentage of animals performing IT behavior, the numbers of body bends inside and outside the training temperature, and the expression patterns of AFD and AIY neurons were similar to those in control animals at 36 and 48 h after training; whereas when extending to 60, 72, and 84 h, locomotory behavior defects were observed in the assayed animals, suggesting that this thermal tracking model is feasible for analyzing LTM at 36 and 48 h after training. Moreover, the percent-age of animals performing IT behavior was reduced at 18, 36, and 48 h after training in neuronal calcium sensor-1 gene （nsc-1） mutant animals compared with that in wild-type N2 animals. In addition, exposure to plumbum （Pb） significantly repressed the LTM at 18, 36, and 48 h after training in both wild-type N2 and ncs-1 mutant animals. Conclusion The thermotaxis tracking model is suitable for evaluating the LTM regulated by NCS-1, and can be employed for elucidating regulatory functions of specific genes or effects of stimuli on memory in C. elegans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 41675088the CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program。
文摘Long-term memory(LTM)in the climate system has been well recognized and applied in different research fields,but the origins of this property are still not clear.In this work,the authors contribute to this issue by studying model simulations under different scenarios.The global mean temperatures from pre-industrial control runs(pi Control),historical(all forcings)simulations,natural forcing only simulations(Historical Nat),greenhouse gas forcing only simulations(Historical GHG),etc.,are analyzed using the detrended fluctuation analysis.The authors find that the LTM already exists in the pi Control simulations,indicating the important roles of internal natural variability in producing the LTM.By comparing the results among different scenarios,the LTM from the piControl runs is further found to be strengthened by adding natural forcings such as the volcanic forcing and the solar forcing.Accordingly,the observed LTM in the climate system is suggested to be mainly controlled by both the‘internal’natural variability and the‘external’natural forcings.The anthropogenic forcings,however,may weaken the LTM.In the projections from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5,a weakening trend of the LTM strength is found.In view of the close relations between the climate memory and the climate predictability,a reduced predictability may be expected in a warming climate.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China:81473785Project of National Veteran TCM Expert Inheritance Studio
文摘Objective: To observe the effects on spatial long-term memory in the rats with vascular dementia(VD)treated with moxibustion for resolving stasis and promoting meridian circulation.Methods: The modified 2-vascular occlusion(2-VO) method was used to prepare VD animal model. The rats were randomized into a sham-operation group, a model group, a moxibustion group and a western medication group, 15 rats in each one. In the moxibustion group, mild warm moxibustion was applied to"Bǎihuì(百会 GV 20)" "DàZhuī(大椎 GV 14)" and "Shéntíng(神庭 GV 24)". 20 min at each point, once a day, for 3 weeks consecutively. In the western medicaion group, mouse nerve growth factor(NGF) was injected intraperitoneally, 0.18 mL/kg, once a day, for 3 weeks consecutively. Morris water maze test was used, the time of the first passing platform, the frequency of passing-platform and swimming speed in120 s were determined of the rats in each group. Western blot were used to test the protein expressions of hippocampal Nestin and DCX.Results: At the end of three courses of treatment, compared with sham-operation group, the difference was not significant statistically in swimming speed in the model group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group separately(all P>0.05). Three days after modeling, the mean of escape latency was prolonged obviously in the modeled rats compared with the rats in the shamoperation group(88.84 ± 19.94 vs 18.15 ±9.41, P< 0.01). At the end of three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group(22.01 ± 10.07), the mean of escape latency was different statistically in the model group(89.18± 19.70), the moxibustion group(37.21 ±13.31) and the western medication group separately(51.50± 16.15), all P<0.01. Compared with the model group, the mean of escape latency was shortened in the moxibustion group and western medication group respectively(37.21 ± 13.31 vs89.18 ± 19.70, 51.50 ± 16.15 vs 89.18 ± 19.70, both P< 0.01). Compared with the western medication group,there was no statistical significant difference in the mean of escape latency in the moxibustion group(37.21 ± 13.31 vs 51.50 ±16.15, P> 0.05). Compared with the sham-operation group, the frequency of passing-platform was decreased in the model group(0.73 ±0.96 vs 2.60 ±1.45, P<0.01); compared