1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,wa...1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,water diversions upstream for agricultural purposes,watershed changes,introduction of aliens,etc.that result in catastrophic展开更多
Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed s...Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed seasonal and regional differences in long-term changes(1980-2019)in the biomass and abundance of large mesozooplankton(LMZ;>505μm)in Xiangshan Bay,Zhejiang,China.We found spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the historical changes of LMZ.Significant negative trends in LMZ biomass were found in the inner and middle bay during the warm season(summer and autumn),when the nutrient concentration(especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen)and temperature increased simultaneously.Nutrient changes in Xiangshan Bay began in the late 1980s or early 1990s,coinciding with large-scale fish cage development.A rapid decline in LMZ biomass occurred after 2005 when power plants commenced operation,accelerating the warming trend.Therefore,the joint stress of eutrophication and warming likely precipitated the decline in LMZ biomass.Conversely,a significant increase in LMZ biomass was found in the outer bay in spring.This trend was consistent with the trend of LMZ biomass near the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,which indicates that the pelagic ecosystem in the outer bay was aff ected by water from the Changjiang River estuary during spring.Based on our results,ecosystem management and restoration in semi-enclosed subtropical bays should focus on internal waters,which have a poor capacity for water exchange.For Xiangshan Bay,the changes in the Changjiang River estuary ecosystem during the cold season(winter and spring)should also be considered.展开更多
Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed grea...Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed greatly since the 1950s.The numbers of Dinophyta species increased significantly,although Bacillariophyta species are generally dominant.The succession of dominant species in phytoplankton community is obvious： large-size dominant species such as Biddulphia sinensis of the 1950s were gradually replaced by small-size ones such as Cyclotella striata and Nitzschia closterium,and species that still maintain dominant such as Skeletonema costatum are also small ones,leading the whole phytoplankton community of smaller size.Cell density of phytoplankton community increased greatly,among which cell density of the most dominant species Skeletonema costatum have been increasing in exponent function.Margalef index of phytoplankton community decreased,indicating decline of biodiversity of the community,and dominant character of Skeletonema costatum increased.Generally,the structure of the entire phytoplankton community is becoming more and more singular and unstable,which makes the occurrence of red tides more frequent.The succession in the phytoplankton community is related to the long-term changes in marine environment,influenced by human activities and global climate changes,especially the increases of nutrient content.展开更多
During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale ...During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.展开更多
The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory,...The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, University of Tokyo (35.79oN, 137.63oE;1130 m), Japan. It has observed that there is a positive increasing decadal change in Midnight and Pre-midnight mesospheric airglow intensity of the range 25 - 88 R. This range is the order of 10 to 30% of the observed MARV and average night airglow intensity of 250 R. Besides this long-term trend, inter-annual monthly variation is also seen from fluctuation of yearly variation of deviation values from MARV to particular average monthly values. The present observations about the positive decadal change in night time mesospheric airglow intensity has been further linked to the reduction of mesospheric electron densities and temperature or shrinking and cooling of the lower ionosphere as established from the long-term behavior of mesospheric parameters such as a negative decadal change in thermal structure, electron density, neutral density parameters as per studies reported by other researchers.展开更多
While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest fre...While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.展开更多
Tajikistan contains the majority of Central Asia’s glaciers,which cover about 6.00%of the national territory;their rapid shrinkage poses a significant threat to regional water resource security.However,glacier monito...Tajikistan contains the majority of Central Asia’s glaciers,which cover about 6.00%of the national territory;their rapid shrinkage poses a significant threat to regional water resource security.However,glacier monitoring in Tajikistan was interrupted after 1991,creating a substantial gap in understanding the current state and temporal evolution of these glaciers.Based on glacier inventory data,in situ measurements,and published literature,this study examined the present status and recent variations of glaciers in Tajikistan through data integration and validation,literature collation and comparative analysis,and the application of Geographic Information System(GIS)spatial analysis techniques.As of 2023,Tajikistan possesses a total of 11,528 glaciers,encompassing an area of 7624.48(±305.58)km2.Small glaciers dominate in number,whereas large glaciers account for the majority of the total area.Over the past two decades,the glacier count has decreased by 2014,and the total area has decreased by 628.98 km2,corresponding to an average annual reduction rate of 0.33%.Regional shrinkage rates range from 4.10%to 22.28%.Glaciers have undergone accelerated mass loss during the past 20 a;only those on the northeastern Pamir Plateau exhibit a weak positive mass balance.Observations of typical monitored glaciers also reveal intensified melting and retreat,consistent with regional trends.In light of the recent acceleration of glacier shrinkage in Tajikistan,focused measures should be implemented to strengthen glacier monitoring,enhance public awareness of glacier preservation,and promote the sustainable development and utilization of glacier tourism.These findings bridge the knowledge gap regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tajikistan’s glaciers over recent decades and provide essential data support for regional water resource management.展开更多
