A broad spectrum of liver disorders and their associated complications most notably hepatic encephalopathy impact millions of individuals worldwide,including conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,alcoho...A broad spectrum of liver disorders and their associated complications most notably hepatic encephalopathy impact millions of individuals worldwide,including conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,alcoholic liver injury,viral hepatitis,hepatic fibrosis,cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.The underlying pathogenic mechanisms are multifactorial,encompassing oxidative stress,inflammatory cascades,mitochondrial impairment,and disturbances in immune homeostasis.Hepatic encephalopathy patients experience cognitive impairment,mood disturbances,and psychomotor dysfunction,significantly reducing quality of life through mechanisms including oxidative stress,neuroinflammation,and neurotransmitter imbalances.The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling pathway serves as a critical antioxidative defense mechanism in these conditions.Nrf2 regulates the expression of protective enzymes,while HO-1 exerts anti-inflammatory,anti-apoptotic,and antifibrotic effects through heme degradation products.Natural herbal monomers as Nrf2 activators offer advantages of low toxicity,multi-target actions,and extensive traditional use.Various herbal monomers demonstrate specific effects against different liver diseases:In fatty liver,baicalin alleviates lipid accumulation and inflammation;In alcoholic liver disease,curcumin enhances Nrf2 activity reducing oxidative damage;In drug-induced liver injury,dihydromyricetin mitigates oxidative stress;In viral hepatitis,andrographolide inhibits hepatitis C virus replication;In liver fibrosis,multiple compounds inhibit stellate cell activation.These natural compounds simultaneously alleviate hepatic dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway,though clinical application still faces challenges such as low bioavailability,requiring further research.展开更多
Minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE) is a frequent neurological and psychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis. The precise pathogenesis of MHE is complicated and has yet to be fully elucidated. Studies in cirrhotic p...Minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE) is a frequent neurological and psychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis. The precise pathogenesis of MHE is complicated and has yet to be fully elucidated. Studies in cirrhotic patients and experimental animals with MHE have indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation, hyperammonemia, and endotoxemia, subsequently leading to neuroinflammation in the brain via the gut-liver-brain axis. Related mechanisms initiated by gut microbiota dysbiosis have significant roles in MHE pathogenesis. The currently available therapeutic strategies for MHE in clinical practice, including lactulose, rifaximin, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, exert their effects mainly by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Microbiome therapies for MHE have shown promised efficacy and safety;however, several controversies and challenges regarding their clinical use deserve to be intensively discussed. We have summarized the latest research findings concerning the roles of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of MHE via the gut-liver-brain axis as well as the potential mechanisms by which microbiome therapies regulate gut microbiota dysbiosis in MHE patients.展开更多
The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional information interaction system between the central nervous system(CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota plays a key role. The gut microbiota forms a complex...The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional information interaction system between the central nervous system(CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota plays a key role. The gut microbiota forms a complex network with the enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuroendocrine and neuroimmunity of the CNS, which is called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the close anatomical and functional interaction of the gut-liver axis, the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis has attracted increased attention in recent years. The microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis mediates the occurrence and development of many diseases, and it offers a direction for the research of disease treatment. In this review, we mainly discuss the role of the gut microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, functional dyspepsia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis, and the focus is to clarify the potential mechanisms and treatment of digestive diseases based on the further understanding of the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis.展开更多
It is well known that appropriate aerobic exercise can effectively alleviate fatty liver and enhance brain function.The concept of multi-organ crosstalk coordinating disease progression has become the current research...It is well known that appropriate aerobic exercise can effectively alleviate fatty liver and enhance brain function.The concept of multi-organ crosstalk coordinating disease progression has become the current research hot topic.However,there remains an urgent need to elucidate its specific mechanisms.This study aimed to explore the impact of a high-fat diet(HFD)on liver health and cognitive function,and to further uncover the regulatory effect of aerobic exercise by liver-specific activating transcription factor 3(Atf3)knockout(ATF3cKO)mice in a“liver-brain”axis mode.The 5-week-old C57BL/6 and ATF3cKO mice were fed with HFD for 32 weeks,and sequentially subjected to aerobic exercise intervention at the 20th week for another 12 consecutive weeks.Meanwhile,C57BL/6 mice were provided with a normal diet as the control group.The functional parameters of liver and brain of all mice were assessed.Cognitive capacity of all mice was assessed by the Morris water maze(MWM).Inflammatory factors in the serum and brain of mice were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the expression of inflammasomes was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC).Additionally,the activation of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)signal pathways was analyzed by Western blotting.In this study,HFD impaired hepatic and brain functions,while aerobic exercise and liver-specific Atf3 knockout suppressed inflammatory factors in the peripheral circulation through hepatoprotective mechanisms,thereby attenuating cerebral inflammation and preserving neurological integrity,as well as mitigating HFD-induced cognitive decline.展开更多
Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have rev...Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have revealed that gut microbiota can communicate bidirectionally with the brain through the gut microbiota–brain axis.This axis indicates that gut microbiota is closely related to the development and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and its associated secondary white matter injury.The NACHT,LRR,and pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome plays a crucial role in this context.This review summarizes the dysbiosis of gut microbiota following intracerebral hemorrhage and explores the mechanisms by which this imbalance may promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.These mechanisms include metabolic pathways(involving short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharides,lactic acid,bile acids,trimethylamine-N-oxide,and tryptophan),neural pathways(such as the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve),and immune pathways(involving microglia and T cells).We then discuss the relationship between the activated NLRP3 inflammasome and secondary white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can exacerbate secondary white matter injury by disrupting the blood–brain barrier,inducing neuroinflammation,and interfering with nerve regeneration.Finally,we outline potential treatment strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage and its secondary white matter injury.Our review highlights the critical role of the gut microbiota–brain axis and the NLRP3 inflammasome in white matter injury following intracerebral hemorrhage,paving the way for exploring potential therapeutic approaches.展开更多
Background:Immunosuppression compromises the host’s ability to combat pathogens,thereby increasing susceptibility to multisystem disorders.However,safe and effective curative treatments for this condition are current...Background:Immunosuppression compromises the host’s ability to combat pathogens,thereby increasing susceptibility to multisystem disorders.However,safe and effective curative treatments for this condition are currently lacking.Modulating the gut microbiota and their metabolites represents a promising therapeutic strategy.Notably,the Chinese herbal compound Yunzhi Guben Gao(YZG)has demonstrated multi-target immunomodulatory potential.Methods:A mouse model of dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression was employed to evaluate the effects of YZG.Immune organ indices(thymus,spleen),serum cytokine levels(IL-2,TNF-α),mucosal immunity markers(pulmonary/colonic SIgA),gut microbiota structure,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)abundance were evaluated.Key microbial genera and metabolites were identified via Spearman correlation analysis.Pseudo-germ-free model mice established via quadruple antibiotic treatment combined with isovaleric acid intervention were employed to evaluate whether YZG efficacy depends on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites,and whether its intrinsic mechanisms involve the promotion of isovaleric acid production.Results:YZG intervention ameliorated systemic and mucosal immune function in immunosuppressed mice.Mechanistically,YZG remodeled gut microbiota structure and significantly increased SCFAs levels.Notably,the abundance of the genus Ligilactobacillus exhibited the strongest positive correlation with isovaleric acid levels.Ligilactobacillus abundance was also positively correlated with immune-enhancing parameters and negatively correlated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α,suggesting that Ligilactobacillus plays a pivotal role in the YZG regulatory network.Experiments using pseudo-germ-free mice and isovaleric acid intervention further demonstrated that the immunoprotective effects of YZG are closely related to intestinal microbiota remodeling and increased isovaleric acid production.Conclusion:YZG alleviates immunosuppression through multiple mechanisms,primarily involving the enrichment of the probiotic genus Ligilactobacillus and the consequent increase in isovaleric acid production.This process coordinately modulates mucosal immunity,cytokine networks,and immune organ function.The elucidation of this“microbiota-metabolite-immunity”axis provides both a pharmacological basis for the clinical application of YZG and novel immune-restorative strategies targeting gut microecological regulation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their effi...BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their efficacy is limited.This study investigated whether combining SSRIs with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Free San could enhance their therapeutic effects.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining SSRIs with Free San in treating PSD,and to assess its impact on HPA axis function.METHODS Ninety-two patients with PSD were enrolled and randomly divided into control groups(n=46)and study groups(n=46).The control group received the SSRI paroxetine alone,whereas the study group received paroxetine combined with Free San for 4 weeks.Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were assessed before and after treatment.Serum serotonin,norepinephrine,cortisol,cor-ticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone were measured.The treatment responses and adverse reactions were recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05).Serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group,whereas cortisol,corticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).The total efficacy rates were 84.78%and 65.22%in the study and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).No significant differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Combining SSRIs with Free San can enhance therapeutic efficacy,improve depressive symptoms,and regulate HPA axis function in patients with PSD with good safety and clinical application value.展开更多
Age-related macular degeneration is a serious neurodegenerative disease of the retina that significantly impacts vision.Unfortunately,the specific pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective early treatment options are...Age-related macular degeneration is a serious neurodegenerative disease of the retina that significantly impacts vision.Unfortunately,the specific pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective early treatment options are consequently lacking.The microbiome is defined as a large ecosystem of microorganisms living within and coexisting with a host.The intestinal microbiome undergoes dynamic changes owing to age,diet,genetics,and other factors.Such dysregulation of the intestinal flora can disrupt the microecological balance,resulting in immunological and metabolic dysfunction in the host,and affecting the development of many diseases.In recent decades,significant evidence has indicated that the intestinal flora also influences systems outside of the digestive tract,including the brain.Indeed,several studies have demonstrated the critical role of the gut-brain axis in the development of brain neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Similarly,the role of the“gut-eye axis”has been confirmed to play a role in the pathogenesis of many ocular disorders.Moreover,age-related macular degeneration and many brain neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to share several risk factors and to exhibit comparable etiologies.As such,the intestinal flora may play an important role in age-related macular degeneration.Given the above context,the present review aims to clarify the gut-brain and gut-eye connections,assess the effect of intestinal flora and metabolites on age-related macular degeneration,and identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies.Currently,direct research on the role of intestinal flora in age-related macular degeneration is still relatively limited,while studies focusing solely on intestinal flora are insufficient to fully elucidate its functional role in age-related macular degeneration.Organ-on-a-chip technology has shown promise in clarifying the gut-eye interactions,while integrating analysis of the intestinal flora with research on metabolites through metabolomics and other techniques is crucial for understanding their potential mechanisms.展开更多