with model group, the frequency of passing-platform was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medicine group and the statistically significant difference presented in the moxibustion group(2.06 ± 1.33 vs 0.73 ±0.96, P<0.01). Compared with the sham-operation group, the time of first passing-platform was prolonged in the model group(87.86 ± 33.25 vs 36.13 +29.76, P< 0.01). Compared with the model group,the time of first passing-platform was shortened in the moxibustion group and the western medicine group respectively(49.53 ±29.48 vs 87.86 ± 33.25.P< 0.01; 58.98 ± 36.22 vs 87.86 ±33.25, P< 0.05). After three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group, Nestin expression was reduced in the model group,(0.33 ±0.12 vs 0.51 ±0.02, P<0.05) and was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group respectively(1.33 ± 0.17 vs 0.51 ± 0.02. 1.39 ± 0.10 vs 0.51 ±0.02, both P< 0.01).Compared with the model group, Nestin expression was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group, respectively(1.33 ± 0.17 vs 0.33±0.12. 1.39±0.10 vs 0.33 ±0.12, both P< 0.01).Compared with the western medication group, the difference was not significant statistically in the moxibustion group(1.33±0.17 vs 1.39±0.10, P>0.05). After three courses of treatment, compared with the sham-operation group, DCX expression was decreased in the model group, but without significant difference(0.44±0.20 vs 0.51 ±0.26, P> 0.05), the expression was increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group respectively(0.98±0.25 vs 0.51±0.26. P< 0.05; 1.11±0.43 vs 0.51 ±0.26,P<0.01). Compared with the model group, DCX expression was obviously increased in the moxibustion group and the western medication group(0.98 ± 0.25 vs 0.44 ± 0.20. 1.11 ± 0.43 vs 0.44 ± 0.20, both P<0.01). The difference in DCX expression was not statistically significant between the western medication group and the moxibustion group(0.98 ± 0.25 vs 1.11 ± 0.43. P> 0.05).Conclusion: Moxibustion apparently improves the long-term memory in VD rats.
文摘To investigate effects and possible mechanism of Ro 20-1724, a PDE4 inhibitor, on long-time learning and memory ability following repeated ketamine exposure in immature rats. Methods: Sixty 21-day-old SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): C: Normal control group, S: Saline control group, K: Ketamine, K + Ro:?Ketamine + Ro 20-1724, K + E: Ketamine + ethanol vehicle. Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1) or its vehicle (ethanol) was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes after ketamine anesthesia (70 mg·kg-1), daily for seven days. Nine weeks after birth, the Morris water maze was used to test the ability of learning and spatial localization memory on the rats. Following behavioral testing, animals’ hippocampi were removed for Western blot and electron microscopic examination. Results: In the Morris water maze test, compared with controls, the escape latency in groups exposed to ketamine or ketamine plus the ethanol vehicle were significantly prolonged (P P < 0.05), and the expression of p-CREB in the hippocampus was also decreased (P 0.05), while there was no significant difference between control groups and animals treated with Ro 20-1724 following ketamine exposure (P > 0.05). Electron microscopy demonstrated degenerative changes in hippocampal neurons of animals repetitively exposed to 70 mg·kg-1 Ketamine, which was ameliorated by Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1). Conclusion: The PDE-4 inhibitor Ro 20-1724 (0.5 mg·kg-1<span
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants 32072486 and 31971424).
文摘Studies on insects have contributed significantly to a better understanding of learning and memory,which is a necessary cognitive capability for all animals.Although the formation of memory has been studied in some model insects,more evidence is required to clarify the characteristics of memory formation,especially long-term memory(LTM),which is important for reliably storing information.Here,we explored this question by examining Bactrocera dorsalis,an agricultural pest with excellent learning abilities.Using the classical conditioning paradigm of the olfactory proboscis extension reflex(PER),we found that paired conditioning with multiple trials(>3)spaced with an intertrial interval(≥10 min)resulted in stable memory that lasted for at least 3 d.Furthermore,even a single conditioning trial was sufficient for the formation of a 2-d memory.With the injection of protein inhibitors,protein-synthesis-dependent memory was confirmed to start 4 h after training,and its dependence on translation and transcription differed.Moreover,the results revealed that the dependence of memory on protein translation exhibited a time-window effect(4-6 h).Our findings provide an integrated view of LTM in insects,suggesting common mechanisms in LTM formation that play a key role in the biological basis of memory.
