Local adaptation is critical for plant survivals and reproductions in the context of global environmental change.Heterogeneous environments impose various selection pressures that influence the fitness of organisms an...Local adaptation is critical for plant survivals and reproductions in the context of global environmental change.Heterogeneous environments impose various selection pressures that influence the fitness of organisms and leave genomic signatures during the process of adaptation to local environments.However,unveiling the genomic signatures of adaptation still poses a major challenge especially for perennials due to limited genomic resources.Here,we utilized Actinidia eriantha,a Chinese endemic liana,as a model case to detect drivers of local adaptation and adaptive signals through landscape genomics for 311 individuals collected from 25 populations.Our results demonstrated precipitation and solar radiation were two crucial factors influencing the patterns of genetic variations and driving adaptive processes.We further uncovered a set of genes involved in adaptation to heterogeneous environments.Among them,AeERF110 showed high genetic differentiation between populations and was confirmed to be involved in local adaptation via changes in allele frequency along with precipitation(Prec_03)and solar radiation(Srad_03)in native habitats separately,implying that adaptive loci frequently exhibited environmental and geographic signals.In addition,we assessed genetic offsets of populations under four future climate models and revealed that populations from middle and east clusters faced higher risks in adapting to future environments,which should address more attentions.Taken together,our study opens new perspectives for understanding the genetic underpinnings of local adaptation in plants to environmental changes in a more comprehensive fashion and offered the guides on applications in conservation efforts.展开更多
Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts;however,limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants.Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus r...Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts;however,limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants.Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)is facing population decline,attributed to increases in habitat loss.There is a knowledge gap in understanding the genomic status and genetic basis underlying the local adaptation of this threatened bird.Here,we used population genomic data to assess population structure,genetic diversity,inbreeding patterns,and genetic divergence.Furthermore,we identified candidate genes linked with adaptation across the current distribution of Reeves’s Pheasant.The present study assembled the first de novo genome sequence of Reeves’s Pheasant and annotated 19,458 genes.We also sequenced 30 individuals from three populations(Dabie Mountain,Shennongjia,Qinling Mountain)and found that there was clear population structure among those populations.By comparing with other threatened species,we found that Reeves’s Pheasants have low genetic diversity.Runs of homozygosity suggest that the Shennongjia population has experienced serious inbreeding.The demographic history results indicated that three populations experienced several declines during the glacial period.Local adaptative analysis among the populations identified 241 candidate genes under directional selection.They are involved in a large variety of processes,including the immune response and pigmentation.Our results suggest that the three populations should be considered as three different conservation units.The current study provides genetic evidence for conserving the threatened Reeves’s Pheasant and provides genomic resources for global biodiversity management.展开更多
The genetic adaptations of various organisms to heterogeneous environments in the northwestern Pacific remain poorly understood.Heterogeneous genomic divergence among populations may reflect environmentalselection.Adv...The genetic adaptations of various organisms to heterogeneous environments in the northwestern Pacific remain poorly understood.Heterogeneous genomic divergence among populations may reflect environmentalselection.Advancingour understanding of the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to different temperatures in response to climate change and predicting the adaptive potential and ecological consequences of anthropogenic global warming are critical.We sequenced the whole genomes of Japanese whiting(Sillago japonica)specimens collected from different latitudinal locations along the coastal waters of China and Japan to detect possible thermal adaptations.Using population genomics,a total of 5.48 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from five populations revealed a complete genetic break between the Chinese and Japanese groups,which was attributed to both geographic distance and local adaptation.The shared natural selection genes between two isolated populations(i.e.,Zhoushan and Ise Bay/Tokyo Bay)indicated possible parallel evolution at the genetic level induced by temperature.These genes also indicated that the process of temperature selection on isolated populations is repeatable.Moreover,we observed natural candidate genes related to membrane fluidity,possibly underlying adaptation to cold environmental stress.These findings advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptations of fish species.Species distribution projection models suggested that the Chinese and Japanese groups may have different responses to future climate change,with the former expanding and the latter contracting.The findings of this study enhance our understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.展开更多
Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a fore...Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.展开更多
This paper discusses and critically reviews the causes and consequences of global standardization and local adaptation of marketing strategies.The scope of the literature review is in the fields of international marke...This paper discusses and critically reviews the causes and consequences of global standardization and local adaptation of marketing strategies.The scope of the literature review is in the fields of international marketing,international trade,and corporate strategic management.It also aims to emphasize finding gaps after reading the literature.Even though the studies’scope is extensive,this paper limits the reach:firstly,it introduces the standardization and local adaptation,discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both by researchers.At the same time,untangle the relationship between international marketing strategy and marketing mix.Secondly,it is divided into macro and micro to collate and analyze the leading factors affecting international strategy,so that the cross-market fit of global marketing tactic can be realised.Finally,focus on the KPI.The indicators of financial return were selected as the review from the factors representing the intuitive development level of the company.The goal was to concentrate on the mutual feedback and adjustment between the standardization/adaptation and performance of multinational companies.Among them,the diversities between developed and emerging markets are interspersed in each link.As this difference is a trend that scholars have begun to notice in recent years.Although many existed bibliographies are revolved around particular multinational companies or regions to assessment,this paper will focus on the impact of practical research article review and evaluation.It would not involve specific corporate and country.展开更多