With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterati...With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.展开更多
Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for pati...Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”展开更多
Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide i...Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide invaluable structural information of crystalline materials,albeit it remains greatly challenging to nanocrystals due to the arduousness of accurate zone axis adjustment.Herein,a homemade software package,called SmartAxis,is developed for rapid yet accurate zone axis alignment of nanocrystals.Incident electron beam tilt is employed as an eccentric goniometer to measure the angular deviation of a crystal to a zone axis,and then serves as a linkage to calculate theαandβtilts of goniometer based on an accurate quantitative relationship.In this way,high-resolution imaging of one identical small Au nanocrystal,as well as electron beam-sensitive MIL-101 metal-organic framework crystals,along multiple zone axes,was performed successfully by using this accurate,time-and electron dose-saving zone axis alignment software package.展开更多
To improve the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT)design,the angle of attack(AOA)and airfoil data must be treated correctly.The present paper develops a method for determining AOA on a VAWT based on computational fluid d...To improve the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT)design,the angle of attack(AOA)and airfoil data must be treated correctly.The present paper develops a method for determining AOA on a VAWT based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis.First,a CFD analysis of a two-bladed VAWT equipped with a NACA 0012 airfoil is conducted.The thrust and power coefficients are validated through experiments.Second,the blade force and velocity data at monitoring points are collected.The AOA at different azimuth angles is determined by removing the blade self-induction at the monitoring point.Then,the lift and drag coefficients as a function of AOA are extracted.Results show that this method is independent of the monitoring points selection located at certain distance to the blades and the extracted dynamic stall hysteresis is more precise than the one with the“usual”method without considering the self-induction from bound vortices.展开更多
A recent study by Wang et al,published in the World Journal of Psychiatry,provided preventative and therapeutic strategies for the comorbidity of obesity and depression.The gut-brain axis,which acts as a two-way commu...A recent study by Wang et al,published in the World Journal of Psychiatry,provided preventative and therapeutic strategies for the comorbidity of obesity and depression.The gut-brain axis,which acts as a two-way communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system,plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these conditions.Evidence suggests that metabolic byproducts,such as short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharide and bile acids,which are generated by the gut microbiota,along with neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators within the gut-brain axis,modulate the host's metabolic processes,neuronal regulation,and immune responses through diverse mechanisms.The interaction between obesity and depression via the gut-brain axis involves disruptions in the gut microbiota balance,inflammatory immune responses,and alterations in the neuroendocrine system.Modulating the gut-brain axis,for example,through a ketogenic diet,the use of probiotics,and the supplementation of antioxidants,offers new remedial approaches for obesity and depression.Future research that explores the mechanisms of the gut-brain axis is needed to provide more evidence for clinical treatment.展开更多
Dear Editor,Lung cancer is a major global health concern,with 2.2 million patients diagnosed in 2020.Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)accounts for 80%of these cases,primarily comprising two subtypes:lung adenocarcinom...Dear Editor,Lung cancer is a major global health concern,with 2.2 million patients diagnosed in 2020.Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)accounts for 80%of these cases,primarily comprising two subtypes:lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)and squamous cell carcinoma(LUSC)[1].Researchers use immunohisto-chemistry,next-generation sequencing,and single-cell RNA sequencing to study genetic alterations,tumor heterogeneity,and tumor microenvironments,aiming to identify potential therapeutic options for specific NSCLC subtypes[2].展开更多
Glucocorticoids(GCs)such as prednisolone are widely used in conditions like nephrotic syndrome,asthma,and autoimmune diseases.However,prolonged or high-dose use may suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis...Glucocorticoids(GCs)such as prednisolone are widely used in conditions like nephrotic syndrome,asthma,and autoimmune diseases.However,prolonged or high-dose use may suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency(AI).This condition occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate cortisol,which is essential for regulating metabolism,immune response,and stress adaptation.Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),which then triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands.Prolonged GC use disrupts this system by inhibiting CRH and ACTH secretion,leading to adrenal atrophy and reduced cortisol production.HPA axis suppression is primarily diagnosed through dynamic tests.Early morning cortisol levels above>18 ng/mL typically indicate normal function,while levels<3 ng/mL suggest AI.Intermediate values require additional testing,such as the insulin tolerance test,ACTH stimulation test,and metyrapone test.Prednisolone in nephrotic syndrome suppresses the HPA axis,heightening AI risk,influenced by dose,duration,and timing of administration.Careful GC management is essential to balance disease control with risks of HPA axis suppression.Early recognition and timely intervention can prevent adrenal crises and improve outcomes in pediatric patients.