基金the National Basic Research Program of China(the 973 Program)(Grant No.2009CB918702)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.30921064,30625022,31030037 and 31070944)the External Cooperation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.GJHZ1005).
文摘The fruit fly,Drosophila melanogaster,is able to discriminate visual landmarks and form visual long-term memory in a flight simulator.Studies focused on the molecular mechanism of long-term memory have shown that memory formation requires mRNA transcription and protein synthesis.However,little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the visual learning paradigm.The present study demonstrated that both spaced training procedure(STP)and consecutive training procedure(CTP)would induce long-term memory at 12 hour after training,and STP caused significantly higher 12-h memory scores compared with CTP.Labelfree quantification of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)and microarray were utilized to analyze proteomic and transcriptomic differences between the STP and CTP groups.Proteomic analysis revealed 30 up-regulated and 27 down-regulated proteins;Transcriptomic analysis revealed 145 up-regulated and 129 down-regulated genes.Among them,five candidate genes were verified by quantitative PCR,which revealed results similar to microarray.These results provide insight into the molecular components influencing visual long-term memory and facilitate further studies on the roles of identified genes in memory formation.
基金supported by the Foundation of Astronaut Research and Training Center of China(No.SN 02-3)
文摘Objective To gain a better understanding of gene expression changes in the brain following microwave exposure in mice. This study hopes to reveal mechanisms contributing to microwave-induced learning and memory dysfunction. Methods Mice were exposed to whole body 2100 MHz microwaves with specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.45 W/kg, 1.8 W/kg, and 3.6 W/kg for 1 hour daily for 8 weeks. Differentially expressing genes in the brains were screened using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, with genes showing more significant differences further confirmed by RT-PCR. Results The gene chip results demonstrated that 41 genes (0.45 W/kg group), 29 genes (1.8 W/kg group), and 219 genes (3.6 W/kg group) were differentially expressed. GO analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in metabolic processes, cellular metabolic processes, regulation of biological processes, macromolecular metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, cellular protein metabolic processes, transport, developmental processes, cellular component organization, etc. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes are mainly involved in pathways related to ribosome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, long-term potentiation, Huntington's disease, and Neurotrophin signaling. Construction of a protein interaction network identified several important regulatory genes including synbindin (sbdn), Crystallin (CryaB), PPP1CA, Ywhaq, Psap, Psmb1, Pcbp2, etc., which play important roles in the processes of learning and memory. Conclusion Long-term, low-level microwave exposure may inhibit learning and memory by affecting protein and energy metabolic processes and signaling pathways relating to neurological functions or diseases.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30870760)the Key Foundation of Beijing Municipal Commission of Education (Grant No. KZ201010028029)supported by the Research Found for Young Scholars of the School of Sociology,China University of Political Science and Law
文摘The influence of attention on memorizing related items and on available long-term memory (ALTM) was explored,showing that N400 of no-memory items was more negative than that of the memory item.The results of the category comparison task indicated that information processing under attention-driven in WM determined the availability of related long-term memory,i.e.,specific content,which was formerly concerned or ignored,yielding different indirect semantic priming effects.These indicate that the orientation of conceptual attention leads the related representations of LTM to diverse activation patterns,supporting the activation-based model.
文摘It is adequate to use the gray theory for modeling and forecasting short-term calamity series. The forecast of calamity gray series is equivalent to predicting an extraordinary event in nature. In order to look for the regularity, the calamity date series, created from the threshold for a fixed time-interval series, are studied. In this paper, the Hurst exponent is applied to defining the long-term memory effect of the simulated calamity series, and is tested for the feasibility of using it as pre-requisite information before the gray modeling and forecasting. Based on the fractional Brownian motion (fBm) model, the time series with a definite length or quantity of data are derived assuming that various kinds of memory effect exist. Different threshold values are defined to yield or to analogize the calamity date series that are required in the prediction of the gray calamity events. After case study, both of the simulated and real seismic data show that the Hurst exponents are greater than 0.5 and, therefore, indicate that the long-term memory ef-fect exists. The correlation between the Hurst exponent and the gray modeling parameter, a, provides criteria for the classification of the forecast.