Starting from the foundational static traits underlying the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, this research conducts a systematic examination of the phenomena and theoretical principles associated with env...Starting from the foundational static traits underlying the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, this research conducts a systematic examination of the phenomena and theoretical principles associated with environment-driven adaptive changes during its cultivation. It was found that environmental variables-including temperature, light, and moisture-elicit directional shifts in static traits ( e.g. , chemical composition, morphological architecture, and leaf tissue structure) toward enhanced environmental adaptation, characterized by graduality, juvenility, similarity, and correlativity. Upon alterations in ambient conditions, flue-cured tobacco modulates its static traits through integrated physical, chemical, and biological-genetic mechanisms, aiming to optimize resource utilization, mitigate environmental constraints, and preserve internal homeostasis alongside metabolic balance. The investigation further reveals that the adaptive scope of flue-cured tobacco to field environments is malleable and can be extended and elevated via adaptive conditioning commencing at the juvenile stage. In addition, the adaptive alignment between static traits and environmental parameters exerts a substantial impact on the plant s growth dynamics, yield performance, and quality attributes. Beyond its relevance to flue-cured tobacco, the proposed theory offers a meaningful framework for elucidating the pervasive adaptive strategies employed by plants and broader biological systems in response to environmental contingencies.展开更多
Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of stan...Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of standardization and uni-formity in current model building methods,which led us to conduct this study.Background:The aim was to investigate the time-and dose-related changes in the behavioral and pathological characteristics in the MIA-induced KOA model rat.Methods:MIA(40,50,and 60 mg/mL)was injected into the left joint of male Sprague-Dawley rats.After 2 weeks,the changes in the KOA rat model were observed by be-havioral evaluation,imaging-level evaluation,and histological-level evaluation.The changes were also compared after 40-mg/mL MIA injection for 2 and 6 weeks.Results:MIA-induced bone surface defects,osteophyte hyperplasia around the artic-ular rim,increased subchondral bone density,thinning of the sparse trabecular bone,structural disorder,and local clustering were observed.The degree of injury gradually increased with the increase in MIA concentration.After 6 weeks,subchondral bone density and sparse trabecular bone increased in the KOA model.Conclusions:The severity of the model also increased significantly with the changes in dose and time.In dose-dependent experiments,this study revealed that 40 mg/mL was the optimal dose to induce significant pathological changes without causing undue discomfort or death in animals.This dose may induce pathological changes stably and is suitable for long-term observation.展开更多
Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climb...Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.展开更多
In recent years,against the backdrop of profound geopolitical changes,the European Union(EU)has been deeply mired in an industrial predicament,showing signs of shrinking production,capital outflows,relocation of produ...In recent years,against the backdrop of profound geopolitical changes,the European Union(EU)has been deeply mired in an industrial predicament,showing signs of shrinking production,capital outflows,relocation of production capacity,and lagging development in future industries.The primary causes of this situation include the energy supply crisis stemming from the decoupling from Russian energy,the impact of America's unilateral trade policy,structural flaws within the EU itself,and the intensification of global industrial competition.To overcome these challenges,the EU has introduced a series of new industrial policies,aiming at revitalizing its industries by strengthening support for local manufacturing,enhancing protective mechanisms for its domestic production,building diversified supply chains,and prioritizing the development of military industry.However,due to multiple obstacles such as heavy external dependence,significant funding gaps,internal divisions,and strategic short-sightedness,the EU still faces a long and arduous journey in its industrial revival.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lumbar interbody fusion(LIF)is the primary treatment for lumbar degenerative diseases.Elderly patients are prone to anxiety and depression after undergoing surgery,which affects their postoperative recovery...BACKGROUND Lumbar interbody fusion(LIF)is the primary treatment for lumbar degenerative diseases.Elderly patients are prone to anxiety and depression after undergoing surgery,which affects their postoperative recovery speed and quality of life.Effective prevention of anxiety and depression in elderly patients has become an urgent problem.AIM To investigate the trajectory of anxiety and depression levels in elderly patients after LIF,and the influencing factors.METHODS Random sampling was used to select 239 elderly patients who underwent LIF from January 2020 to December 2024 in Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital.General information and surgery-related indices were recorded,and participants completed measures of psychological status,lumbar spine dysfunction,and quality of life.A latent class growth model was used to analyze the post-LIF trajectory of anxiety and depression levels,and unordered multi-categorical logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.RESULTS Three trajectories of change in anxiety level were identified:Increasing anxiety(n=26,10.88%),decreasing anxiety(n=27,11.30%),and stable anxiety(n=186,77.82%).Likewise,three trajectories of change in depression level were identified:Increasing depression(n=30,12.55%),decreasing depression(n=26,10.88%),and stable depression(n=183,76.57%).Regression analysis showed that having no partner,female sex,elevated Oswestry dysfunction index(ODI)scores,and reduced 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores all contributed to increased anxiety levels,whereas female sex,postoperative opioid use,and elevated ODI scores all contributed to increased depression levels.CONCLUSION During clinical observation,combining factors to predict anxiety and depression in post-LIF elderly patients enables timely intervention,quickens recovery,and enhances quality of life.展开更多
This study investigates climate-and human-induced hydrological changes in the Zavkhan River-Khyargas Lake Basin,a highly sensitive arid and semi-arid region of Central Asia.Using Mann-Kendall,innovative trend analysis...This study investigates climate-and human-induced hydrological changes in the Zavkhan River-Khyargas Lake Basin,a highly sensitive arid and semi-arid region of Central Asia.Using Mann-Kendall,innovative trend analysis,and Sen's slope estimation methods,historical climate trends(1980-2100)were analyzed,while land cover changes represented human impacts.Future projections were simulated using the MIROC model with Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs)and the Tank model.Results show that during the past 40 years,air temperature significantly increased(Z=3.93^(***)),while precipitation(Z=-1.54^(*))and river flow(Z=-1.73^(*))both declined.The Khyargas Lake water level dropped markedly(Z=-5.57***).Land cover analysis reveals expanded cropland and impervious areas due to human activity.Under the SSP1.26 scenario,which assumes minimal climate change,air temperature is projected to rise by 2.0℃,precipitation by 21.8 mm,and river discharge by 1.61 m^(3)/s between 2000 and 2100.These findings indicate that both global warming and intensified land use have substantially altered hydrological and climatic processes in the basin,highlighting the vulnerability of western Mongolia's water resources to combined climatic and anthropogenic influence.展开更多