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between acupuncture treatment for allergic rhinitis(AR) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis regulation by investigating changes in serum immune factors,HPA axis-associated...OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between acupuncture treatment for allergic rhinitis(AR) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis regulation by investigating changes in serum immune factors,HPA axis-associated hormone levels,activation levels of paraventricular nucleus(PVN) neurons,and the severity of nasal mucosal lesions,in rats with AR before and after acupuncture treatment.METHODS:After establishing the AR rat model,ovalbumin was administered via nasal drip to all groups except the blank control.Each group received continuous treatment for 14 d:the acupuncture,acupuncture + RU-486(mifepristone),and RU-486 groups received acupuncture only,RU486 intraperitoneal injection and acupuncture,and RU-486 intraperitoneal injection only,respectively.Following the intervention period,behavioral scoring was performed on all AR rats,and peripheral blood,nasal mucosa samples,and brains tissue(containing PVN region) were obtained following euthanization.Interleukin(IL-4,IL-5,IL-13),interferon gamma(IFN-γ),corticosterone(CORT),and corticotrophin-releasing hormone(CRH) levels were evaluated in peripheral blood samples.Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunoassay assay,and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on the nasal mucosa samples.The expression levels of c-Fos in PVN neurons following acupuncture treatment were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining.RESULTS:Following the intervention period,the behavioral scores for the blank control group were lower than those of other groups(P < 0.05),while the acupuncture group scores were lower than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).The blank control group had lower serum IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 levels than those in the other groups(P < 0.05).The acupuncture group had lower serum IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 levels than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).The blank control group had the highest serum IFN-γ levels among all groups,followed by the acupuncture group.The serum CORT,CRH,and ACTH levels in the blank control group were lower than those in the remaining groups(P < 0.05).These biomarker levels were also lower in the acupuncture group than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).Compared with model,rats in the acupuncture group exhibited an increased c-Fos expression in PVN neurons.CONCLUSION:Acupuncture can alleviate AR symptoms and regulate serum inflammatory factor levels and HPA axis-related hormones in AR rats.Moreover,these effects are inhibited by glucocorticoid antagonists,suggesting that acupuncture may regulate AR symptoms through HPA axis regulation.展开更多
Sepsis,a life-threatening condition,can lead to acute skin failure characterized by extensive skin damage.This is often due to decreased blood flow,inflammation,and increased susceptibility to infection.Acute skin fai...Sepsis,a life-threatening condition,can lead to acute skin failure characterized by extensive skin damage.This is often due to decreased blood flow,inflammation,and increased susceptibility to infection.Acute skin failure in people with sepsis is often associated with sleep disturbances,anxiety,and poor mood.Inflammatory markers and lactate levels correlate with these psychiatric symptoms,suggesting a link between skin and brain function.The skin and the central nervous system(CNS)have bidirectional communication.The CNS is also in close contact with the digestive tract.The gut,skin,and brain influence each other’s functions thr-ough nervous,hormonal,and immune pathways,forming a gut-skin-brain axis.Understanding the interaction among the gut,skin,and CNS is critical to the diag-nosis and treatment of various skin and neurological disorders.By recognizing individual variations in gut microbiota,immune responses,and neural pathways,treatments can be tailored to specific patient needs,enhancing efficacy and minimizing side effects.The gut plays a large role in mental health.Under-standing the gut skin brain axis,will lead to improved mental health outcomes.展开更多
Background Pork quality and flavor are critical determinants of consumer preference,yet the role of gut microbiota in shaping meat characteristics remains underexplored.In this study,we investigated how a probiotic co...Background Pork quality and flavor are critical determinants of consumer preference,yet the role of gut microbiota in shaping meat characteristics remains underexplored.In this study,we investigated how a probiotic consortium(FAM:Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis)modulates the gut-muscle axis to enhance pork flavor.Results In finishing pigs,FAM supplementation significantly increased flavor-associated nucleotides and umamienhancing amino acids in longissimus dorsi muscle.Metagenomic analysis revealed FAM-driven enrichment of glycandegrading Prevotella and short-chain fatty acid-producing Phascolarctobacterium,accompanied by reduced antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors.Spearman correlation linked Prevotella copri abundance with elevated muscle amino acids,suggesting microbial-encoded CAZymes as key mediators.Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that probiotic-induced gut microbiota remodeling enhances pork flavor through metabolic cross-talk along the gut-muscle axis.The findings suggest a novel strategy for improving pork quality via dietary interventions targeting gut microbiota.展开更多
The United States-Japan alliance was originally formed based on the US militar y occupation of Japan but has g radually evolved into a tool for the United States to maintain its hegemony in the Asia-Pacific. Currently...The United States-Japan alliance was originally formed based on the US militar y occupation of Japan but has g radually evolved into a tool for the United States to maintain its hegemony in the Asia-Pacific. Currently, a United States-Japan “axis” is rapidly surfacing primarily through the military integration between the two countries and a latticework of alliances the United States has been building in the region and even across the globe centered around the one with Japan. The emergence of a United States-Japan “axis” is driven by the strategic interests and needs of the United States wanting to sustain its hegemony in the Asia-Pacific through permanent troop deployment and also highlights Japan's realistic calculations aimed at enhancing its international status and gaining practical benefits. This trend will catalyze adjustments in the United States-Japan relations and the functions of their alliance, bring significant changes to Japan's role in regional security, and thus have far-reaching impacts on the Asia-Pacific landscape.展开更多
基金Ningxia Natural Science Foundation,No.2020AAC03329the Key Research and Development Projects of Ningxia,No.2022BEG03128.