The distribution of Pampus argenteus(Euphrasen,1788)spans a pronounced latitudinal-environmental gradient from the subtropical to the subpolar zones.The species is reported to have multiple stocks along coastal China,...The distribution of Pampus argenteus(Euphrasen,1788)spans a pronounced latitudinal-environmental gradient from the subtropical to the subpolar zones.The species is reported to have multiple stocks along coastal China,exhibiting different spawning behaviors and habitat preferences.Such ecological variations might imply potential genetic divergence and local adaptation.We resequenced 117 genomes from six coastal stocks of P.argenteus in China.Although no hierarchical genetic structure was identified,over 50%of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)indicated moderate to strong divergence in at least two stocks.The Mantel test identified 21100-kb sliding windows with significant isolation by distance and environ-ment,while a majority did not.Given the lack of genome-wide isolation by distance,the 21 windows may be under selec-tion pressure from the latitudinal-environmental variations.Among the 21 windows,certain genes were linked to circadian clock regulation and thermal stress response,suggesting sea surface temperature and sunshine duration as selective forces.A total of 17 genes regulated neuron activity;variations near these genes might subsequently shape the different spawning and migratory behaviors among the stocks.Additionally,1204 SNPs were mapped to non-coding regions;14 transcriptional and translational factors were identified in the 21 windows.These findings imply that alterations in gene expression might contribute to the local adaptation of the P.argenteus stocks.展开更多
Structural variations(SVs)are a feature of plant genomes that has been largely unexplored despite their significant impact on plant phenotypic traits and local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress.In this study,we ...Structural variations(SVs)are a feature of plant genomes that has been largely unexplored despite their significant impact on plant phenotypic traits and local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress.In this study,we employed woolly grape(Vitis retordii),a species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia with both coastal and inland habitats,as a valuable model for examining the impact of SVs on local adaptation.We assembled a haplotype-resolved chromosomal reference genome for woolly grape,and conducted population genetic analyses based on whole-genome sequencing(WGS)data from coastal and inland populations.The demographic analyses revealed recent bottlenecks in all populations and asymmetric gene flow from the inland to the coastal population.In total,1,035 genes associated with plant adaptive regulation for salt stress,radiation,and environmental adaptation were detected underlying local selection by SVs and SNPs in the coastal population,of which 37.29% and 65.26% were detected by SVs and SNPs,respectively.Candidate genes such as FSD2,RGA1,and AAP8 associated with salt tolerance were found to be highly differentiated and selected during the process of local adaptation to coastal habitats in SV regions.Our study highlights the importance of SVs in local adaptation;candidate genes related to salt stress and climatic adaptation to tropical and subtropical environments are important genomic resources for future breeding programs of grapevine and its rootstocks.展开更多
Underwater images are inherently degraded by color distortion,contrast reduction,and uneven brightness,primarily due to light absorption and scattering in water.To mitigate these challenges,a novel enhancement approac...Underwater images are inherently degraded by color distortion,contrast reduction,and uneven brightness,primarily due to light absorption and scattering in water.To mitigate these challenges,a novel enhancement approach is proposed,integrating Local Adaptive Color Correction(LACC)with contrast enhancement based on adaptive Rayleigh distribution stretching and CLAHE(LACC-RCE).Conventional color correction methods predominantly employ global adjustment strategies,which are often inadequate for handling spatially varying color distortions.In contrast,the proposed LACC method incorporates local color analysis,tone-weighted control,and spatially adaptive adjustments,allowing for region-specific color correction.This approach effectively enhances color fidelity and perceptual naturalness,addressing the limitations of global correction techniques.For contrast enhancement,the proposed method leverages the global mapping characteristics of the Rayleigh distribution to improve overall contrast,while CLAHE is employed to adaptively enhance local regions.A weighted fusion strategy is then applied to synthesize high-quality underwater images.Experimental results indicate that LACC-RCE surpasses conventional methods in color restoration,contrast optimization,and detail preservation,thereby enhancing the visual quality of underwater images.This improvement facilitates more reliable inputs for underwater object detection and recognition tasks.展开更多
Aims Crofton weed,with a subtropical origin,has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in southwest China.We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the succ...Aims Crofton weed,with a subtropical origin,has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in southwest China.We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the successful invasion of crofton weed in heterogeneous environments.Methods Five populations from different habitats with an altitude ranging from 678 to 2356 m were selected.Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination capability of these populations were investigated in the field.greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments with the five populations were conducted,and all the above characters were measured and compared among these populations.Important Findings Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination rate were each significantly different among the five populations in field.However,there was no difference among these populations in the greenhouse experiment.In the reciprocal transplant experiment,plants from the five populations responded similarly to different habitats in the field,indicat-ing lack of local adaptation.Instead,phenotypic plasticity likely plays a key role in the invasion success of crofton weed in different habitats.展开更多
Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies diverg...Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies divergence and niche width evolution.We assess the contri-bution of these processes to shape current elevational limits and determine elevational phenotypic divergence between two subspe-cies of Aquilegia vulgaris(subsp.vulgaris and nevadensis).Methods We conducted sowing and transplant experiments considering four elevations throughout the current elevational range of A.vulgaris in southern Iberian Peninsula.Experiments were designed to explore,on the one hand,local adaptation through three components of performance(germination,survival and growth)and,on the other hand,the phenotypic differentiation and/or plasticity associated to local adaptation.Four populations per subspecies(three from the elevational core and one from the elevational boundary)were used as seed sources.Patterns of local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation are examined in the context of the‘centre-periphery’hypothesis.Important Findings Central populations of both subspecies performed better at their local elevations while marginal populations were maladapted,confirming the hypothesis and contributing to explain the current elevational segregation of these subspecies.Density of glandular pubescence and germination timing seem to be related to local adaptation,through phenotypic differentiation between subspe-cies or elevations.The widespread subsp.vulgaris showed signals of adaptive plasticity in the timing of germination while it was not the case in the endemic subsp.nevadensis.展开更多
Sheep(Ovis aries),among the first domesticated species,are now globally widespread and exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse environments.In this study,we perform whole-genome sequencing of266 animals from 18 dis...Sheep(Ovis aries),among the first domesticated species,are now globally widespread and exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse environments.In this study,we perform whole-genome sequencing of266 animals from 18 distinct Chinese sheep populations,each displaying unique phenotypes indicative of adaptation to varying environmental conditions.Integrating 131 environmental factors with single nucleotide polymorphism variations,we conduct a comprehensive genetic-environmental association analysis.This analysis identifies 35 key genes likely integral to the environmental adaptation of sheep.The functions of these genes include fat tail formation(HOXA10,HOXA11,JAZF1),wool characteristics(FER,FGF5,MITF,PDE4B),horn phenotypes(RXFP2),reproduction(HIBADH,TRIM71,C6H4orf22),and growth traits(ADGRL3,TRHDE).Notably,we observe a significant correlation between the frequency of missense mutations in the PAPSS2 and RXFP2 genes and variations in altitude.Our study reveals candidate genes for adaptive variation in sheep and demonstrates the diversity in how sheep adapt to their environment.展开更多
Global climate change has increased concerns regarding biodiversity loss.However,many key conservation issues still required further research,including demographic history,deleterious mutation load,adaptive evolution,...Global climate change has increased concerns regarding biodiversity loss.However,many key conservation issues still required further research,including demographic history,deleterious mutation load,adaptive evolution,and putative introgression.Here we generated the first chromosome-level genome of the endangered Chinese hazelnut,Corylus chinensis,and compared the genomic signatures with its sympatric widespread C.kwechowensis-C yunnanensis complex.We found large genome rearrangements across all Corylus species and identified species-specific expanded gene families that may be involved in adaptation.Population genomics revealed that both C.chinensis and the C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex had diverged into two genetic lineages,forming a consistent pattern of southwestern-northern differentiation.Population size of the narrow southwestern lineages of both species have decreased continuously since the late Miocene,whereas the widespread northern lineages have remained stable(C.chinensis) or have even recovered from population bottlenecks(C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex) during the Quaternary.Compared with C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,C.chinensis showed significantly lower genomic diversity and higher inbreeding level.However,C.chinensis carried significantly fewer deleterious mutations than C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,as more effective purging selection reduced the accumulation of homozygous variants.We also detected signals of positive selection and adaptive introgression in different lineages,which facilitated the accumulation of favorable variants and formation of local adaptation.Hence,both types of selection and exogenous introgression could have mitigated inbreeding and facilitated survival and persistence of C.chinensis.Overall,our study provides critical insights into lineage differentiation,local adaptation,and the potential for future recovery of endangered trees.展开更多
Non-signaling functions of coloration include thermoregulation(thermal melanism hypothesis),protection against ultraviolet radiation(photoprotection hypothesis),and concealment from predators(crypsis hypothesis).We in...Non-signaling functions of coloration include thermoregulation(thermal melanism hypothesis),protection against ultraviolet radiation(photoprotection hypothesis),and concealment from predators(crypsis hypothesis).We investigated whether dorsal coloration in 19 populations of spiny-footed lizards,Acanthodactylus erythrurus,across the Iberian Peninsula varies according to these functions.We captured adult males and females in each population and calculated standardized dorsum brightness estimates from photographs.We also calculated standardized ground luminosity estimates and gathered information on latitude,altitude,mean annual temperature,and mean annual solar radiation for each location.Males showed a higher percentage of black coloration and a more contrasted dorsum than females,suggesting different selection pressures on dorsal coloration in both sexes.Furthermore,males showed a darker dorsum and a higher percentage of black coloration at higher altitudes and when the ground was darker.In contrast,females exhibited a darker dorsum only when the ground was darker and a higher percentage of black coloration only at higher altitudes.We also observed that the variation of dorsum luminosity within males and the variation of dorsum luminosity among females within populations were both positively related to the variation of ground luminosity among different points within locations.Latitude,temperature,and solar radiation were not signifcantly related to dorsal coloration in either sex.Our results support the photoprotection and crypsis hypotheses in males and,to some extent,in females,whereas the thermal melanism hypothesis is weakly supported in both sexes.These fndings suggest that there is local adaptation in the dorsal coloration of the spiny-footed lizard.展开更多