Glacier landslide cascading hazards pose threats to communities and infrastructure,affected by complex processes including the amplification of mass flow volume through erosion and entrainment,transformation of hazard...Glacier landslide cascading hazards pose threats to communities and infrastructure,affected by complex processes including the amplification of mass flow volume through erosion and entrainment,transformation of hazard types,ice-water phase change,and enhanced mobility of the mass flow.Scientifically simulating these physical phenomena proves challenging.This study introduces GMFA(glacier mass flow analysis),an integrated numerical model that advances the field by:(1)proposing depth-averaged fluctuation energy and internal energy equations,(2)incorporating the ice-water phase change and the entrainment-deposition process,and(3)capturing their effects on mass flow runout characteristics.The model employs the finite volume method to solve the multi-physics coupled governing equations,enabling efficient large-scale simulations.The model is verified through three numerical tests covering flow dynamics,temperature evolution,and thermo-hydro-mechanical runout processes.The model is applied to analyze a hazard chain that occurred on 10 September 2020 on the Tibetan Plateau.The multi-scenario simulation results indicate an entrained mass volume of(4.95±0.11)×10^(5)m^(3),and a ratio of entrained mass volume to source material volume of 0.44.The solid concentration decreases from 0.6-0.7 to 0.1-0.15 with increasing runout distance,indicating a transition from avalanche to debris flood.The internal energy rises by(3-4)×10^(3)kJ/m^(3),driving rapid ice melting from 0.1 to 0.2 to near-zero concentration.The model effectively quantifies volume amplification,ice-water phase changes,and multi-hazard transformations.This model pushes the geoscience frontier,extending computational capability from single-to multi-hazard simulations and providing a powerful tool for analyzing glacier cascading hazards.展开更多
Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and ...Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.展开更多
The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends ...The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends and changes in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition in response to emissions,which interferes with the ability to make effective decisions.This study has analyzed the long-term trends of wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition flux and has quantified the effect of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors at a typical urban site and a typical forest site in the PRD region from 2009 to 2020.It revealed a significant decreasing trend in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N flux in both the typical urban and forest areas of the PRD region,at-6.2%/year(p<0.001)and-3.3%/year(p<0.001),respectively.Anthropogenic emissions are thought to have contributed 47%–57%of the wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition trend over the past 12 years compared to meteorological factors.Meteorological conditions dominated the interannual fluctuations in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition with an absolute contribution of 46%–52%,while anthropogenic emissions change alone explained 10%–31%.NH_(3)emissions have the greatest impact on the urban area among anthropogenic emission factors,while SO_(2)emissions have the greatest impact on the forest area.Additionally,precipitation was identified as the primary meteorological driver for both sites.Our findings also imply that the benefits of NH_(3)emissions reductions might not immediately emerge due to interference from weather-related factors.展开更多
This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collec...This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collected from large-scale fermentation tanks with fermentation periods of up to 7.87 years.The complex bacterial community was simplified to two genera,Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium,after approximately 0.55 years of fermentation.Although genera,such as Saccharomyces,Cladosporium,Candida,and Aspergillus,were relatively dominant,no clear pattern was identified in fungal community analysis.The longitudinal metabolite profile demonstrated that approximately half(55.8%)of the metabolites present in anchovy sauce were produced within a year of fermentation due to rapid fermentation.Despite the static microbial community,the contents of several metabolites including amino acids and biogenic amines changed continuously during the long-term fermentation of anchovy sauce.This study provides novel insights into the changes in microbiota and metabolites in fish sauce produced without any starter inoculation.展开更多
China has experienced an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))concentrations since the early 21st century,with substantial heterogeneity across different source contributions....China has experienced an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))concentrations since the early 21st century,with substantial heterogeneity across different source contributions.This study developed a source-oriented CMAQ model to construct a source-resolved PM_(2.5)concentration database for China during 2000-2020.Subsequently,source-specific health risks and the contributions of key driving factors were systematically evaluated using the piling-up decomposition method.The results indicate that anthropogenic emissions,particularly from industrial sources,were the primary drivers of both the increase in PM_(2.5)from 2000 to 2012(51.8%)and the subsequent decrease from 2012 to 2020(47.6%).Currently,industrial sources remain the largest contributor to PM_(2.5)(about 32%),followed by residential(about 22%)and transportation sources(about 13%).Implementation of two-phase air pollution control measures led to a 20.4%reduction in national premature mortality attributable to PM_(2.5)from 2012 to 2020,although 10.6%of this benefit was offset by changes in population and baseline mortality rates.Throughout 2000-2020,health risks associated with anthropogenic sources consistently exceeded their proportional contribution to PM_(2.5),primarily because these emissions are concentrated in densely populated areas.These findings underscore that,in addition to implementing region-specific emission reduction policies,maintaining stringent controls on anthropogenic emissions,particularly from industrial and transportation sources,is crucial to maximizing future health benefits.展开更多
Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stres...Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stressed due to high fishing pressure and environmental changes. Based on the long-term ecosystem surveys in Laizhou Bay during the main spawning period （May） of most fishery species from 1959 to 2008, the responses of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem were analyzed here, including regime shifts in species composition, biomass, species diversity, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and environmental variables. The dominant species of large-size and high economic value （e.g. Trichiurus haumela, L. polyactis） have been replaced by the short-lived, low-trophic-level planktivorous pelagic species （e.g. Setipinna taty, Engraulisjaponicus） since the 1980s, and it is probable that the small-sized pelagic fishes have been recently replaced by invertebrates （e.g. Oratosquilla oratoria, Crangon affinis）. The biomass of fishery resources declined continuously from 423.6 kg haul 1 h-1 in 1959 to 164.6 kg haul-l h i in 1982, 37.7 kg haul-1 h-1 in 1993, and less than 8 kg haul 1 h-a in 1998-2008. Moreover, the biomass of zooplankton showed an increasing trend during 1959-2006, but showed a slight decline in 2008. The abundance of phytoplankton increased from 1959 through 1982, decreased substantially in 1993, and increased again until 2004. More recently, however, the phytoplankton abundance was very low. The sea surface temperature （SST） and sea bottom temperature （SBT） in May increased by 0.23~C a-~ and 0.16~C a-~, respectively, during 1982-2008. The salinity in May showed large fluctuations and reached its lowest val- ues in 2004 and 2006. The ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） to dissolved inorganic phosphate （DIP） increased. However, the dissolved silicon （DSi）：DIP and DSi：DIN ratios decreased to a low level during 1959-2008. These changes seri- ously impacted primary production, and cascade effects then changed the structure and function of the fishery ecosystem. Fur- ther analysis indicated that multiple stresses caused the alterations in the structure of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem. The top-down effect was identified as the main influence on the fishery species （at the top of the food chain） over the past five decades due to the increasing fishing pressure, whereas the bottom-up effect increased over the past three decades due to the strong variations in the environment.展开更多
文摘1 Introduction There is now ample evidence of the impacts of the recent climate change and anthropogenic activities on different saline lake ecosystems.All over the world salt lakes are threatened by climate change,water diversions upstream for agricultural purposes,watershed changes,introduction of aliens,etc.that result in catastrophic
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2018YFD0900901,2018YFD0900905)the Long Term Observation and Research Plan in the Changjiang River estuary and the Adjacent East China Sea Project(LORCE)(No.14282)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41806149,41806181,41706125)the NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund,China(No.U1709202)。
文摘Obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity is a distinct characteristic of ecosystems in subtropical bays.To aid targeted management and ecological restoration in long and narrow semi-enclosed subtropical bays,we analyzed seasonal and regional differences in long-term changes(1980-2019)in the biomass and abundance of large mesozooplankton(LMZ;>505μm)in Xiangshan Bay,Zhejiang,China.We found spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the historical changes of LMZ.Significant negative trends in LMZ biomass were found in the inner and middle bay during the warm season(summer and autumn),when the nutrient concentration(especially dissolved inorganic nitrogen)and temperature increased simultaneously.Nutrient changes in Xiangshan Bay began in the late 1980s or early 1990s,coinciding with large-scale fish cage development.A rapid decline in LMZ biomass occurred after 2005 when power plants commenced operation,accelerating the warming trend.Therefore,the joint stress of eutrophication and warming likely precipitated the decline in LMZ biomass.Conversely,a significant increase in LMZ biomass was found in the outer bay in spring.This trend was consistent with the trend of LMZ biomass near the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary,which indicates that the pelagic ecosystem in the outer bay was aff ected by water from the Changjiang River estuary during spring.Based on our results,ecosystem management and restoration in semi-enclosed subtropical bays should focus on internal waters,which have a poor capacity for water exchange.For Xiangshan Bay,the changes in the Changjiang River estuary ecosystem during the cold season(winter and spring)should also be considered.
基金The Scientific Research Foundation of Third Institute of Oceanography,State Oceanic Administration under contract Nos TIO 2007009 and TIO 2009007the River basin-Estuary ecological security assessment and Management strategy under contract No.200805064+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under contract No.2010J01260the "908" Project under contract No.908-02-02-01 special subjectthe Program of Chinese Marine Chemistry Investigation and Research under contract No.908-ZC-I-03the Special Fund of State Oceanic Administration under contract No.908-02-01-02the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) under contract Nos 2010CB428704 and 2005CB422305
文摘Long-term changes of phytoplankton community by water sampling method in Xiagu Sea waters of Xiamen,China,were investigated in this study.Species composition of the phytoplankton community in these waters changed greatly since the 1950s.The numbers of Dinophyta species increased significantly,although Bacillariophyta species are generally dominant.The succession of dominant species in phytoplankton community is obvious： large-size dominant species such as Biddulphia sinensis of the 1950s were gradually replaced by small-size ones such as Cyclotella striata and Nitzschia closterium,and species that still maintain dominant such as Skeletonema costatum are also small ones,leading the whole phytoplankton community of smaller size.Cell density of phytoplankton community increased greatly,among which cell density of the most dominant species Skeletonema costatum have been increasing in exponent function.Margalef index of phytoplankton community decreased,indicating decline of biodiversity of the community,and dominant character of Skeletonema costatum increased.Generally,the structure of the entire phytoplankton community is becoming more and more singular and unstable,which makes the occurrence of red tides more frequent.The succession in the phytoplankton community is related to the long-term changes in marine environment,influenced by human activities and global climate changes,especially the increases of nutrient content.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2018YFC1505804]
文摘During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.