文摘Minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE) is a frequent neurological and psychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis. The precise pathogenesis of MHE is complicated and has yet to be fully elucidated. Studies in cirrhotic patients and experimental animals with MHE have indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation, hyperammonemia, and endotoxemia, subsequently leading to neuroinflammation in the brain via the gut-liver-brain axis. Related mechanisms initiated by gut microbiota dysbiosis have significant roles in MHE pathogenesis. The currently available therapeutic strategies for MHE in clinical practice, including lactulose, rifaximin, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, exert their effects mainly by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Microbiome therapies for MHE have shown promised efficacy and safety;however, several controversies and challenges regarding their clinical use deserve to be intensively discussed. We have summarized the latest research findings concerning the roles of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of MHE via the gut-liver-brain axis as well as the potential mechanisms by which microbiome therapies regulate gut microbiota dysbiosis in MHE patients.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No. 81970541,No. 31960151,No. 81660099 and No. 81660412。
文摘The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional information interaction system between the central nervous system(CNS) and the gastrointestinal tract, in which gut microbiota plays a key role. The gut microbiota forms a complex network with the enteric nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuroendocrine and neuroimmunity of the CNS, which is called the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Due to the close anatomical and functional interaction of the gut-liver axis, the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis has attracted increased attention in recent years. The microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis mediates the occurrence and development of many diseases, and it offers a direction for the research of disease treatment. In this review, we mainly discuss the role of the gut microbiota in the irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, functional dyspepsia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis, and the focus is to clarify the potential mechanisms and treatment of digestive diseases based on the further understanding of the microbiota-gut-liver-brain axis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471186 and 31771318)the 14th Five-Year-Plan Advantageous and Characteristic Disciplines(Groups)of Colleges and Universities in Hubei Province for Exercise and Brain Science+1 种基金as well as the Leading Talent Program and Innovative Start-up Foundation from Wuhan Sports University to Ning Chensupported by the Hubei Natural Science Foundation(2022CFB929)and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M732727)to Tong Wu.
文摘It is well known that appropriate aerobic exercise can effectively alleviate fatty liver and enhance brain function.The concept of multi-organ crosstalk coordinating disease progression has become the current research hot topic.However,there remains an urgent need to elucidate its specific mechanisms.This study aimed to explore the impact of a high-fat diet(HFD)on liver health and cognitive function,and to further uncover the regulatory effect of aerobic exercise by liver-specific activating transcription factor 3(Atf3)knockout(ATF3cKO)mice in a“liver-brain”axis mode.The 5-week-old C57BL/6 and ATF3cKO mice were fed with HFD for 32 weeks,and sequentially subjected to aerobic exercise intervention at the 20th week for another 12 consecutive weeks.Meanwhile,C57BL/6 mice were provided with a normal diet as the control group.The functional parameters of liver and brain of all mice were assessed.Cognitive capacity of all mice was assessed by the Morris water maze(MWM).Inflammatory factors in the serum and brain of mice were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the expression of inflammasomes was detected by immunohistochemistry(IHC).Additionally,the activation of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)signal pathways was analyzed by Western blotting.In this study,HFD impaired hepatic and brain functions,while aerobic exercise and liver-specific Atf3 knockout suppressed inflammatory factors in the peripheral circulation through hepatoprotective mechanisms,thereby attenuating cerebral inflammation and preserving neurological integrity,as well as mitigating HFD-induced cognitive decline.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No.2023A1515030045(to HS)Presidential Foundation of Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University,No.yzjj2022ms4(to HS)。
文摘Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most dangerous subtype of stroke,characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates,and frequently leads to significant secondary white matter injury.In recent decades,studies have revealed that gut microbiota can communicate bidirectionally with the brain through the gut microbiota–brain axis.This axis indicates that gut microbiota is closely related to the development and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage and its associated secondary white matter injury.The NACHT,LRR,and pyrin domain-containing protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome plays a crucial role in this context.This review summarizes the dysbiosis of gut microbiota following intracerebral hemorrhage and explores the mechanisms by which this imbalance may promote the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.These mechanisms include metabolic pathways(involving short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharides,lactic acid,bile acids,trimethylamine-N-oxide,and tryptophan),neural pathways(such as the vagus nerve and sympathetic nerve),and immune pathways(involving microglia and T cells).We then discuss the relationship between the activated NLRP3 inflammasome and secondary white matter injury after intracerebral hemorrhage.The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome can exacerbate secondary white matter injury by disrupting the blood–brain barrier,inducing neuroinflammation,and interfering with nerve regeneration.Finally,we outline potential treatment strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage and its secondary white matter injury.Our review highlights the critical role of the gut microbiota–brain axis and the NLRP3 inflammasome in white matter injury following intracerebral hemorrhage,paving the way for exploring potential therapeutic approaches.
基金supported by the Research Fund Project of the Education Department of Yunnan Province(No.2023Y0464)Research Project for Scientific Research Funds of Provincial Research Institutions in Heilongjiang Province(No.CZBZ2025ZR003).
文摘Background:Immunosuppression compromises the host’s ability to combat pathogens,thereby increasing susceptibility to multisystem disorders.However,safe and effective curative treatments for this condition are currently lacking.Modulating the gut microbiota and their metabolites represents a promising therapeutic strategy.Notably,the Chinese herbal compound Yunzhi Guben Gao(YZG)has demonstrated multi-target immunomodulatory potential.Methods:A mouse model of dexamethasone-induced immunosuppression was employed to evaluate the effects of YZG.Immune organ indices(thymus,spleen),serum cytokine levels(IL-2,TNF-α),mucosal immunity markers(pulmonary/colonic SIgA),gut microbiota structure,and short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)abundance were evaluated.Key microbial genera and metabolites were identified via Spearman correlation analysis.Pseudo-germ-free model mice established via quadruple antibiotic treatment combined with isovaleric acid intervention were employed to evaluate whether YZG efficacy depends on the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites,and whether its intrinsic mechanisms involve the promotion of isovaleric acid production.Results:YZG intervention ameliorated systemic and mucosal immune function in immunosuppressed mice.Mechanistically,YZG remodeled gut microbiota structure and significantly increased SCFAs levels.Notably,the abundance of the genus Ligilactobacillus exhibited the strongest positive correlation with isovaleric acid levels.Ligilactobacillus abundance was also positively correlated with immune-enhancing parameters and negatively correlated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α,suggesting that Ligilactobacillus plays a pivotal role in the YZG regulatory network.Experiments using pseudo-germ-free mice and isovaleric acid intervention further demonstrated that the immunoprotective effects of YZG are closely related to intestinal microbiota remodeling and increased isovaleric acid production.Conclusion:YZG alleviates immunosuppression through multiple mechanisms,primarily involving the enrichment of the probiotic genus Ligilactobacillus and the consequent increase in isovaleric acid production.This process coordinately modulates mucosal immunity,cytokine networks,and immune organ function.The elucidation of this“microbiota-metabolite-immunity”axis provides both a pharmacological basis for the clinical application of YZG and novel immune-restorative strategies targeting gut microecological regulation.