Evolutionary experiments provide a unique lens through which to observe the impacts of natural selection on crop evolution,domestication,and adaptation through empirical evidence.Enabled by modern technologies—such a...Evolutionary experiments provide a unique lens through which to observe the impacts of natural selection on crop evolution,domestication,and adaptation through empirical evidence.Enabled by modern technologies—such as the development of large-scale,structured evolving populations,high-throughput phenotyping,and genomics-driven genetics studies—the transition from theoretical evolutionary biology to practical application is now possible for staple crops.The century-long Barley Composite Cross II(CCII)competition experiment has offered invaluable insights into understanding the genomic and phenotypic basis of natural and artificial selection driven by environmental adaptation during crop evolution and domestication.These experiments enable scientists to measure evolutionary dynamics,in real time,of genetic diversity,adaptation of fitness-associated traits,and the trade-offs inherent in selective processes.Beyond advancing our understanding of evolutionary biology and agricultural practices,these studies provide critical insights into addressing global challenges,from ensuring food security to fostering resilience in human societies.展开更多
Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced ...Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced genomes to clarify the evolutionary history and adaptive potential of T.sinense.We identifiedsix divergent lineages in T.sinense:three lineages from southwestern China(Yunnan Province)and three lineages from the central subtropical region of China.Additionally,we detected hybridization events between some adjacent lineages.Demographic analysis revealed that over the past 10,000 years the effective population size(Ne)of three T.sinense lineages(i.e.,NORTH,SWEST,and YNWEST)increased after their last bottleneck and then remained stable,whereas that of the remaining three lineages(i.e.,YSEAST,YC,and EAST)declined steadily.The decline in effective population size in the Yunnan lineages aligned well with the decrease in genome-wide diversity and a significantincrease in the frequency of runs of homozygosity.Deleterious variants and positively selected sites were involved in the evolution of different lineages.Further,genotype–environment association(GEA)analyses indicated adaptation to temperature-and precipitation-related factors.Genomic offset analyses found the most vulnerable populations,while SC and SC-yad were predicted to better handle extreme changes.Our findingsprovide insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of T.sinense and enhance our understanding of the evolution of living fossil species.展开更多
Understanding how environmental adaptation varies among families within a species is critical to adapt forestry activities such as management and breeding to possible future climate change.The present study examined h...Understanding how environmental adaptation varies among families within a species is critical to adapt forestry activities such as management and breeding to possible future climate change.The present study examined home-site advantage and local advantage in growth and basic density of wood in 36 families of Chamaecyparis obtuse(Siebold et Zucc.)Endl.,reciprocally planted at two progeny test sites with differing climatic conditions in Japan.A significant home-site advantage for growth was detected between the lowland and mountainous regions within the Kanto breeding region.In addition,the effects of climate differentials between the selection site of mating parents and the progeny test site on growth and basic density were inves-tigated.As a result,temperature was identified as the most significant climatic factor attributed to local adaptation for growth traits.Elongation and radial growth were adversely influenced when the progeny test site temperature exceeded the provenance temperature by more than 2°C.Therefore,it is crucial to account for temperature differences between the provenance and the planting site to adapt afforestation and forest tree breeding to climate change in the future.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants number 32070377 and 31770374)Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2024AFA035).
文摘Local adaptation is critical for plant survivals and reproductions in the context of global environmental change.Heterogeneous environments impose various selection pressures that influence the fitness of organisms and leave genomic signatures during the process of adaptation to local environments.However,unveiling the genomic signatures of adaptation still poses a major challenge especially for perennials due to limited genomic resources.Here,we utilized Actinidia eriantha,a Chinese endemic liana,as a model case to detect drivers of local adaptation and adaptive signals through landscape genomics for 311 individuals collected from 25 populations.Our results demonstrated precipitation and solar radiation were two crucial factors influencing the patterns of genetic variations and driving adaptive processes.We further uncovered a set of genes involved in adaptation to heterogeneous environments.Among them,AeERF110 showed high genetic differentiation between populations and was confirmed to be involved in local adaptation via changes in allele frequency along with precipitation(Prec_03)and solar radiation(Srad_03)in native habitats separately,implying that adaptive loci frequently exhibited environmental and geographic signals.In addition,we assessed genetic offsets of populations under four future climate models and revealed that populations from middle and east clusters faced higher risks in adapting to future environments,which should address more attentions.Taken together,our study opens new perspectives for understanding the genetic underpinnings of local adaptation in plants to environmental changes in a more comprehensive fashion and offered the guides on applications in conservation efforts.