文摘The present study describes the long-term changes in Pre-midnight and Midnight airglow intensities of 557.7 nm during the period 1979-1994 over mid latitude Japanese station i.e., Kiso, Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, University of Tokyo (35.79oN, 137.63oE;1130 m), Japan. It has observed that there is a positive increasing decadal change in Midnight and Pre-midnight mesospheric airglow intensity of the range 25 - 88 R. This range is the order of 10 to 30% of the observed MARV and average night airglow intensity of 250 R. Besides this long-term trend, inter-annual monthly variation is also seen from fluctuation of yearly variation of deviation values from MARV to particular average monthly values. The present observations about the positive decadal change in night time mesospheric airglow intensity has been further linked to the reduction of mesospheric electron densities and temperature or shrinking and cooling of the lower ionosphere as established from the long-term behavior of mesospheric parameters such as a negative decadal change in thermal structure, electron density, neutral density parameters as per studies reported by other researchers.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.43277051)the Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education(No.B230203006).
文摘While oceanic and coastal acidification has gained increased attention,long-term pH trends and their drivers in large freshwater systems remain poorly understood.The Laurentian Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system,and in many ways resemble marine ecosystems.However,unlike the open ocean and coastal waters where pH has declined due to rising atmospheric CO_(2),no significant pH trends have been observed in the Laurentian Great Lakes,despite significant ecosystem changes driven partly by the invasion of dreissenid mussels.This study examined 41 years of field observations from Lake Michigan to investigate the long-term carbonate chemistry dynamics.Observational results revealed substantial declines in both total alkalinity(TA)and dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)over the four decades.Mussel shell calcification emerged as the primary mechanism behind these declines,accounting for 97%and 47%of the observed changes in TA and DIC,respectively,lowering water column pH by 0.24 units.Elevated carbon accumulation in soft mussel tissues,coupled with long-term changes in the air-water pCO_(2)gradient during summer,significantly contributed to long-term DIC variations,explaining 18%and 28%of the lake-wide DIC loss.These two mechanisms also resulted in an overall pH increase of 0.09 and 0.12 units,largely offsetting the calcification-driven pH decrease.These findings bridge a gap in acidification research for large freshwater systems and provide valuable insights for comprehensive lake-wide management strategies.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Plan“Inter-governmental International Science&Technology Innovation Cooperation”Key Specialized Program,China(2025YFE0102800)the Program of the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CSFSE-ZZ-2403).
文摘Tajikistan contains the majority of Central Asia’s glaciers,which cover about 6.00%of the national territory;their rapid shrinkage poses a significant threat to regional water resource security.However,glacier monitoring in Tajikistan was interrupted after 1991,creating a substantial gap in understanding the current state and temporal evolution of these glaciers.Based on glacier inventory data,in situ measurements,and published literature,this study examined the present status and recent variations of glaciers in Tajikistan through data integration and validation,literature collation and comparative analysis,and the application of Geographic Information System(GIS)spatial analysis techniques.As of 2023,Tajikistan possesses a total of 11,528 glaciers,encompassing an area of 7624.48(±305.58)km2.Small glaciers dominate in number,whereas large glaciers account for the majority of the total area.Over the past two decades,the glacier count has decreased by 2014,and the total area has decreased by 628.98 km2,corresponding to an average annual reduction rate of 0.33%.Regional shrinkage rates range from 4.10%to 22.28%.Glaciers have undergone accelerated mass loss during the past 20 a;only those on the northeastern Pamir Plateau exhibit a weak positive mass balance.Observations of typical monitored glaciers also reveal intensified melting and retreat,consistent with regional trends.In light of the recent acceleration of glacier shrinkage in Tajikistan,focused measures should be implemented to strengthen glacier monitoring,enhance public awareness of glacier preservation,and promote the sustainable development and utilization of glacier tourism.These findings bridge the knowledge gap regarding the spatiotemporal dynamics of Tajikistan’s glaciers over recent decades and provide essential data support for regional water resource management.
基金Supported by Changsha Tobacco Company Science and Technology Project(2020-2024A04).
文摘Starting from the foundational static traits underlying the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, this research conducts a systematic examination of the phenomena and theoretical principles associated with environment-driven adaptive changes during its cultivation. It was found that environmental variables-including temperature, light, and moisture-elicit directional shifts in static traits ( e.g. , chemical composition, morphological architecture, and leaf tissue structure) toward enhanced environmental adaptation, characterized by graduality, juvenility, similarity, and correlativity. Upon alterations in ambient conditions, flue-cured tobacco modulates its static traits through integrated physical, chemical, and biological-genetic mechanisms, aiming to optimize resource utilization, mitigate environmental constraints, and preserve internal homeostasis alongside metabolic balance. The investigation further reveals that the adaptive scope of flue-cured tobacco to field environments is malleable and can be extended and elevated via adaptive conditioning commencing at the juvenile stage. In addition, the adaptive alignment between static traits and environmental parameters exerts a substantial impact on the plant s growth dynamics, yield performance, and quality attributes. Beyond its relevance to flue-cured tobacco, the proposed theory offers a meaningful framework for elucidating the pervasive adaptive strategies employed by plants and broader biological systems in response to environmental contingencies.