基金Supported by Open Project of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Geriatric Diseases,No.202232.
文摘BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression(PSD)is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis dysfunction and neurotransmitter deficits.Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs)are commonly used,but their efficacy is limited.This study investigated whether combining SSRIs with traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)Free San could enhance their therapeutic effects.AIM To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combining SSRIs with Free San in treating PSD,and to assess its impact on HPA axis function.METHODS Ninety-two patients with PSD were enrolled and randomly divided into control groups(n=46)and study groups(n=46).The control group received the SSRI paroxetine alone,whereas the study group received paroxetine combined with Free San for 4 weeks.Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were assessed before and after treatment.Serum serotonin,norepinephrine,cortisol,cor-ticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone were measured.The treatment responses and adverse reactions were recorded.RESULTS After treatment,the Hamilton Depression Scale and TCM syndrome scores were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group(P<0.05).Serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group,whereas cortisol,corticotropin-releasing hormone,and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were significantly lower(P<0.05).The total efficacy rates were 84.78%and 65.22%in the study and control groups,respectively(P<0.05).No significant differences in adverse reactions were observed between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Combining SSRIs with Free San can enhance therapeutic efficacy,improve depressive symptoms,and regulate HPA axis function in patients with PSD with good safety and clinical application value.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82171080Nanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Project,No.YKK23264Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province,Nos.JX10414151,JX10414152(all to KL)。
文摘Age-related macular degeneration is a serious neurodegenerative disease of the retina that significantly impacts vision.Unfortunately,the specific pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective early treatment options are consequently lacking.The microbiome is defined as a large ecosystem of microorganisms living within and coexisting with a host.The intestinal microbiome undergoes dynamic changes owing to age,diet,genetics,and other factors.Such dysregulation of the intestinal flora can disrupt the microecological balance,resulting in immunological and metabolic dysfunction in the host,and affecting the development of many diseases.In recent decades,significant evidence has indicated that the intestinal flora also influences systems outside of the digestive tract,including the brain.Indeed,several studies have demonstrated the critical role of the gut-brain axis in the development of brain neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.Similarly,the role of the“gut-eye axis”has been confirmed to play a role in the pathogenesis of many ocular disorders.Moreover,age-related macular degeneration and many brain neurodegenerative diseases have been shown to share several risk factors and to exhibit comparable etiologies.As such,the intestinal flora may play an important role in age-related macular degeneration.Given the above context,the present review aims to clarify the gut-brain and gut-eye connections,assess the effect of intestinal flora and metabolites on age-related macular degeneration,and identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies.Currently,direct research on the role of intestinal flora in age-related macular degeneration is still relatively limited,while studies focusing solely on intestinal flora are insufficient to fully elucidate its functional role in age-related macular degeneration.Organ-on-a-chip technology has shown promise in clarifying the gut-eye interactions,while integrating analysis of the intestinal flora with research on metabolites through metabolomics and other techniques is crucial for understanding their potential mechanisms.
基金supported by the Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Foundation,No.22HHXBSS00047(to PL)Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project of Tianjin,No.2022BKY173(to LZ)Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Bureau Foundation,No.20201194(to PL).