基金supported by the Biodiversity Survey,Monitoring and Assessment Project(2019–2023)of the Ministry of Ecology and EnvironmentChina(No.2019HB2096001006 to ZZ)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672319)Endangered Species Scientific Commission of China(No.2022–331)supported by the China Scholarship Council,China。
文摘Population genomic data could provide valuable information for conservation efforts;however,limited studies have been conducted to investigate the genetic status of threatened pheasants.Reeves’s Pheasant(Syrmaticus reevesii)is facing population decline,attributed to increases in habitat loss.There is a knowledge gap in understanding the genomic status and genetic basis underlying the local adaptation of this threatened bird.Here,we used population genomic data to assess population structure,genetic diversity,inbreeding patterns,and genetic divergence.Furthermore,we identified candidate genes linked with adaptation across the current distribution of Reeves’s Pheasant.The present study assembled the first de novo genome sequence of Reeves’s Pheasant and annotated 19,458 genes.We also sequenced 30 individuals from three populations(Dabie Mountain,Shennongjia,Qinling Mountain)and found that there was clear population structure among those populations.By comparing with other threatened species,we found that Reeves’s Pheasants have low genetic diversity.Runs of homozygosity suggest that the Shennongjia population has experienced serious inbreeding.The demographic history results indicated that three populations experienced several declines during the glacial period.Local adaptative analysis among the populations identified 241 candidate genes under directional selection.They are involved in a large variety of processes,including the immune response and pigmentation.Our results suggest that the three populations should be considered as three different conservation units.The current study provides genetic evidence for conserving the threatened Reeves’s Pheasant and provides genomic resources for global biodiversity management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41976083,41776171 and 32072980)。
文摘The genetic adaptations of various organisms to heterogeneous environments in the northwestern Pacific remain poorly understood.Heterogeneous genomic divergence among populations may reflect environmentalselection.Advancingour understanding of the mechanisms by which organisms adapt to different temperatures in response to climate change and predicting the adaptive potential and ecological consequences of anthropogenic global warming are critical.We sequenced the whole genomes of Japanese whiting(Sillago japonica)specimens collected from different latitudinal locations along the coastal waters of China and Japan to detect possible thermal adaptations.Using population genomics,a total of 5.48 million single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from five populations revealed a complete genetic break between the Chinese and Japanese groups,which was attributed to both geographic distance and local adaptation.The shared natural selection genes between two isolated populations(i.e.,Zhoushan and Ise Bay/Tokyo Bay)indicated possible parallel evolution at the genetic level induced by temperature.These genes also indicated that the process of temperature selection on isolated populations is repeatable.Moreover,we observed natural candidate genes related to membrane fluidity,possibly underlying adaptation to cold environmental stress.These findings advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying the rapid adaptations of fish species.Species distribution projection models suggested that the Chinese and Japanese groups may have different responses to future climate change,with the former expanding and the latter contracting.The findings of this study enhance our understanding of genetic differentiation and adaptation to changing environments.
文摘Local adaptation is an important process that drives the evolution of populations within species, and it can be generally expressed by the higher fitness of individuals raised in their native habitats versus in a foreign location. The influence of local adaptation is especially prominent in species that subsist in small and/or highly isolated populations. This study evaluated whether the federally endangered Karner blue butterfly, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) is locally adapted to its exclusive larval host plant, the wild lupine (Lupinus perennis). To test for local adaptation, individuals from a laboratory-raised colony were reared on wild lupine plants from populations belonging to either their native (Indiana) or a foreign (Michigan and Wisconsin) region. For this purpose, lupine plants from the different populations were grown in a common garden in growth chambers, and one Karner blue larva was placed on each plant. Fitness traits related to growth and development were recorded for each butterfly across populations. Days from hatching to pupation and eclosion showed gender-specific significant differences across wild lupine populations and plant genotypes (within populations). The percent survival of butterflies (from hatching to eclosion) also differed among plants from different populations. These results indicate that wild lupine sources can affect some developmental traits of Karner blue butterflies. However, growth-related traits, such as pupal and adult weight of individuals reared in plants from native populations did not differ from those of foreign regions. The apparent absence of local adaptation to wild lupine suggests that, at least, some individuals of this species could be translocated from native populations to foreign reintroduction sites without experiencing decreased fitness levels. However, future studies including more populations across the geographical range of this butterfly are recommended to evaluate other environmental factors that could influence adaptation on a wider spatial scale.