基金Construction Project of High-Level Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Discipline of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Grant/Award Number:zyyzdxk-2023022Key Team of Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents of Shanxi Province with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Preventing and Treating Rheumatological Diseases,Grant/Award Number:202204051002033+4 种基金Traditional Chinese Medicine+Stem Cell Innovation Project,Grant/Award Number:2024KJZY0062023 Shanxi Graduate Research Practice Project,Grant/Award Number:2023KY6762023 Graduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Grant/Award Number:2023CX023 and 2023CX027Science and Technology Innovation Project for University in Shanxi Province,Grant/Award Number:2022L358Key Laboratory of Rheumatological and Immunological Diseases Treated by Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine,Grant/Award Number:zyyyjs2024021。
文摘Knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a chronic degenerative disease.Monosodium iodoac-etate(MIA)induction is the most commonly used therapeutic effect evaluation and mechanism of action research model;we observed a lack of standardization and uni-formity in current model building methods,which led us to conduct this study.Background:The aim was to investigate the time-and dose-related changes in the behavioral and pathological characteristics in the MIA-induced KOA model rat.Methods:MIA(40,50,and 60 mg/mL)was injected into the left joint of male Sprague-Dawley rats.After 2 weeks,the changes in the KOA rat model were observed by be-havioral evaluation,imaging-level evaluation,and histological-level evaluation.The changes were also compared after 40-mg/mL MIA injection for 2 and 6 weeks.Results:MIA-induced bone surface defects,osteophyte hyperplasia around the artic-ular rim,increased subchondral bone density,thinning of the sparse trabecular bone,structural disorder,and local clustering were observed.The degree of injury gradually increased with the increase in MIA concentration.After 6 weeks,subchondral bone density and sparse trabecular bone increased in the KOA model.Conclusions:The severity of the model also increased significantly with the changes in dose and time.In dose-dependent experiments,this study revealed that 40 mg/mL was the optimal dose to induce significant pathological changes without causing undue discomfort or death in animals.This dose may induce pathological changes stably and is suitable for long-term observation.
文摘Lin Wei is a hiking enthusiast.At six o'clock on the last Saturday morning,the temperature at the foot of the mountain was only 2℃,so she put on her thickest fleece jacket.However,after only half an hour of climbing,the heat left her drenched in sweat,making her feel very cold.By midday,the temperature was approaching 20℃,and her heavy jacket had to be tied around her waist,becoming a burden during her hike.This outdoor adventure allowed her to appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also subjected her to repeated changes in temperature.
文摘In recent years,against the backdrop of profound geopolitical changes,the European Union(EU)has been deeply mired in an industrial predicament,showing signs of shrinking production,capital outflows,relocation of production capacity,and lagging development in future industries.The primary causes of this situation include the energy supply crisis stemming from the decoupling from Russian energy,the impact of America's unilateral trade policy,structural flaws within the EU itself,and the intensification of global industrial competition.To overcome these challenges,the EU has introduced a series of new industrial policies,aiming at revitalizing its industries by strengthening support for local manufacturing,enhancing protective mechanisms for its domestic production,building diversified supply chains,and prioritizing the development of military industry.However,due to multiple obstacles such as heavy external dependence,significant funding gaps,internal divisions,and strategic short-sightedness,the EU still faces a long and arduous journey in its industrial revival.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research Projects of the Health System in Pingshan District,No.2023122.
文摘BACKGROUND Lumbar interbody fusion(LIF)is the primary treatment for lumbar degenerative diseases.Elderly patients are prone to anxiety and depression after undergoing surgery,which affects their postoperative recovery speed and quality of life.Effective prevention of anxiety and depression in elderly patients has become an urgent problem.AIM To investigate the trajectory of anxiety and depression levels in elderly patients after LIF,and the influencing factors.METHODS Random sampling was used to select 239 elderly patients who underwent LIF from January 2020 to December 2024 in Shenzhen Pingle Orthopedic Hospital.General information and surgery-related indices were recorded,and participants completed measures of psychological status,lumbar spine dysfunction,and quality of life.A latent class growth model was used to analyze the post-LIF trajectory of anxiety and depression levels,and unordered multi-categorical logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.RESULTS Three trajectories of change in anxiety level were identified:Increasing anxiety(n=26,10.88%),decreasing anxiety(n=27,11.30%),and stable anxiety(n=186,77.82%).Likewise,three trajectories of change in depression level were identified:Increasing depression(n=30,12.55%),decreasing depression(n=26,10.88%),and stable depression(n=183,76.57%).Regression analysis showed that having no partner,female sex,elevated Oswestry dysfunction index(ODI)scores,and reduced 36-Item Short Form Health Survey scores all contributed to increased anxiety levels,whereas female sex,postoperative opioid use,and elevated ODI scores all contributed to increased depression levels.CONCLUSION During clinical observation,combining factors to predict anxiety and depression in post-LIF elderly patients enables timely intervention,quickens recovery,and enhances quality of life.