文摘With the rapidly aging human population,age-related cognitive decline and dementia are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.Aging is considered the main risk factor for cognitive decline and acts through alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota,microbial metabolites,and the functions of astrocytes.The microbiota–gut–brain axis has been the focus of multiple studies and is closely associated with cognitive function.This article provides a comprehensive review of the specific changes that occur in the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in older individuals and discusses how the aging of astrocytes and reactive astrocytosis are closely related to age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.This article also summarizes the gut microbiota components that affect astrocyte function,mainly through the vagus nerve,immune responses,circadian rhythms,and microbial metabolites.Finally,this article summarizes the mechanism by which the gut microbiota–astrocyte axis plays a role in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases.Our findings have revealed the critical role of the microbiota–astrocyte axis in age-related cognitive decline,aiding in a deeper understanding of potential gut microbiome-based adjuvant therapy strategies for this condition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82174112(to PZ)Science and Technology Project of Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine,No.22HHZYSS00015(to PZ)State-Sponsored Postdoctoral Researcher Program,No.GZC20231925(to LN)。
文摘Traumatic brain injury is a prevalent disorder of the central nervous system.In addition to primary brain parenchymal damage,the enduring biological consequences of traumatic brain injury pose long-term risks for patients with traumatic brain injury;however,the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear,and effective intervention methods are lacking.Intestinal dysfunction is a significant consequence of traumatic brain injury.Being the most densely innervated peripheral tissue in the body,the gut possesses multiple pathways for the establishment of a bidirectional“brain-gut axis”with the central nervous system.The gut harbors a vast microbial community,and alterations of the gut niche contribute to the progression of traumatic brain injury and its unfavorable prognosis through neuronal,hormonal,and immune pathways.A comprehensive understanding of microbiota-mediated peripheral neuroimmunomodulation mechanisms is needed to enhance treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury and its associated complications.We comprehensively reviewed alterations in the gut microecological environment following traumatic brain injury,with a specific focus on the complex biological processes of peripheral nerves,immunity,and microbes triggered by traumatic brain injury,encompassing autonomic dysfunction,neuroendocrine disturbances,peripheral immunosuppression,increased intestinal barrier permeability,compromised responses of sensory nerves to microorganisms,and potential effector nuclei in the central nervous system influenced by gut microbiota.Additionally,we reviewed the mechanisms underlying secondary biological injury and the dynamic pathological responses that occur following injury to enhance our current understanding of how peripheral pathways impact the outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury.This review aimed to propose a conceptual model for future risk assessment of central nervous system-related diseases while elucidating novel insights into the bidirectional effects of the“brain-gut-microbiota axis.”
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFA1501002)Thousand Talents Program for Distinguished Young Scholars.X.Li thanks the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22309021).
文摘Nanocrystals have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials benefiting from the increased surface and enhanced coupling of electronic states.High-resolution imaging in transmission electron microscope can provide invaluable structural information of crystalline materials,albeit it remains greatly challenging to nanocrystals due to the arduousness of accurate zone axis adjustment.Herein,a homemade software package,called SmartAxis,is developed for rapid yet accurate zone axis alignment of nanocrystals.Incident electron beam tilt is employed as an eccentric goniometer to measure the angular deviation of a crystal to a zone axis,and then serves as a linkage to calculate theαandβtilts of goniometer based on an accurate quantitative relationship.In this way,high-resolution imaging of one identical small Au nanocrystal,as well as electron beam-sensitive MIL-101 metal-organic framework crystals,along multiple zone axes,was performed successfully by using this accurate,time-and electron dose-saving zone axis alignment software package.
文摘To improve the vertical axis wind turbine(VAWT)design,the angle of attack(AOA)and airfoil data must be treated correctly.The present paper develops a method for determining AOA on a VAWT based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis.First,a CFD analysis of a two-bladed VAWT equipped with a NACA 0012 airfoil is conducted.The thrust and power coefficients are validated through experiments.Second,the blade force and velocity data at monitoring points are collected.The AOA at different azimuth angles is determined by removing the blade self-induction at the monitoring point.Then,the lift and drag coefficients as a function of AOA are extracted.Results show that this method is independent of the monitoring points selection located at certain distance to the blades and the extracted dynamic stall hysteresis is more precise than the one with the“usual”method without considering the self-induction from bound vortices.
文摘A recent study by Wang et al,published in the World Journal of Psychiatry,provided preventative and therapeutic strategies for the comorbidity of obesity and depression.The gut-brain axis,which acts as a two-way communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system,plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these conditions.Evidence suggests that metabolic byproducts,such as short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharide and bile acids,which are generated by the gut microbiota,along with neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators within the gut-brain axis,modulate the host's metabolic processes,neuronal regulation,and immune responses through diverse mechanisms.The interaction between obesity and depression via the gut-brain axis involves disruptions in the gut microbiota balance,inflammatory immune responses,and alterations in the neuroendocrine system.Modulating the gut-brain axis,for example,through a ketogenic diet,the use of probiotics,and the supplementation of antioxidants,offers new remedial approaches for obesity and depression.Future research that explores the mechanisms of the gut-brain axis is needed to provide more evidence for clinical treatment.
基金support through Manipal University Jaipur for the Enhanced Seed Grant under the Endowment Fund(Grant No.E3/2023-24/QE-04-05).
文摘Dear Editor,Lung cancer is a major global health concern,with 2.2 million patients diagnosed in 2020.Non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC)accounts for 80%of these cases,primarily comprising two subtypes:lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD)and squamous cell carcinoma(LUSC)[1].Researchers use immunohisto-chemistry,next-generation sequencing,and single-cell RNA sequencing to study genetic alterations,tumor heterogeneity,and tumor microenvironments,aiming to identify potential therapeutic options for specific NSCLC subtypes[2].