文摘This paper discusses and critically reviews the causes and consequences of global standardization and local adaptation of marketing strategies.The scope of the literature review is in the fields of international marketing,international trade,and corporate strategic management.It also aims to emphasize finding gaps after reading the literature.Even though the studies’scope is extensive,this paper limits the reach:firstly,it introduces the standardization and local adaptation,discusses the advantages and disadvantages of both by researchers.At the same time,untangle the relationship between international marketing strategy and marketing mix.Secondly,it is divided into macro and micro to collate and analyze the leading factors affecting international strategy,so that the cross-market fit of global marketing tactic can be realised.Finally,focus on the KPI.The indicators of financial return were selected as the review from the factors representing the intuitive development level of the company.The goal was to concentrate on the mutual feedback and adjustment between the standardization/adaptation and performance of multinational companies.Among them,the diversities between developed and emerging markets are interspersed in each link.As this difference is a trend that scholars have begun to notice in recent years.Although many existed bibliographies are revolved around particular multinational companies or regions to assessment,this paper will focus on the impact of practical research article review and evaluation.It would not involve specific corporate and country.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32270472)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number XDB42000000).
文摘The distribution of Pampus argenteus(Euphrasen,1788)spans a pronounced latitudinal-environmental gradient from the subtropical to the subpolar zones.The species is reported to have multiple stocks along coastal China,exhibiting different spawning behaviors and habitat preferences.Such ecological variations might imply potential genetic divergence and local adaptation.We resequenced 117 genomes from six coastal stocks of P.argenteus in China.Although no hierarchical genetic structure was identified,over 50%of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)indicated moderate to strong divergence in at least two stocks.The Mantel test identified 21100-kb sliding windows with significant isolation by distance and environ-ment,while a majority did not.Given the lack of genome-wide isolation by distance,the 21 windows may be under selec-tion pressure from the latitudinal-environmental variations.Among the 21 windows,certain genes were linked to circadian clock regulation and thermal stress response,suggesting sea surface temperature and sunshine duration as selective forces.A total of 17 genes regulated neuron activity;variations near these genes might subsequently shape the different spawning and migratory behaviors among the stocks.Additionally,1204 SNPs were mapped to non-coding regions;14 transcriptional and translational factors were identified in the 21 windows.These findings imply that alterations in gene expression might contribute to the local adaptation of the P.argenteus stocks.
基金supported by the Science Fund Program for Distinguished Young Scholars of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Overseas)to Yongfeng ZhouNational Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.32300191,32372662)+1 种基金Guangxi University,Bama Institute of Integration of Industry and Education,postgraduate joint training project(Project Nos.20210020,20210039)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grants 2023YFF1000100 and 2023YFD2200700).
文摘Structural variations(SVs)are a feature of plant genomes that has been largely unexplored despite their significant impact on plant phenotypic traits and local adaptation to abiotic and biotic stress.In this study,we employed woolly grape(Vitis retordii),a species native to the tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia with both coastal and inland habitats,as a valuable model for examining the impact of SVs on local adaptation.We assembled a haplotype-resolved chromosomal reference genome for woolly grape,and conducted population genetic analyses based on whole-genome sequencing(WGS)data from coastal and inland populations.The demographic analyses revealed recent bottlenecks in all populations and asymmetric gene flow from the inland to the coastal population.In total,1,035 genes associated with plant adaptive regulation for salt stress,radiation,and environmental adaptation were detected underlying local selection by SVs and SNPs in the coastal population,of which 37.29% and 65.26% were detected by SVs and SNPs,respectively.Candidate genes such as FSD2,RGA1,and AAP8 associated with salt tolerance were found to be highly differentiated and selected during the process of local adaptation to coastal habitats in SV regions.Our study highlights the importance of SVs in local adaptation;candidate genes related to salt stress and climatic adaptation to tropical and subtropical environments are important genomic resources for future breeding programs of grapevine and its rootstocks.
基金Graduate Student Innovation Projects of Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture(No.PG2024121)。
文摘Underwater images are inherently degraded by color distortion,contrast reduction,and uneven brightness,primarily due to light absorption and scattering in water.To mitigate these challenges,a novel enhancement approach is proposed,integrating Local Adaptive Color Correction(LACC)with contrast enhancement based on adaptive Rayleigh distribution stretching and CLAHE(LACC-RCE).Conventional color correction methods predominantly employ global adjustment strategies,which are often inadequate for handling spatially varying color distortions.In contrast,the proposed LACC method incorporates local color analysis,tone-weighted control,and spatially adaptive adjustments,allowing for region-specific color correction.This approach effectively enhances color fidelity and perceptual naturalness,addressing the limitations of global correction techniques.For contrast enhancement,the proposed method leverages the global mapping characteristics of the Rayleigh distribution to improve overall contrast,while CLAHE is employed to adaptively enhance local regions.A weighted fusion strategy is then applied to synthesize high-quality underwater images.Experimental results indicate that LACC-RCE surpasses conventional methods in color restoration,contrast optimization,and detail preservation,thereby enhancing the visual quality of underwater images.This improvement facilitates more reliable inputs for underwater object detection and recognition tasks.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1133605)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2006C0056M)Project of‘Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Science’(No.BRJH2002098).