基金The National University of Mongolia,No.P2024-4814The Mongolian Science and Technology Foundation,No.CHN-2022/274The‘Chey Institute for Advanced Studies’International Scholar Exchange Fellowship for the Academic Year of 2025-2026。
文摘This study investigates climate-and human-induced hydrological changes in the Zavkhan River-Khyargas Lake Basin,a highly sensitive arid and semi-arid region of Central Asia.Using Mann-Kendall,innovative trend analysis,and Sen's slope estimation methods,historical climate trends(1980-2100)were analyzed,while land cover changes represented human impacts.Future projections were simulated using the MIROC model with Shared Socioeconomic Pathways(SSPs)and the Tank model.Results show that during the past 40 years,air temperature significantly increased(Z=3.93^(***)),while precipitation(Z=-1.54^(*))and river flow(Z=-1.73^(*))both declined.The Khyargas Lake water level dropped markedly(Z=-5.57***).Land cover analysis reveals expanded cropland and impervious areas due to human activity.Under the SSP1.26 scenario,which assumes minimal climate change,air temperature is projected to rise by 2.0℃,precipitation by 21.8 mm,and river discharge by 1.61 m^(3)/s between 2000 and 2100.These findings indicate that both global warming and intensified land use have substantially altered hydrological and climatic processes in the basin,highlighting the vulnerability of western Mongolia's water resources to combined climatic and anthropogenic influence.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U20A20112)the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong SAR Government,China(Grant Nos.T22-606/23-R and 16206923).
文摘Glacier landslide cascading hazards pose threats to communities and infrastructure,affected by complex processes including the amplification of mass flow volume through erosion and entrainment,transformation of hazard types,ice-water phase change,and enhanced mobility of the mass flow.Scientifically simulating these physical phenomena proves challenging.This study introduces GMFA(glacier mass flow analysis),an integrated numerical model that advances the field by:(1)proposing depth-averaged fluctuation energy and internal energy equations,(2)incorporating the ice-water phase change and the entrainment-deposition process,and(3)capturing their effects on mass flow runout characteristics.The model employs the finite volume method to solve the multi-physics coupled governing equations,enabling efficient large-scale simulations.The model is verified through three numerical tests covering flow dynamics,temperature evolution,and thermo-hydro-mechanical runout processes.The model is applied to analyze a hazard chain that occurred on 10 September 2020 on the Tibetan Plateau.The multi-scenario simulation results indicate an entrained mass volume of(4.95±0.11)×10^(5)m^(3),and a ratio of entrained mass volume to source material volume of 0.44.The solid concentration decreases from 0.6-0.7 to 0.1-0.15 with increasing runout distance,indicating a transition from avalanche to debris flood.The internal energy rises by(3-4)×10^(3)kJ/m^(3),driving rapid ice melting from 0.1 to 0.2 to near-zero concentration.The model effectively quantifies volume amplification,ice-water phase changes,and multi-hazard transformations.This model pushes the geoscience frontier,extending computational capability from single-to multi-hazard simulations and providing a powerful tool for analyzing glacier cascading hazards.
基金funded by the Postdoctoral Research Startup Foundation of University of Jinan(Grant No.100389917).
文摘Climate change and anthropogenic activities have driven significant terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC)in the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR),exerting profound impacts on freshwater availability across China and broader Asia.However,long-term TWSC characterization remains challenging due to limited observational data in this alpine region.Here,we integrate GRACE observations(2002-2020),ERA5-Land reanalysis,and GLDAS data to reconstruct TWSC using two methods:(1)the water balance method(PER)and(2)the component summation method(SS),applied to three input datasets(ERA5-Land,GLDAS,and their average,GLER).Comparative analysis reveals that the SS method applied to GL-ER yields the highest consistency with GRACE-derived TWSC.Using this optimal approach,we extend the analysis to 1951~2020,uncovering spatiotemporal TWSC patterns.Although annual TWSC trends appear negligible due to strong seasonality,we introduce the intra-year TWSC fluctuation(TWSCF)index to quantify cumulative variability.A significant(p<0.05)transition occurred in 1980,with TWSCF shifting from a declining trend(-0.39 mm/yr)to an increasing trend(0.56 mm/yr),primarily driven by soil moisture changes.However,Hurst exponent analysis suggests this upward trend may not persist.Drought and vegetation assessments indicate concurrent wetting and greening in the TRSR.TWSC correlates strongly with meteorological drought,acting as a reliable drought indicator while its linkage with vegetation dynamics suggests a potential contribution to greening.Our findings provide a robust framework for understanding long-term TWSC evolution and its hydrological-ecological interactions under climate change.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.42275107,42121004,and 42375109)the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2023YFC3706202)+1 种基金the Foundational and Applied Basic Research in Guangzhou in 2023(No.2023A04J0251)the Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province(No.2019B121205004).