基金the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)(Nos.2006CB500806 and 2009CB941301)。
文摘The mushroom body(MB),a bilateral brain structure pos-sessing about 2000-2500 neurons per hemisphere,plays a central role in olfactory learning and memory in Dros-ophila melanogaster.Extensive studies have demonstrat-ed that three major types of MB neurons(α/β,α’/β’andγ)exhibit distinct functions in memory processing,including the critical role of approximately 1000 MBα/βneurons in retrieving long-term memory.Inspired by recent fi ndings that MBα/βneurons can be further divided into three subdivisions(surface,posterior and core)and wherein theα/βcore neurons play an permissive role in long-term memory consolidation,we examined the functional differ-ences of all the three morphological subdivisions of MBα/βby temporally precise manipulation of their synaptic outputs during long-term memory retrieval.We found the normal neurotransmission from a combination of MBα/βsurface and posterior neurons is necessary for retrieving both aversive and appetitive long-term memory,whereas output from MBα/βposterior or core subdivision alone is dispensable.These results imply a specifi c requirement of about 500 MBα/βneurons in supporting long-term memory retrieval and a further functional partitioning for memory processing within the MBα/βregion.
基金the Grant from Science and Technology Foundation of Sichuan Province, No. 2002-20
文摘BACKGROUND： Brain injury patients often exhibit learning and memory functional deficits. Long-term potentiation （LTP） is a representative index for studying learning and memory cellular models; the LTP index correlates to neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to investigate correlations of learning and memory functions to LTP in brain injury patients, and to summarize the research advancements in mechanisms underlying brain functional improvements after rehabilitation intervention. RETRIEVAL STRATEGY： Using the terms ＂brain injuries, rehabilitation, learning and memory, long-term potentiation＂, manuscripts that were published from 2000-2007 were retrieved from the PubMed database. At the same time, manuscripts published from 2000-2007 were also retrieved from the Database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals with the same terms in the Chinese language. A total of 64 manuscripts were obtained and primarily screened. Inclusion criteria： studies on learning and memory, as well as LTP in brain injury patients, and studies focused on the effects of rehabilitation intervention on the two indices; studies that were recently published or in high-impact journals. Exclusion criteria： repetitive studies. LITERATURE EVALUATION： The included manuscripts primarily focused on correlations between learning and memory and LTP, the effects of brain injury on learning and memory, as well as LTP, and the effects of rehabilitation intervention on learning and memory after brain injury. The included 39 manuscripts were clinical, basic experimental, or review studies. DATA SYNTHESIS： Learning and memory closely correlates to LTP. The neurobiological basis of learning and memory is central nervous system plasticity, which involves neural networks, neural circuits, and synaptic connections, in particular, synaptic plasticity. LTP is considered to be an ideal model for studying synaptic plasticity, and it is also a classic model for studying neural plasticity of learning and memory. Brain injury patients clinically present with various manifestations, such as paralysis and sensory disability, which closely correlate to injured regions. In addition, learning and memory abilities decrease in brain injury patients and LTP decreases following brain injury. Brain tissue injury will lead to brain functional deficits. Hippocampal LTP is very sensitive. Difficulties in LTP induction are apparent even prior to morphological changes in brain tissue. There are no specific treatments for learning and memory functional deficits following brain injury. At present, behavioral and compensative therapies are the typical forms of rehabilitation. These results indicate that rehabilitation promotes learning and memory functional recovery in brain injury patients by speeding up LTP formation in the hippocampal CA3 region. CONCLUSION： Rehabilitation intervention increases LTP formation in the hippocampal CA3 region and recovers learning and memory functions in brain injury patients.
文摘Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) was originally identified in patients with seizures. It is densely distributed in the hip-pocampus and amygdala in particular. Because the expression of Arc/Arg3.1 is regulated by nerve in-puts, it is thought to be an immediate early gene. As shown both in vitro and in vivo, Arc/Arg3.1 is in-volved in synaptic consolidation and regulates some forms of learning and memory in rats and mice [1,2]. Furthermore, a recent study suggests that Arc/Arg3.1 may play a significant role in signal transmission via AMPA-type glutamate receptors [3-5]. Therefore, we conducted a detailed analysis of fear memory in Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice. As previously reported, the knockout animals exhib-ited impaired fear memory in both contextual and cued test situations. Although Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice showed almost the same performance as wild-type littermates 4 hr after a conditioning trial, their performance was impaired in the retention test after 24 hr or longer, either with or without reconsolidation. Immunohistochemical analyses showed an abnormal density of GluR1 in the hip-pocampus of Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice;however, an application of AMPA potentiator did not improve memory performance in the mutant mice. Memory impairment in Arc/Arg3.1-deficient mice is so ro-bust that the mice provide a useful tool for devel-oping treatments for memory impairment.