文摘Glucocorticoids(GCs)such as prednisolone are widely used in conditions like nephrotic syndrome,asthma,and autoimmune diseases.However,prolonged or high-dose use may suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency(AI).This condition occurs when the adrenal glands fail to produce adequate cortisol,which is essential for regulating metabolism,immune response,and stress adaptation.Corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)from the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to release adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH),which then triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands.Prolonged GC use disrupts this system by inhibiting CRH and ACTH secretion,leading to adrenal atrophy and reduced cortisol production.HPA axis suppression is primarily diagnosed through dynamic tests.Early morning cortisol levels above>18 ng/mL typically indicate normal function,while levels<3 ng/mL suggest AI.Intermediate values require additional testing,such as the insulin tolerance test,ACTH stimulation test,and metyrapone test.Prednisolone in nephrotic syndrome suppresses the HPA axis,heightening AI risk,influenced by dose,duration,and timing of administration.Careful GC management is essential to balance disease control with risks of HPA axis suppression.Early recognition and timely intervention can prevent adrenal crises and improve outcomes in pediatric patients.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China:to Explore the Mechanism of Acupuncture Treatment on Rats with Allergic Rhinitis from the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Serum Immune Factor Levels (No.82004455)。
文摘OBJECTIVE:To explore the correlation between acupuncture treatment for allergic rhinitis(AR) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) axis regulation by investigating changes in serum immune factors,HPA axis-associated hormone levels,activation levels of paraventricular nucleus(PVN) neurons,and the severity of nasal mucosal lesions,in rats with AR before and after acupuncture treatment.METHODS:After establishing the AR rat model,ovalbumin was administered via nasal drip to all groups except the blank control.Each group received continuous treatment for 14 d:the acupuncture,acupuncture + RU-486(mifepristone),and RU-486 groups received acupuncture only,RU486 intraperitoneal injection and acupuncture,and RU-486 intraperitoneal injection only,respectively.Following the intervention period,behavioral scoring was performed on all AR rats,and peripheral blood,nasal mucosa samples,and brains tissue(containing PVN region) were obtained following euthanization.Interleukin(IL-4,IL-5,IL-13),interferon gamma(IFN-γ),corticosterone(CORT),and corticotrophin-releasing hormone(CRH) levels were evaluated in peripheral blood samples.Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunoassay assay,and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on the nasal mucosa samples.The expression levels of c-Fos in PVN neurons following acupuncture treatment were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining.RESULTS:Following the intervention period,the behavioral scores for the blank control group were lower than those of other groups(P < 0.05),while the acupuncture group scores were lower than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).The blank control group had lower serum IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 levels than those in the other groups(P < 0.05).The acupuncture group had lower serum IL-4,IL-5,and IL-13 levels than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).The blank control group had the highest serum IFN-γ levels among all groups,followed by the acupuncture group.The serum CORT,CRH,and ACTH levels in the blank control group were lower than those in the remaining groups(P < 0.05).These biomarker levels were also lower in the acupuncture group than those in the model control,acupuncture + RU486,and RU486 groups(P < 0.05).Compared with model,rats in the acupuncture group exhibited an increased c-Fos expression in PVN neurons.CONCLUSION:Acupuncture can alleviate AR symptoms and regulate serum inflammatory factor levels and HPA axis-related hormones in AR rats.Moreover,these effects are inhibited by glucocorticoid antagonists,suggesting that acupuncture may regulate AR symptoms through HPA axis regulation.
文摘Sepsis,a life-threatening condition,can lead to acute skin failure characterized by extensive skin damage.This is often due to decreased blood flow,inflammation,and increased susceptibility to infection.Acute skin failure in people with sepsis is often associated with sleep disturbances,anxiety,and poor mood.Inflammatory markers and lactate levels correlate with these psychiatric symptoms,suggesting a link between skin and brain function.The skin and the central nervous system(CNS)have bidirectional communication.The CNS is also in close contact with the digestive tract.The gut,skin,and brain influence each other’s functions thr-ough nervous,hormonal,and immune pathways,forming a gut-skin-brain axis.Understanding the interaction among the gut,skin,and CNS is critical to the diag-nosis and treatment of various skin and neurological disorders.By recognizing individual variations in gut microbiota,immune responses,and neural pathways,treatments can be tailored to specific patient needs,enhancing efficacy and minimizing side effects.The gut plays a large role in mental health.Under-standing the gut skin brain axis,will lead to improved mental health outcomes.
基金funded by the Key Science and Technology Plan Project of Haikou 546(2023–2024).
文摘Background Pork quality and flavor are critical determinants of consumer preference,yet the role of gut microbiota in shaping meat characteristics remains underexplored.In this study,we investigated how a probiotic consortium(FAM:Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis)modulates the gut-muscle axis to enhance pork flavor.Results In finishing pigs,FAM supplementation significantly increased flavor-associated nucleotides and umamienhancing amino acids in longissimus dorsi muscle.Metagenomic analysis revealed FAM-driven enrichment of glycandegrading Prevotella and short-chain fatty acid-producing Phascolarctobacterium,accompanied by reduced antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors.Spearman correlation linked Prevotella copri abundance with elevated muscle amino acids,suggesting microbial-encoded CAZymes as key mediators.Conclusions This study provides the first evidence that probiotic-induced gut microbiota remodeling enhances pork flavor through metabolic cross-talk along the gut-muscle axis.The findings suggest a novel strategy for improving pork quality via dietary interventions targeting gut microbiota.
文摘The United States-Japan alliance was originally formed based on the US militar y occupation of Japan but has g radually evolved into a tool for the United States to maintain its hegemony in the Asia-Pacific. Currently, a United States-Japan “axis” is rapidly surfacing primarily through the military integration between the two countries and a latticework of alliances the United States has been building in the region and even across the globe centered around the one with Japan. The emergence of a United States-Japan “axis” is driven by the strategic interests and needs of the United States wanting to sustain its hegemony in the Asia-Pacific through permanent troop deployment and also highlights Japan's realistic calculations aimed at enhancing its international status and gaining practical benefits. This trend will catalyze adjustments in the United States-Japan relations and the functions of their alliance, bring significant changes to Japan's role in regional security, and thus have far-reaching impacts on the Asia-Pacific landscape.