文摘The Pearl River Delta(PRD)region has been identified as a significant hotspot of wet ammonium deposition.However,the absence of long-term monitoring data in the area hinders the comprehension of the historical trends and changes in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition in response to emissions,which interferes with the ability to make effective decisions.This study has analyzed the long-term trends of wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition flux and has quantified the effect of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological factors at a typical urban site and a typical forest site in the PRD region from 2009 to 2020.It revealed a significant decreasing trend in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N flux in both the typical urban and forest areas of the PRD region,at-6.2%/year(p<0.001)and-3.3%/year(p<0.001),respectively.Anthropogenic emissions are thought to have contributed 47%–57%of the wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition trend over the past 12 years compared to meteorological factors.Meteorological conditions dominated the interannual fluctuations in wet NH_(4)^(+)-N deposition with an absolute contribution of 46%–52%,while anthropogenic emissions change alone explained 10%–31%.NH_(3)emissions have the greatest impact on the urban area among anthropogenic emission factors,while SO_(2)emissions have the greatest impact on the forest area.Additionally,precipitation was identified as the primary meteorological driver for both sites.Our findings also imply that the benefits of NH_(3)emissions reductions might not immediately emerge due to interference from weather-related factors.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(RS-2024-00333618 and RS-2023-00240999)a Korea University Grantthe Institute of Biomedical Science&Food Safety,CJ-Korea University Food Safety Hall at Korea University,Republic of Korea。
文摘This study was performed to investigate the changes in microbial communities and metabolites during the long-term fermentation of commercially manufactured anchovy sauce.Samples of commercial anchovy sauce were collected from large-scale fermentation tanks with fermentation periods of up to 7.87 years.The complex bacterial community was simplified to two genera,Tetragenococcus and Halanaerobium,after approximately 0.55 years of fermentation.Although genera,such as Saccharomyces,Cladosporium,Candida,and Aspergillus,were relatively dominant,no clear pattern was identified in fungal community analysis.The longitudinal metabolite profile demonstrated that approximately half(55.8%)of the metabolites present in anchovy sauce were produced within a year of fermentation due to rapid fermentation.Despite the static microbial community,the contents of several metabolites including amino acids and biogenic amines changed continuously during the long-term fermentation of anchovy sauce.This study provides novel insights into the changes in microbiota and metabolites in fish sauce produced without any starter inoculation.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3701105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42077194,42061134008,42377098)+1 种基金the Shanghai International Science and Technology Partner-ship Project(21230780200)the Shanghai General Project(23ZR1406100).
文摘China has experienced an initial increase and a subsequent decrease in fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))concentrations since the early 21st century,with substantial heterogeneity across different source contributions.This study developed a source-oriented CMAQ model to construct a source-resolved PM_(2.5)concentration database for China during 2000-2020.Subsequently,source-specific health risks and the contributions of key driving factors were systematically evaluated using the piling-up decomposition method.The results indicate that anthropogenic emissions,particularly from industrial sources,were the primary drivers of both the increase in PM_(2.5)from 2000 to 2012(51.8%)and the subsequent decrease from 2012 to 2020(47.6%).Currently,industrial sources remain the largest contributor to PM_(2.5)(about 32%),followed by residential(about 22%)and transportation sources(about 13%).Implementation of two-phase air pollution control measures led to a 20.4%reduction in national premature mortality attributable to PM_(2.5)from 2012 to 2020,although 10.6%of this benefit was offset by changes in population and baseline mortality rates.Throughout 2000-2020,health risks associated with anthropogenic sources consistently exceeded their proportional contribution to PM_(2.5),primarily because these emissions are concentrated in densely populated areas.These findings underscore that,in addition to implementing region-specific emission reduction policies,maintaining stringent controls on anthropogenic emissions,particularly from industrial and transportation sources,is crucial to maximizing future health benefits.
基金supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(Grant No.200903005)National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2011CB409805 and 2010CB951204)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province
文摘Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stressed due to high fishing pressure and environmental changes. Based on the long-term ecosystem surveys in Laizhou Bay during the main spawning period （May） of most fishery species from 1959 to 2008, the responses of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem were analyzed here, including regime shifts in species composition, biomass, species diversity, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and environmental variables. The dominant species of large-size and high economic value （e.g. Trichiurus haumela, L. polyactis） have been replaced by the short-lived, low-trophic-level planktivorous pelagic species （e.g. Setipinna taty, Engraulisjaponicus） since the 1980s, and it is probable that the small-sized pelagic fishes have been recently replaced by invertebrates （e.g. Oratosquilla oratoria, Crangon affinis）. The biomass of fishery resources declined continuously from 423.6 kg haul 1 h-1 in 1959 to 164.6 kg haul-l h i in 1982, 37.7 kg haul-1 h-1 in 1993, and less than 8 kg haul 1 h-a in 1998-2008. Moreover, the biomass of zooplankton showed an increasing trend during 1959-2006, but showed a slight decline in 2008. The abundance of phytoplankton increased from 1959 through 1982, decreased substantially in 1993, and increased again until 2004. More recently, however, the phytoplankton abundance was very low. The sea surface temperature （SST） and sea bottom temperature （SBT） in May increased by 0.23~C a-~ and 0.16~C a-~, respectively, during 1982-2008. The salinity in May showed large fluctuations and reached its lowest val- ues in 2004 and 2006. The ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） to dissolved inorganic phosphate （DIP） increased. However, the dissolved silicon （DSi）：DIP and DSi：DIN ratios decreased to a low level during 1959-2008. These changes seri- ously impacted primary production, and cascade effects then changed the structure and function of the fishery ecosystem. Fur- ther analysis indicated that multiple stresses caused the alterations in the structure of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem. The top-down effect was identified as the main influence on the fishery species （at the top of the food chain） over the past five decades due to the increasing fishing pressure, whereas the bottom-up effect increased over the past three decades due to the strong variations in the environment.