基金Partly supported by Senate Research Grant of the University of Ilorin(SRG/FBMS/01/2010)
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of smoking of dried leaves of Carica papaya(pawpaw)based on ethnopharmacological information which indicated that smoking of papaya leaves could influence motor performance and learning.Methods:Twenty-four rats were used for the study,and were grouped into four groups.Groups 1served as the control(not exposed to papaya leaves smoke),while Groups 2,3 and 4 were exposed to smoke from 6.25 g,12.50 g and 18.75 g of dry pawpaw leaves respectively in a smoking chamber twice daily for 21 d with each exposure lasting for 3 min.Lastly,hippocampus was harvested in each group for histological study.Result:The results showed that there were significant(P<0.05)increases in mean of recall latencies of long-term spatial memory in the animal administered the high dose while the other groups had significantly(P<0.05)lower frequencies.Histological investigation showed signs of mild neural degeneration in high dose group and hypochromic appcarance of the Nissl substance in all treated groups.Conclusions:In conclusion,the findings from this study has demonstrated that smoking of papaya leaves has the ability to maintain an intact long-term spatial memory at all doses but retrieving such memory is faster with the low and medium dosages.
基金This project is financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province ( Y2001F06) and the Fund for Outstanding Young Researcher of Shandong Province
文摘Microstructures of a CuZnAlMnNi shape memory alloy in the as-quenched andlong-term aged conditions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Aged for one yearin martensite phase, an equilibrium α-phase with fcc structure was observed in the M18R martensitematrix, accompanied by the appearance of a novel diffraction pattern. By analysis, it was suggestedthat the novel pattern results from the α-phase and the martensite matrix remaining in seven fineplates which produce intense secondary diffraction effect when the diffraction beams enter from onephase into another.
文摘Recent evidence demonstrates that with training, one can enhance visual working memory (VWM) capacity and attention over time in the near transfer tasks. Not only do these studies reveal the characteristics of VWM load and the influences of training, they may also provide insights into developing effective rehabilitation for patients with VWM deficiencies. However, few studies have investigated VWM over extended periods of time and evaluated transfer benefits on non-trained tasks. Here, we combined behavioral and electroencephalographical approaches to investigate VWM load, training gains, and transfer benefits. Our results reveal that VWM capacity is directly correlated to the difference of event-related potential waveforms. In particular, the “magic number 4” can be observed through the contralateral delay amplitude and the average capacity is 3.25-item over 15 participants. Furthermore, our findings indicate that VWM capacity can be improved through training;and after training exercises, participants from the training group are able to dramatically improve their performance. Likewise, the training effects on non-trained tasks can also be observed at the 12th week after training. Therefore, we conclude that participants can benefit from training gains, and augmented VWM capacity sustained over long periods of time on specific variety of tasks.
文摘Previous work has demonstrated that acute exercise prior to memory encoding may enhance long-term memory.Similarly,other work demonstrates that acute exercise during the memory consolidation period may also enhance long-term memory function.However,no study has evaluated whether long-term memory is enhanced when an acute bout of exercise occurs during both of these time periods,when compared to just prior to memory encoding.A within-subject randomized con-trolled intervention was employed.On separate laboratory visits,participants completed two main protocols,including(1)exercise before memory encoding and(2)exercise before and after memory encoding.Long-term memory was assessed,via a word-list task,from a 20-min delay period and a 24-h delay period.We observed a significant main effect for time,F(8,176)=529.5,P<0.001,ηp^(2)=0.96,but no significant main effect for condition,F(l,22)=0.08,P=0.77,ηp^(2)=0.004,or time by condition interaction,F(8,176)=0.19,P=0.99,ηp^(2)=0.009.In conclusion,there was no difference in long-term memory function when comparing acute exercise only prior to memory encoding vs.acute exercise both before and immediately after memory encoding.