文摘Aims Crofton weed,with a subtropical origin,has successfully invaded in diverse habitats that belong to different climate zones in southwest China.We tested whether local adaptation plays an important role in the successful invasion of crofton weed in heterogeneous environments.Methods Five populations from different habitats with an altitude ranging from 678 to 2356 m were selected.Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination capability of these populations were investigated in the field.greenhouse and reciprocal transplant experiments with the five populations were conducted,and all the above characters were measured and compared among these populations.Important Findings Plant height,biomass,seed yield and seed germination rate were each significantly different among the five populations in field.However,there was no difference among these populations in the greenhouse experiment.In the reciprocal transplant experiment,plants from the five populations responded similarly to different habitats in the field,indicat-ing lack of local adaptation.Instead,phenotypic plasticity likely plays a key role in the invasion success of crofton weed in different habitats.
基金Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia(BOS2003-03979-C02-02 and CGL2006-02848)Formación de Personal Investigador grant(BES-2004-3387 to J.M.B.).
文摘Aims Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of populations at their distributional limits are crucial to understand species colonization and persistence in novel or marginal environments,as well as spe-cies divergence and niche width evolution.We assess the contri-bution of these processes to shape current elevational limits and determine elevational phenotypic divergence between two subspe-cies of Aquilegia vulgaris(subsp.vulgaris and nevadensis).Methods We conducted sowing and transplant experiments considering four elevations throughout the current elevational range of A.vulgaris in southern Iberian Peninsula.Experiments were designed to explore,on the one hand,local adaptation through three components of performance(germination,survival and growth)and,on the other hand,the phenotypic differentiation and/or plasticity associated to local adaptation.Four populations per subspecies(three from the elevational core and one from the elevational boundary)were used as seed sources.Patterns of local adaptation and phenotypic differentiation are examined in the context of the‘centre-periphery’hypothesis.Important Findings Central populations of both subspecies performed better at their local elevations while marginal populations were maladapted,confirming the hypothesis and contributing to explain the current elevational segregation of these subspecies.Density of glandular pubescence and germination timing seem to be related to local adaptation,through phenotypic differentiation between subspe-cies or elevations.The widespread subsp.vulgaris showed signals of adaptive plasticity in the timing of germination while it was not the case in the endemic subsp.nevadensis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32222079,31961143021)the earmarked fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(CARS-39-01)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IAS01)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1000104-3)。
文摘Sheep(Ovis aries),among the first domesticated species,are now globally widespread and exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse environments.In this study,we perform whole-genome sequencing of266 animals from 18 distinct Chinese sheep populations,each displaying unique phenotypes indicative of adaptation to varying environmental conditions.Integrating 131 environmental factors with single nucleotide polymorphism variations,we conduct a comprehensive genetic-environmental association analysis.This analysis identifies 35 key genes likely integral to the environmental adaptation of sheep.The functions of these genes include fat tail formation(HOXA10,HOXA11,JAZF1),wool characteristics(FER,FGF5,MITF,PDE4B),horn phenotypes(RXFP2),reproduction(HIBADH,TRIM71,C6H4orf22),and growth traits(ADGRL3,TRHDE).Notably,we observe a significant correlation between the frequency of missense mutations in the PAPSS2 and RXFP2 genes and variations in altitude.Our study reveals candidate genes for adaptive variation in sheep and demonstrates the diversity in how sheep adapt to their environment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32101541)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD2200400).
文摘Global climate change has increased concerns regarding biodiversity loss.However,many key conservation issues still required further research,including demographic history,deleterious mutation load,adaptive evolution,and putative introgression.Here we generated the first chromosome-level genome of the endangered Chinese hazelnut,Corylus chinensis,and compared the genomic signatures with its sympatric widespread C.kwechowensis-C yunnanensis complex.We found large genome rearrangements across all Corylus species and identified species-specific expanded gene families that may be involved in adaptation.Population genomics revealed that both C.chinensis and the C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex had diverged into two genetic lineages,forming a consistent pattern of southwestern-northern differentiation.Population size of the narrow southwestern lineages of both species have decreased continuously since the late Miocene,whereas the widespread northern lineages have remained stable(C.chinensis) or have even recovered from population bottlenecks(C.kwechowensis-C.yunnanensis complex) during the Quaternary.Compared with C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,C.chinensis showed significantly lower genomic diversity and higher inbreeding level.However,C.chinensis carried significantly fewer deleterious mutations than C.kwechowensis-C. yunnanensis complex,as more effective purging selection reduced the accumulation of homozygous variants.We also detected signals of positive selection and adaptive introgression in different lineages,which facilitated the accumulation of favorable variants and formation of local adaptation.Hence,both types of selection and exogenous introgression could have mitigated inbreeding and facilitated survival and persistence of C.chinensis.Overall,our study provides critical insights into lineage differentiation,local adaptation,and the potential for future recovery of endangered trees.
基金funded by the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF A way of making Europe)and the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(grant CGL2008-00137/BOS).
文摘Non-signaling functions of coloration include thermoregulation(thermal melanism hypothesis),protection against ultraviolet radiation(photoprotection hypothesis),and concealment from predators(crypsis hypothesis).We investigated whether dorsal coloration in 19 populations of spiny-footed lizards,Acanthodactylus erythrurus,across the Iberian Peninsula varies according to these functions.We captured adult males and females in each population and calculated standardized dorsum brightness estimates from photographs.We also calculated standardized ground luminosity estimates and gathered information on latitude,altitude,mean annual temperature,and mean annual solar radiation for each location.Males showed a higher percentage of black coloration and a more contrasted dorsum than females,suggesting different selection pressures on dorsal coloration in both sexes.Furthermore,males showed a darker dorsum and a higher percentage of black coloration at higher altitudes and when the ground was darker.In contrast,females exhibited a darker dorsum only when the ground was darker and a higher percentage of black coloration only at higher altitudes.We also observed that the variation of dorsum luminosity within males and the variation of dorsum luminosity among females within populations were both positively related to the variation of ground luminosity among different points within locations.Latitude,temperature,and solar radiation were not signifcantly related to dorsal coloration in either sex.Our results support the photoprotection and crypsis hypotheses in males and,to some extent,in females,whereas the thermal melanism hypothesis is weakly supported in both sexes.These fndings suggest that there is local adaptation in the dorsal coloration of the spiny-footed lizard.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000100)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant number 2023YFA0914600)to SFC.
文摘Evolutionary experiments provide a unique lens through which to observe the impacts of natural selection on crop evolution,domestication,and adaptation through empirical evidence.Enabled by modern technologies—such as the development of large-scale,structured evolving populations,high-throughput phenotyping,and genomics-driven genetics studies—the transition from theoretical evolutionary biology to practical application is now possible for staple crops.The century-long Barley Composite Cross II(CCII)competition experiment has offered invaluable insights into understanding the genomic and phenotypic basis of natural and artificial selection driven by environmental adaptation during crop evolution and domestication.These experiments enable scientists to measure evolutionary dynamics,in real time,of genetic diversity,adaptation of fitness-associated traits,and the trade-offs inherent in selective processes.Beyond advancing our understanding of evolutionary biology and agricultural practices,these studies provide critical insights into addressing global challenges,from ensuring food security to fostering resilience in human societies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32570426)the Key Basic Research Program of Yunnan Province,China(202101BC070003)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(QNTD202502)the STI 2030—Major Program(2022ZD0401605-2).
文摘Tetracentron sinense is a‘living fossil’tree in East Asia.Understanding how this‘living fossil’responds to climate change and adapts to local environments is critical for its conservation.Here,we used resequenced genomes to clarify the evolutionary history and adaptive potential of T.sinense.We identifiedsix divergent lineages in T.sinense:three lineages from southwestern China(Yunnan Province)and three lineages from the central subtropical region of China.Additionally,we detected hybridization events between some adjacent lineages.Demographic analysis revealed that over the past 10,000 years the effective population size(Ne)of three T.sinense lineages(i.e.,NORTH,SWEST,and YNWEST)increased after their last bottleneck and then remained stable,whereas that of the remaining three lineages(i.e.,YSEAST,YC,and EAST)declined steadily.The decline in effective population size in the Yunnan lineages aligned well with the decrease in genome-wide diversity and a significantincrease in the frequency of runs of homozygosity.Deleterious variants and positively selected sites were involved in the evolution of different lineages.Further,genotype–environment association(GEA)analyses indicated adaptation to temperature-and precipitation-related factors.Genomic offset analyses found the most vulnerable populations,while SC and SC-yad were predicted to better handle extreme changes.Our findingsprovide insights into the evolutionary history and conservation of T.sinense and enhance our understanding of the evolution of living fossil species.
文摘Understanding how environmental adaptation varies among families within a species is critical to adapt forestry activities such as management and breeding to possible future climate change.The present study examined home-site advantage and local advantage in growth and basic density of wood in 36 families of Chamaecyparis obtuse(Siebold et Zucc.)Endl.,reciprocally planted at two progeny test sites with differing climatic conditions in Japan.A significant home-site advantage for growth was detected between the lowland and mountainous regions within the Kanto breeding region.In addition,the effects of climate differentials between the selection site of mating parents and the progeny test site on growth and basic density were inves-tigated.As a result,temperature was identified as the most significant climatic factor attributed to local adaptation for growth traits.Elongation and radial growth were adversely influenced when the progeny test site temperature exceeded the provenance temperature by more than 2°C.Therefore,it is crucial to account for temperature differences between the provenance and the planting site to adapt afforestation and forest tree breeding to climate change in the future.
